初一上册知识点总结
总结是指对某一阶段的工作、学习或思想中的经验或情况进行分析研究，做出带有规律性结论的书面材料，它可以促使我们思考，让我们一起认真地写一份总结吧。总结你想好怎么写了吗？以下是小编为大家整理的初一上册知识点总结，希望对大家有所帮助。
初一上册知识点总结1
第一章：丰富的图形世界
1、几何图形
从实物中抽象出来的各种图形，包括立体图形和平面图形。
2、点、线、面、体
①几何图形的组成
点：线和线相交的地方是点，它是几何图形中最基本的图形。
线：面和面相交的地方是线，分为直线和曲线。
面：包围着体的是面，分为平面和曲面。
体：几何体也简称体。
②点动成线，线动成面，面动成体。
3、生活中的立体图形
生活中的立体图形（按名称分）
柱：
①圆柱
②棱柱：三棱柱、四棱柱（长方体、正方体）、五棱柱、……
锥：
①圆锥
②棱锥
球
4、棱柱及其有关概念：
棱：在棱柱中，任何相邻两个面的交线，都叫做棱。
侧棱：相邻两个侧面的交线叫做侧棱。
n棱柱有两个底面，n个侧面，共（n+2）个面；3n条棱，n条侧棱；2n个顶点。
5、正方体的平面展开图：
11种（经常考：考试形式：展开的图形能否围成正方体；正方体对面图案）
6、截一个正方体：
用一个平面去截一个正方体，截出的面可能是三角形，四边形，五边形，六边形。
7、三视图：
物体的三视图指主视图、俯视图、左视图。
主视图：从正面看到的图，叫做主视图。
左视图：从左面看到的图，叫做左视图。
俯视图：从上面看到的图，叫做俯视图。
第二章：有理数及其运算
1、有理数的分类
①正有理数
有理数{ ②零
③负有理数
有理数{ ①整数
②分数
2、相反数：
只有符号不同的两个数叫做互为相反数，零的相反数是零
3、数轴：
规定了原点、正方向和单位长度的直线叫做数轴（画数轴时，三要素缺一不可）。任何一个有理数都可以用数轴上的一个点来表示。
4、倒数：
如果a与b互为倒数，则有ab=1，反之亦成立。倒数等于本身的数是1和—1。零没有倒数。
5、绝对值：
在数轴上，一个数所对应的点与原点的距离，叫做该数的绝对值，（|a|≥0）。
若|a|=a，则a≥0；
若|a|=-a，则a≤0。
正数的绝对值是它本身；
负数的绝对值是它的相反数；
0的绝对值是0。
互为相反数的两个数的绝对值相等。
6、有理数比较大小：
正数大于0，负数小于0，正数大于负数；
数轴上的两个点所表示的数，右边的总比左边的大；
两个负数，绝对值大的反而小。
7、有理数的运算：
①五种运算：加、减、乘、除、乘方
多个数相乘，积的符号由负因数的个数决定，当负因数有奇数个时，积的符号为负；当负因数有偶数个时，积的符号为正。只要有一个数为零，积就为零。
有理数加法法则：
同号两数相加，取相同的符号，并把绝对值相加。
异号两数相加，绝对值值相等时和为0；
绝对值不相等时，取绝对值较大的加数的符号，并用较大的绝对值减去较小的绝对值。
一个数同0相加，仍得这个数。
互为相反数的两个数相加和为0。
有理数减法法则：
减去一个数，等于加上这个数的相反数！
有理数乘法法则：
两数相乘，同号得正，异号得负，并把绝对值相乘。
任何数与0相乘，积仍为0。
有理数除法法则：
两个有理数相除，同号得正，异号得负，并把绝对值相除。
0除以任何非0的数都得0。
注意：0不能作除数。
有理数的乘方：求n个相同因数a的积的运算叫做乘方。
正数的任何次幂都是正数，负数的偶次幂是正数，负数的奇次幂是负数。
②有理数的运算顺序
先算乘方，再算乘除，最后算加减，如果有括号，先算括号里面的。
③运算律（5种）
加法交换律
加法结合律
乘法交换律
乘法结合律
乘法对加法的分配律
8、科学记数法
一般地，一个大于10的数可以表示成a×
10n的形式，其中1≦n<10，n是正整数，这种记数方法叫做科学记数法。（n=整数位数—1）
第三章：整式及其加减
1、代数式
用运算符号（加、减、乘、除、乘方、开方等）把数或表示数的字母连接而成的式子叫做代数式。单独的一个数或一个字母也是代数式。
注意：
①代数式中除了含有数、字母和运算符号外，还可以有括号；
②代数式中不含有“=、>、<、≠”等符号。等式和不等式都不是代数式，但等号和不等号两边的式子一般都是代数式；
③代数式中的字母所表示的数必须要使这个代数式有意义，是实际问题的要符合实际问题的意义。
代数式的书写格式：
①代数式中出现乘号，通常省略不写，如vt；
②数字与字母相乘时，数字应写在字母前面，如4a；
③带分数与字母相乘时，应先把带分数化成假分数。
④数字与数字相乘，一般仍用“×”号，即“×”号不省略；
⑤在代数式中出现除法运算时，一般写成分数的形式；注意：分数线具有“÷”号和括号的双重作用。
⑥在表示和（或）差的代数式后有单位名称的，则必须把代数式括起来，再将单位名称写在式子的后面。
2、整式：单项式和多项式统称为整式。
①单项式：
都是数字和字母乘积的形式的代数式叫做单项式。单项式中，所有字母的指数之和叫做这个单项式的次数；数字因数叫做这个单项式的系数。
注意：
单独的一个数或一个字母也是单项式；
单独一个非零数的次数是0；
当单项式的系数为1或—1时，这个“1”应省略不写，如—ab的系数是—1，a3b的系数是1。
②多项式：
几个单项式的和叫做多项式。多项式中，每个单项式叫做多项式的项；次数最高的项的次数叫做多项式的次数。
③同类项：
所含字母相同，并且相同字母的指数也相同的项叫做同类项。
注意：
①同类项有两个条件：a。所含字母相同；b。相同字母的指数也相同。
②同类项与系数无关，与字母的排列顺序无关；
③几个常数项也是同类项。
4、合并同类项法则：
把同类项的系数相加，字母和字母的指数不变。
5、去括号法则
①根据去括号法则去括号：
括号前面是“+”号，把括号和它前面的“+”号去掉，括号里各项都不改变符号；括号前面是“—”号，把括号和它前面的“—”号去掉，括号里各项都改变符号。
②根据分配律去括号：
括号前面是“+”号看成+1，括号前面是“—”号看成—1，根据乘法的分配律用+1或—1去乘括号里的每一项以达到去括号的目的。
6、添括号法则
添“+”号和括号，添到括号里的各项符号都不改变；添“—”号和括号，添到括号里的各项符号都要改变。
7、整式的运算：
整式的加减法：（1）去括号；（2）合并同类项。
第四章基本平面图形
1、线段、射线、直线
名称
表示方法
端点
长度
直线
直线AB（或BA）
直线l
无端点
无法度量
射线
射线OM
1个
无法度量
线段
线段AB（或BA）
线段l
2个
可度量长度
2、直线的性质
①直线公理：经过两个点有且只有一条直线。（两点确定一条直线。）
②过一点的直线有无数条。
③直线是是向两方面无限延伸的，无端点，不可度量，不能比较大小。
3、线段的性质
①线段公理：两点之间的所有连线中，线段最短。（两点之间线段最短。）
②两点之间的距离：两点之间线段的长度，叫做这两点之间的距离。
③线段的大小关系和它们的长度的大小关系是一致的。
4、线段的中点：
点M把线段AB分成相等的两条相等的线段AM与BM，点M叫做线段AB的中点。AM = BM =1/2AB （或AB=2AM=2BM）。
5、角：
有公共端点的两条射线组成的图形叫做角，两条射线的公共端点叫做这个角的顶点，这两条射线叫做这个角的边。或：角也可以看成是一条射线绕着它的端点旋转而成的。
6、角的表示
角的表示方法有以下四种：
①用数字表示单独的角，如∠1，∠2，∠3等。
②用小写的希腊字母表示单独的一个角，如∠α，∠β，∠γ，∠θ等。
③用一个大写英文字母表示一个独立（在一个顶点处只有一个角）的角，如∠B，∠C等。
④用三个大写英文字母表示任一个角，如∠BAD，∠BAE，∠CAE等。
注意：用三个大写字母表示角时，一定要把顶点字母写在中间，边上的字母写在两侧。
7、角的度量
角的度量有如下规定：把一个平角180等分，每一份就是1度的角，单位是度，用“°”表示，1度记作“1°”，n度记作“n°”。
把1°的角60等分，每一份叫做1分的角，1分记作“1’”。
把1’的角60等分，每一份叫做1秒的角，1秒记作“1””。
1°=60’，1’=60”
8、角的平分线
从一个角的顶点引出的一条射线，把这个角分成两个相等的角，这条射线叫做这个角的平分线。
9、角的性质
①角的大小与边的长短无关，只与构成角的两条射线的幅度大小有关。
②角的大小可以度量，可以比较，角可以参与运算。
10、平角和周角：
一条射线绕着它的端点旋转，当终边和始边成一条直线时，所形成的角叫做平角。
终边继续旋转，当它又和始边重合时，所形成的角叫做周角。
11、多边形：
由若干条不在同一条直线上的线段首尾顺次相连组成的'封闭平面图形叫做多边形。
连接不相邻两个顶点的线段叫做多边形的对角线。
从一个n边形的同一个顶点出发，分别连接这个顶点与其余各顶点，可以画（n—3）条对角线，把这个n边形分割成（n—2）个三角形。
12、圆：
平面上，一条线段绕着一个端点旋转一周，另一个端点形成的图形叫做圆。
固定的端点O称为圆心，线段OA的长称为半径的长（通常简称为半径）。
圆上任意两点A、B间的部分叫做圆弧，简称弧，读作“圆弧AB”或“弧AB”；
由一条弧AB和经过这条弧的端点的两条半径OA、OB所组成的图形叫做扇形。
顶点在圆心的角叫做圆心角。
第五章一元一次方程
1、方程
含有未知数的等式叫做方程。
2、方程的解
能使方程左右两边相等的未知数的值叫做方程的解。
3、等式的性质
①等式的两边同时加上（或减去）同一个代数式，所得结果仍是等式。
②等式的两边同时乘以同一个数（（或除以同一个不为0的数），所得结果仍是等式。
4、一元一次方程
只含有一个未知数，并且未知数的最高次数是1的整式方程叫做一元一次方程。
5、移项：
把方程中的某一项，改变符号后，从方程的一边移到另一边，这种变形叫做移项。
6、解一元一次方程的一般步骤：
①去分母
②去括号
③移项（把方程中的某一项改变符号后，从方程的一边移到另一边，这种变形叫移项。）
④合并同类项
⑤将未知数的系数化为1
第六章数据的收集与整理
1、普查与抽样调查
为了特定目的对全部考察对象进行的全面调查，叫做普查。
其中被考察对象的全体叫做总体，组成总体的每一个被考察对象称为个体。
从总体中抽取部分个体进行调查，这种调查称为抽样调查，其中从总体抽取的一部分个体叫做总体的一个样本。
2、扇形统计图
扇形统计图：利用圆与扇形来表示总体与部分的关系，扇形的大小反映部分占总体的百分比的大小，这样的统计图叫做扇形统计图。（各个扇形所占的百分比之和为1）
圆心角度数=360°×该项所占的百分比。（各个部分的圆心角度数之和为360°）
3、频数直方图
频数直方图是一种特殊的条形统计图，它将统计对象的数据进行了分组画在横轴上，纵轴表示各组数据的频数。
4、各种统计图的特点
条形统计图：能清楚地表示出每个项目的具体数目。
折线统计图：能清楚地反映事物的变化情况。
扇形统计图：能清楚地表示出各部分在总体中所占的百分比。
初一上册知识点总结2
1、绿色开花植物是由根、茎、叶、花、种、果实六大器官组成的。其中，根茎叶属于营养器官;花果实种子属于生殖器官。
2、在成熟的植物体内，总保留着一部分不分化的细胞，它们终生保持分生能力，这样的细胞群构成的组织，叫做分生组织。分生组织的细胞小，细胞壁薄，细胞核大，细胞质浓，具有很强的分裂能力，能够不断产生新细胞，再由这些细胞分化形成其他组织，如保护组织（保护内部器官）、疏导组织（如茎、叶脉、根尖对成熟区等能运输水和无机盐）、营养组织（储藏营养物质）等。
初一上册知识点总结3
1、探究的一般过程是从发现问题、提出问题开始的。提出问题后，根据已有的知识和生活经验，尝试对这一问题的答案作出假设。然后设计探究的方案，包括选择材料、设计方法步骤等。按照探究方案进行探究，得到结果，再分析所得结果与假设是否相符，从而得出结论。并不是所有的问题都能通过一次探究得到正确的结论。探究的一般步骤是：发现问题→提出问题→作出假设→制定计划→实施计划→得出结论
2、在《光对鼠妇生活的影响》的探究活动中，只有光照是不同的，所以它是这个实验中的变量，而其他条件如温度、土壤的潮湿程度等因素都是一样的。像这样，在研究一种条件对研究对象的影响时，所进行的除了这种条件不同以外，其他条件都相同的实验，叫做对照实验。
3、环境与生物的关系是环境对生物的影响生物对环境的适应和影响生物生活的因素有两类，生物因素：如光、温度、水、空气等分别是非生物因素：指影响某种生物生活的其他生物。最常见的是捕食关系，还有竞争关系、合作关系等。4、所有生物的生活都会受到非生物因素和生物因素的影响。
初一上册知识点总结4
(1)凡能写成形式的数，都是有理数.正整数、0、负整数统称整数;正分数、负分数统称分数;整数和分数统称有理数.注意：0即不是正数，也不是负数;-a不一定是负数，+a也不一定是正数;p不是有理数;
(2)有理数的分类:①整数②分数
(3)注意：有理数中，1、0、-1是三个特殊的数，它们有自己的特性;这三个数把数轴上的数分成四个区域，这四个区域的数也有自己的特性;
(4)自然数0和正整数;a>0a是正数;a<0a是负数;
a≥0a是正数或0a是非负数;a≤0?a是负数或0a是非正数.
有理数比大小：
(1)正数的绝对值越大，这个数越大;
(2)正数永远比0大，负数永远比0小;
(3)正数大于一切负数;
(4)两个负数比大小，绝对值大的反而小;
(5)数轴上的两个数，右边的数总比左边的数大;
(6)大数-小数>0，小数-大数<0.
初一上册知识点总结5
本册所学的形容词不多，注意拼法和反义词
big (small) long (short) sad (happy) boring (interestingfunny ) exciting difficult
relaxing great healthy old (new) successful white (black)
初一上册知识点总结6
一、方程的有关概念
1.方程：含有未知数的等式就叫做方程.
2. 一元一次方程：只含有一个未知数(元)x，未知数x的指数都是1(次)，这样的方程叫做一元一次方程.例如： 1700+50x=1800， 2(x+1.5x)=5等都是一元一次方程.
3.方程的解：使方程中等号左右两边相等的未知数的值，叫做方程的解.
注：⑴ 方程的解和解方程是不同的概念，方程的解实质上是求得的结果，它是一个数值(或几个数值)，而解方程的含义是指求出方程的解或判断方程无解的过程. ⑵ 方程的解的检验方法，首先把未知数的值分别代入方程的左、右两边计算它们的值，其次比较两边的值是否相等从而得出结论.
二、等式的性质
等式的性质(1)：等式两边都加上(或减去)同个数(或式子)，结果仍相等.
等式的性质(1)用式子形式表示为：如果a=b，那么a±c=b±c
等式的性质(2)：等式两边乘同一个数，或除以同一个不为0的数，结果仍相等，等式的性质(2)用式子形式表示为：如果a=b，那么ac=bc;如果a=b(c≠0)，那么ca=cb
三、移项法则：把等式一边的某项变号后移到另一边，叫做移项.
四、去括号法则
1. 括号外的因数是正数，去括号后各项的符号与原括号内相应各项的符号相同.
2. 括号外的因数是负数，去括号后各项的符号与原括号内相应各项的符号改变.
五、解方程的一般步骤
1. 去分母(方程两边同乘各分母的最小公倍数)
2. 去括号(按去括号法则和分配律)
3. 移项(把含有未知数的项移到方程一边，其他项都移到方程的另一边，移项要变号)
4. 合并(把方程化成ax = b (a≠0)形式)
5. 系数化为1(在方程两边都除以未知数的系数a，得到方程的解x=a(b).
六、用方程思想解决实际问题的一般步骤
1. 审：审题，分析题中已知什么，求什么，明确各数量之间的关系.
2. 设：设未知数(可分直接设法，间接设法)
3. 列：根据题意列方程.
4. 解：解出所列方程.
5. 检：检验所求的解是否符合题意.
6. 答：写出答案(有单位要注明答案)
初一上册知识点总结7
熔化
1.定义
是指对物质进行加热，使物质从固态变成液态的过程。它是物态变化中比较常见的类型。熔化需要吸收热量，是吸热过程。
2.晶体
(1)定义：晶体是由大量微观物质单位(原子、离子、分子等)按一定规则有序排列的结构，因此可以从结构单位的大小来研究判断排列规则和晶体形态。
(2)特性：
晶体在熔化过程中温度不变
晶体有一定的熔点，即熔化的温度
不同晶体熔点不同
3.非晶体
(1)定义：非晶体是指结构无序或者近程有序而长程无序的物质，组成物质的分子(或原子、离子)不呈空间有规则周期性排列的固体，它没有一定规则的外形。
(2)特性：非晶体没有熔点
4.影响熔点的因素：(1)压强(2)杂质。
声现象
1.声音的发生：由物体的振动而产生。振动停止，发声也停止。
2.声音的传播：声音靠介质传播。真空不能传声。通常我们听到的声音是靠空气传来的。
3.声速：在空气中传播速度是：340米/秒。声音在固体传播比液体快，而在液体传播又比空气体快。
4.利用回声可测距离：S=1/2vt
5.乐音的三个特征：音调、响度、音色。(1)音调:是指声音的高低，它与发声体的频率有关系。(2)响度:是指声音的大小，跟发声体的振幅、声源与听者的距离有关系。
6.减弱噪声的途径：(1)在声源处减弱;(2)在传播过程中减弱;(3)在人耳处减弱。
7.可听声：频率在20Hz～20000Hz之间的声波：超声波：频率高于20000Hz的声波;次声波：频率低于20Hz的声波。
8.超声波特点：方向性好、穿透能力强、声能较集中。具体应用有：声呐、B超、超声波速度测定器、超声波清洗器、超声波焊接器等。
9.次声波的特点：可以传播很远，很容易绕过障碍物，而且无孔不入。一定强度的次声波对人体会造成危害，甚至毁坏机械建筑等。它主要产生于自然界中的火山爆发、海啸地震等，另外人类制造的火箭发射、飞机飞行、火车汽车的奔驰、核爆炸等也能产生次声波。
光现象知识点
1.光源：自身能够发光的物体叫光源。
2.光的直线传播：光在均匀介质中是沿直线传播。小孔成像条件：孔要足够小特点：倒立、相似、与小孔形状无关。
3.光在真空中传播速度最大，是3×10米/秒，而在空气中传播速度也认为是3×10米/秒。
4.我们能看到不发光的物体是因为这些物体反射的光射入了我们的眼睛。
5.光的反射定律：反射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上，反射光线与入射光线分居法线两侧，反射角等于入射角。(注：光路是可逆的)
镜面反射VS漫反射：镜面反射：平行光照射到光滑界面时，反射光线依然平行。
漫反射：平行光照射到凹凸不平的界面时，反射光线向四面八方散开。
漫反射和镜面反射一样遵循光的反射定律。
6.平面镜成像特点：
(1)平面镜成的是虚像;
(2)像与物体大小相等;
(3)像与物体到镜面的距离相等;
(4)像与物体的连线与镜面垂直。另外，平面镜里成的像与物体左右倒置。
7.实像：由光线汇聚而成;虚像：一种视觉感觉，并不是由实际光线汇聚而成。
8.平面镜应用：(1)成像;(2)改变光路;(3)增大视觉空间。
9.平面镜在生活中使用不当会造成光污染。
10.球面镜包括凸面镜(凸镜，发散光线)和凹面镜(凹镜，汇聚光线)，它们都能成像。具体应用有：车辆的后视镜、商场中的反光镜是凸面镜;手电筒的反光罩、太阳灶、医术戴在眼睛上的反光镜是凹面镜。
11.光的折射：光从一种介质斜射入另一种介质时，传播方向一般发生变化的现象。
12.光的折射规律：光从空气斜射入水或其他介质，折射光线与入射光线、法线在同一平面上;折射光线和入射光线分居法线两侧，折射角小于入射角;入射角增大时，折射角也随着增大;当光线垂直射向介质表面时，传播方向不改变。(折射光路也是可逆的)
13.太阳光是由红、橙、黄、绿、蓝、靛、紫组成的。
14.光的三原色是：红、绿、蓝;颜料的三原色是：红、黄、蓝。
物态变化
1.温度：是指物体的冷热程度。测量的工具是温度计,温度计是根据液体的热胀冷缩的原理制成的。
2.摄氏温度(℃):单位是摄氏度。1摄氏度的规定：把冰水混合物温度规定为0度，把一标准大气压下沸水的温度规定为100度，在0度和100度之间分成100等分，每一等分为1℃。
3.常见的温度计有(1)实验室用温度计;(2)体温计;(3)寒暑表。
体温计：测量范围是35℃至42℃，每一小格是0.1℃。
4.温度计使用：(1)使用前应观察它的量程和最小刻度值;(2)使用时温度计玻璃泡要全部浸入被测液体中，不要碰到容器底或容器壁;(3)待温度计示数稳定后再读数;(4)读数时玻璃泡要继续留在被测液体中，视线与温度计中液柱的上表面相平。
5.固体、液体、气体是物质存在的三种状态。
6.熔化：物质从固态变成液态的过程叫熔化。要吸热。
7.凝固：物质从液态变成固态的过程叫凝固。要放热.
8.熔点和凝固点：晶体熔化时保持不变的温度叫熔点;。晶体凝固时保持不变的温度叫凝固点。晶体的熔点和凝固点相同。
9.晶体和非晶体的重要区别：晶体都有一定的熔化温度(即熔点)，而非晶体没有熔点。
压强知识归纳
1.压力:垂直作用在物体表面上的力叫压力。
2.压强:物体单位面积上受到的压力叫压强。
3.压强公式:P=F/S，式中p单位是:帕斯卡，简称:帕，1帕=1牛/米2，压力F单位是:牛;受力面积S单位是:米2
4.增大压强方法:(1)S不变，F↑;(2)F不变，S↓
(3)同时把F↑，S↓，而减小压强方法则相反。
液体压强
1.液体压强产生原因:是因液体受到重力。使用液体压强计(U型管压强计)测量液体内部压强。
2.液体压强特点:
(1)液体对容器底和壁都有压强;
(2)液体内部向各个方向都有压强;
(3)液体的压强随深度增加而增大，在同一深度，液体向各个方向的压强相等;
(4)不同液体的压强还跟密度有关系。
3.液体压强计算公式:(ρ是液体密度，单位是千克/米3;g=9.8牛/千克;h是深度，指液体自由液面到液体内部某点的竖直距离，单位是米)
4.根据液体压强公式:可得，液体的压强与液体的密度和深度有关，而与液体的体积和质量无关。
5.流体压强大小与流速关系:在流体中流速越大地方，压强越小;流速越小的地方，压强越大。
6.流体压强大小与流速关系:在流体中流速越大地方，压强越小;流速越小的地方，压强越大。
拓展阅读：初中物理学学习技巧
物理概念和术语是学习物理学的基础，只有熟练掌握才能抓住问题的实质和关键。学习物理概念的.方法有五种：
(1)分类法。对所学概念进行分类，找出它们的相同点和不同点，初中物理学的概念可分为四小类①概念的物理量是几个物理量的积，例如：功、热量;②概念是几个物理量的比值，如：速度、密度、压强、功率、效率;③概念反应物质的属性，例如：密度、比热、燃烧值、熔点、沸点、电阻率、摩擦系数等;④概念没有定义式，只是描述性的，如力、沸点、温度。
(2)对比法。对于反映两个互为可逆的物理量可用这种方法进行学习，例如：熔解与凝固、汽化与液化、升华与凝华、有用功与额外功。
(3)比较法。对于概念中有相同字眼的相似相关概念利用相比较学习的方法可以找出相同点和不同点，建立内在联系。例如"重力"与"压力"、"压力与压强"、"功与功率"、"功率与效率""虚像与实像"、"放大与变大"等。
(4)归类法。把相关联的概念进行分组比较便于形成知识系统。例如：①力、重力、压力、浮力、平衡力、作用力与反作用力。②速度、效率、功率、压强。③杠杆、支点、动力、阻力、动力臂、阻力臂、力的作用线。④熔解、液化、蒸发、沸腾、汽化、液化、升华、凝华。⑤串联、并联、混联。⑥通路、短路、断路。⑦能、机械能、功能、势能。
(5)要点法。抓住概念中关键字眼进行学习，例如"重力"由于地球的吸引而受到的竖直向上的力叫重力，这个概念中"地球的吸引""竖直向下"就是关键字眼，值得反复回味和理解。
初一上册知识点总结8
一、文学常识
史铁生，1951年生于北京，著名小说家。16岁毕业于北京清华大学附属中学。18岁去陕北延安插队。21岁因病致瘫，转回北京。23岁起到北京某街道工厂做了7年的工人。后又患尿毒症，靠透析维持生命。28岁发表第一篇小说《法学教授及其夫人》，以后陆续发表中、短篇小说，散文多篇，其散文《我与地坛》被公认为中国近50年来最优秀的散文之一。小说《老屋小记》获首届鲁迅文学奖。
二、拼音
tān huàn shì xiǔ qiáo cuì
瘫 痪 侍弄 整宿 憔 悴
shàn wān jué màn
仿膳 豌豆 诀别 烂漫
fù xù dāo
翻来覆去 絮絮叨叨
三、词语
侍弄：经营照管
憔悴：形容人瘦弱，面色不好看
诀别：多指不再相见的分别
絮絮叨叨：形容说话啰嗦，唠叨。
喜出望外：遇到出乎意料的事情而特别高兴。
四、段落划分
第一部分（1）：母亲忍受着病痛的折磨，对“我”百般抚慰。
第二部分（2—5）：母亲准备带“我”去看菊花时，因病去世了。
第三部分（6）：妹妹推“我”去北海赏菊，表达了对母亲的怀念。
初一上册知识点总结9
(1)凡能写成 形式的数，都是有理数.正整数、0、负整数统称整数;正分数、负分数统称分数;整数和分数统称有理数.注意：0即不是正数，也不是负数;-a不一定是负数，+a也不一定是正数;p不是有理数;
(2)有理数的分类: ① 整数 ②分数
(3)注意：有理数中，1、0、-1是三个特殊的数，它们有自己的特性;这三个数把数轴上的数分成四个区域，这四个区域的数也有自己的特性;
(4)自然数 0和正整数;a0 a是正数;a0 a是负数;
a≥0 a是正数或0 a是非负数;a≤ 0 ? a是负数或0 a是非正数.
有理数比大小：
(1)正数的绝对值越大，这个数越大;
(2)正数永远比0大，负数永远比0小;
(3)正数大于一切负数;
(4)两个负数比大小，绝对值大的反而小;
(5)数轴上的两个数，右边的数总比左边的数大;
(6)大数-小数 0，小数-大数 0.
初一上册知识点总结10
细胞是构成生物体的结构和功能基本单位。
一、细胞中的物质
有机物(一般含碳，可烧)：糖类、脂类、蛋白质、核酸，这些都是大分子
无机物(一般不含碳)：水、无机物、氧等，这些都是小分子
二、细胞膜控制物质的进出，对物质有选择性，有用物质进入，废物排出。
三、细胞内的能量转换器：
叶绿体：进行光合作用，是细胞内的把二氧化碳和水合成有机物，并产生氧。
线粒体：进行呼吸作用，是细胞内的“动力工厂”“发动机”。
二者联系：都是细胞中的能量转换器
二者区别：叶绿体将光能转变成化学能储存在有机物中;线粒体分解有机物，将有机物中储存的化学能释放出来供细胞利用。
四、动植物细胞都有线粒体。
五、细胞核是遗传信息库，遗传信息存在于细胞核中
1、多莉羊的例子p55，
2、细胞核中的遗传信息的载体——DNA
3、DNA的结构像一个螺旋形的梯子
4、基因是DNA上的一个具有特定遗传信息的片断
5、DNA和蛋白质组成染色体
不同的生物个体，染色体的形态、数量完全不同;
同种生物个体，染色体在形态、数量保持一定;
染色体容易被碱性染料染成深色;
染色体数量要保持恒定，否则会有严重的遗传病。
6、细胞的控制中心是细胞核
初一上册知识点总结11
1、公元前20xx年，禹建立夏朝，这是我国历第一个奴隶制王朝。P15
2、汤灭夏，建立商朝，盘庚迁殷后，商朝统治稳定。P21
3、公元前1046年，周武王经牧野之战灭商，建立周朝，定都镐。P23
4、西周实行分封制，加强了对各地的统治。P23—24
5、公元前771年，西周灭亡。P24
6、商朝的司母戊鼎是世界上已发现的的青铜器，湖南宁乡出土了造型奇特的四羊方尊P26
7、“三星堆”文化遗址出土的青铜面具、大型青铜立人像、青铜神树等引起了中外人士的瞩目。P27
8、农业、畜牧业、手工业和商业的繁荣，形成了我国夏、商西周灿烂的青铜文明。P27
9、公元前770年，周平王东迁洛，史称“东周”。东周分为春秋和战国两个时期。P30
10、春秋五霸：齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、吴王夫差、越王勾践。P30—32
11、齐桓公提出“尊王攘夷”的口号。P31
初一上册知识点总结12
定语从句：
（一）基础：引导词---who, which, that, whom,
练习1.I like cities___________are quiet and clean. 2.I prefer students _________are hard- working.
3.I hate TV shows _________ are noisy and boring.4.The music __________ is gentle and quiet attracts me a lot.
5.The food __________tastes delicious is not always healthy.
6.Those boys ___________ are playing basketballs over there are from Class Fifteen.
7.The books ____________ are written by Lu Xun are worth reading.
8.The town ___we visited last week is much larger than before.9.The book ___ he bought is very interesting.
（二）特例：只用that的情况
1、先行词被___________或___________所修饰，或本身是______________________时，只能用that，
2.被修饰的先行词为________________________________________________等不定代词时,只能用that.
3.先行词被_____________________________________________等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。
4.先行词里同时含有______________________，如I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
5.以______________________引导的特殊疑问句，只能用that.如：Who is the girl that is crying?
练习1. I am interested in everything___ is about the 20xx World Cup.
2. Is there anything___I can do for you? 3. This is the very bike ______I lost
4.To my surprise, he gave me nothing __ I need. 5.This is the best dictionary __ I have ever used.
6. He was the first person _______passed the exam.
7.He talked happily about the men and books________interested him greatly.
（三）whose 1. The student ______father works in the factory is sitting there.
2. I like the rooms ______windows face south.3. This is the desk ______legs were broken.
4The woman ___ umbrella you took is angry about it.5.Here comes a girl ___ handwriting is the best .
6The banana __skin is green can’t be eaten.7That tall tree _ leaves are yellow is very old.
（四）从句谓语单复数由先行词确定，时态由从句时间状语决定，不必跟主句保持一致。
1-He is one of the boys who ____ (doesn’t, don’t) finish doing homework.
2-I like films which ____(be) exciting and interesting.
3-Children who often ____(eat) junk food are easy to become fat and unhealthy.
4-That boy who _____(run) fastest is from our class.
5Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
6The trees which _____ (be) watered yesterday belong to them. 7The man who ____ over there is our teacher.(stand) 8Those boys who ____ playing the guitar are from our school. (be)
9Mr. Brown is one of the foreign experts _______ _________ (work) in China.
10I’m one of the boys ______ ________(like) English best.
(五)“介词＋关系代词”注意：介词的选用要考虑：
A.与先行词的搭配关系
1）I will never forget the day __________ I joined the army.
2) I will never forget the days ______ I worked here.
3) I will never forget the year ____________ my son went to college.
B.与谓语动词的搭配习惯
1）Have you found the book ________I paid 29 dollars?
2）Have you found the book ________I spent 29 dollars?
3) Have you found the book _____________we learnt a lot?
4) Have you found the book _______she often talks?
关系副词的用法
练习：1. It must be a good place ________________we can do a lot of exercise.
2.This is the village _________________we visited last week.
3.The house _______ we live in is very big./ The house _______ we live is very big
4. The woman ___________ talked to you just now is a doctor. The woman ______ you talked to is my sister.
The woman to ___________ you talked is my sister. 5. This is the hospital ____________ I was born in.
This is the hospital in _________I was born. This is the hospital____________ I was born.
综合练习一.用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空
1. The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
2. This is the present ____he gave me for my birthday.3.The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.
4. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.
5. There is nothing in the world ______can frighten him.6. We visited a factory _______makes toys for children.
7. Is this the place _______ your father once lived 8. I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.
9The car______my father bought last month is beautiful.10The man______hair is white is his grandfather.
二( )1.Rosa likes music ___ is quiet and gentle. A. when B. that C. where D. who
( )2.--Is the girl _ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend--Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.
A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
( )3 Yao Ming is a famous basketball star ___ is playing in the NBA. A. whose B. who C. what D. which
( )4. The doctor ___I am waiting for is Mr. Smith. A. which B. whom C. whose D. why
( )5. --- Do you know Hong Zhanhui? ---Yes. He’s the college student ____ has moved Chinese people a lot.
A. who B. which C. what D. whom
( )6. In my family, my sister is the only person __ loves chocolate. A. which B. who C. whom D. she
( )7. This is the place ____ the old man lived last year. A. when B. where C. that D.which
( ) 8. The song ___ Jay Zhou sings are popular with students. A. why B. whom C. what D. which
( )9. The farmer was very thankful to the doctor ___ treated his son. A. what B. which C. who D. whose
( )10.I like to live in a house__ is big and bright. A. that B. who C. how D. why
( )11. The young lady ___ we met yesterday is our new math teacher. A. what B. whose C. whom D. which
( )12. --Can you introduce the town to me? --OK. This is the town in __ I was born. A. that B. who C. which
( )13. Miss green is the only person __ can help you with your English. A. she B. whom C. which D. who
( )14. I like the second football match ___was held last week. A. which B. who C. that D. /
( )15. Is there anything ____ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
( )16. I hate people ___ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they
( )17. This is the only book ___I am looking for. A. that B. which C. who D. whom
( )18 Her sister__ you met at my home was a teacher of English. A. whom B. that is C. which D. who is
( )19 The book__is sold out at the moment. A.you need Bwhat you need C.which you need it D that you need it
( )20 I'm one of the boys ______never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
( )21.__cleans the classroom can go home first. A. Anyone B. Those who C. However D. The one who
( )22. The old man __yesterday is a scientist.A.I spoke B. I spoke to C. whom I spoke D. that I spoke to him
中考定语从句真题演练
1.--- Is the girl __ is interviewing the manager of that company your friend? --Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
2. Do you still remember the movie _____ we saw last weekend? A. who B. what C. that D. whom
3. ---Who is your new English teacher? ---Elena, the woman ____ is wearing a red T-shirt over there.
A.不填B. whom C. whose D. who
4. Is that the man _____ helped us a lot after the earthquake? A. whose B. which C. when D. who
5. ---What are you looking for? --- I’m looking for the pen ___ I bought yesterday. A. who B. which C. whose
6. This is the novel_____ written by Guo Jingming. A. who B. what C. that D. /
7. We should be ready to help the people ____ are in trouble. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
8. Two years has passed, but Chinese people still remember those exciting days ____ they spent during the Beijing 20xx Olympic Games. A. that B. who C. when
9. The magician _____ played magic tricks in 20xx CCTV Spring Festival Gala is Liu Qian. He is popular in China now. A. whose B. who C. which
10. July likes music very much. She likes music ____ she can dance to. A. what B. who C. that
11. At school, you should do the things _____ are allowed by the teachers. A. that B. when C. what
12. Thought is the key _____ opens the doors of the world. A. why B. where C. which D. who
13. The gentlemen ___ are coming to my office tomorrow are my classmates many years ago.
A. whom B. who C. those D. which
14. That’s the man _____ house was destroyed in the storm. A. that B. whose C. who D. which
15. The girl ____ I just talked with is Ben’s sister. A. whom B. which C. she
16. I love people ____ are friendly to others. A. which B. whose C. what D. who
17. It’s time to say goodbye to my school. I’ll always remember the people _____ have helped me.
A. who B. what C. which D. where
18. I like the teacher ____ classes are very interesting and creative. A. which B. who C. what D. whose
19. Do you know the boy ____ is sitting next to Peter? ---Yes. He is Peter’s friend. They are celebrating his ____ birthday. A. who, ninth B. that, nineth C. /, nineth D. which, ninth
20.ShaolinTemple__lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors from abroad.A.where B.which C.who
二宾语从句
1宾语从句的学习要注意三个方面
第一：语序：在宾语从句中，一律用___________。
如Where does she live? ( Do you know?) ----Do you know where she lives?
***几个特殊的特殊疑问句
Which is the way to the nearest shop?/ What’s wrong with you?/ What’s up?/ What’s the matter?
这几个特殊疑问句本身就是陈述语序,在宾语从句中不需调整语序。
第二：时态; 1）如果主句是___________，宾语从句时态根据实际情况而定.
如：1. It’s going to rain. I think. ---I think it’s going to rain.
2. “I will go with you .” he says. ---He says he will go with me.
3. He studied English ten years ago. I know. I know he studied English ten years ago.
2）主句是___________，宾语从句要用___________。
如：It’s going to rain. I thought. ---I thought it was going to rain.
“I will go with you.” he said. ---He said he would go with me.
3).若从句表达的是___________，规律，不管主句是什么时态，从句都用___________。
如1 The earth turns round the sun. The teacher told us---The teacher told us that the earth turns round the sun.
2 Light travels much faster than sound. She said … ---She said that light travels much faster than sound.
第三：连接词1)如果被连接的句子是___________，那么连接词用___________, (也可省)
如1. He’ll be back in a month. ( I hear…) I hear ( that ) he will be back in a month.
2. I have been to the Great Wall once. ( He tells me…) He tells me ( that ) he has been to the Great Wall once.
2.)如果被连接的句子是___________,则用连接词___________
如：*Does he live in that house? ( She asked me …) She asked me if/ whether he lived in that house.
*Have you finished your homework? ( I want to know…) I want to know if you have finished your homework.
3) ___________句，用原句中的特殊疑问词引导：what, who, where, when, which, why, how (many/ much/ often/ long/ old).如：Who are you waiting for? Can you tell me? --- Can you tell me who you are waiting for?
What did he do yesterday? I don’t know. ---I don’t know what he did yesterday.
***其中以wh-疑问词或how引导的宾语从句与动词不定式可相互转换
如I don’t know what I can do.可以说成I don’t know what to do.
The policeman showed me where I could get books.可以说成The policeman showed me where to get books.
Can you tell me how I can make a kite?可以说成Can you tell me how to make a kite?
4).宾语从句___________。在_________________________________等动词所跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句谓语改为肯定形式。如：I don’t think he has time to play with the girl.
二．综合练习
1．I want to know __
A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is looking C．whom is she looking D．whom she is looking after
2．I don't know _________ the day after tomorrow．
A．when does he come B．how will he come C．if he comes D．whether he'll come
3．Could you tell me _________ the nearest hospital is？A．what B．how C．whether D．where
4．Could you tell me _________ the radio without any help？
A．how did he mend B．what did he mend C．how he mended D．what he mended
5．I don't know if he____ tomorrow. If he _____，I'll tell you．
A．comes, comes B．will come, will come C. will come, comes D. comes, will come
6．Do you know where _________ now？A．he lives B．does he live C．he lived D．did he live
7．Do you know what time ___？A．the train leave B．does the train leave C．will the train leave Dthe train leaves
8．I don't know _________．Can you tell me，please？A．how the two players are old
B．how old are the two players C．the two players are how old D．how old the two players are
9．The small children don't know _________．A．what is their stockings in
B．what is in their stockings C．where is their stockings in D．what in their stockings
10．I can't understand _________．A．what does Christmas mean B．what Christmas does mean
C．what mean Christmas does D．what Christmas means
11 . When the job______, let me know. A .do B .done C .is done D .finished
12 .She asked me if I knew__ .A .whose pen is it B .whose pen it was C whose pen it is D .whose pen was it 13 .Miss Li wants to know _____________next week . A .when my uncle leaves
B .when will my uncle leave C .where my uncle will stay D .where does my uncle stay
14 .Could you tell me ________________with the money ? A .how to do B .what should I do C .how I should do D .what I should do
中考宾语从句真题演练
( )1. Everyone can play an important role in the society．As members，we should try our best to do__.
A. what we should do B. what should we do C. how we should do
( )2. --I really hope to keep in touch with Lily. --Sorry. I don't know __.
A. what her name is B. what her job is C. what her number is D. when she left
( )3 —Can you tell me ______? —By doing more speaking. A how I will improve my English
B. which way can I choose C. how do I deal with my English D. what’s wrong with my English
( )4. How lovely the dog is ! Can you tell me _____?
A. where did you get it B. where will you get it C. where you got it
( )5.. --Excuse me, could you tell me ____ the book about aliens? --Sure, take the escalator to the second floor.
A. where I can buy B. where can I buy C. when can I buy D. when I can buy
( )6-“Do you know_ have our summer holiday?”-“Next week.”A.when will we B.when are weC. when we will
( )7 ---Do you know ____ the MP4 yesterday? -- Sorry, I’ve no idea about it.
A. how much did he pay for B. how much he paid for C. he paid for how much D. he paid how much for
( )8--What time will Mr. Brown be back to China? -- Sorry. I don’t know ___.
A. when did he go abroad B.why he is going abroad C.how soon will he be back Dhow long he will stay abroad
（）9. You can’t image ___ when the pupils received these nice presents on Children’s Day.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
（）10. –Can you tell me ______?–She is in the computer lab.
A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda
( )11. –Do you know _______ the Capital Museum? –Next Friday.
A. when will they visit B. when they will visit C. when did they visit D. when they visited
( )12. He wanted to know____the English party.
A. when will we have B. when we will have C. when would we have D. when we would have
( )13. I want to know_______.
A. when we should arrive at the airport B. when should we arrive at the airport
C. when the airport we should arrive at D. when the airport should we arrive at
( )14. –David, look at the man in white over there. Can you tell me_______? –He is a doctor.
A. who is he B. who he is C. what is he D. what he is
( )15. –Do you know___the girl in red is? –I’m not sure. Maybe a teacher. A. when B. how C. where D. what
( )16. Your T-shirt is so cool. Could you tell me ________?
A. where you buy it B. where do you buy it C. where you bought it D. where did you buy it is
( )17. I really want to know ____ . A. what is wrong with my brother
B. how will he go to Beijing tomorrow C. if had he bought that car D. where did he go yesterday
( )18. Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ?
A.where is the bank nearestB. where is the nearest bankC.where the nearest bank isD. the nearest bank is where
( )19.Lily’s mother looked for her for half an hour, but couldn’t find ____.
A. What Lily was. B. What was Lily C. Where Lily was D. Where was Lily
( )20--Could you tell me___? He is wanted by the head teacher.--Sorry, I’ve no idea.But he _ here just now．
A. where Tim was, was B. where is Tim，was C. where Tim is，was D．where Tim is，is
三、状语从句：
一）.条件状语从句：引导词为:if, unless。
形式：
主句_______________,从句______________.
练习：1.I am waiting for my friend.____________, I’ll do shopping alone.
A.If she comes B.If she will come C.If she doesn’t come D.If she didn’t come
2.I am sure I can make it better, if our teacher _________me a second chance.A.give B.gave C.gives D.will give
3.The art club is for members only. You can’t go in___you are a member. A.unless B.Because C.if D.though
4.I ________the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow. A.will return B.returned C.have returned D.return
5. 1）You won’t pass the final exam ___________(除非)you work hard.
2) The children __________ climb the mountain if it __________________(不下雨)
3) _______________________if he comes. (给我打电话）
二）时间状语从句：(常见从属连词有when,before, after, until, as soon as, while…)
1）As soon as he _____in Paris, he will call you. A.arrive B.arrived C.arrives
2）Don’t leave until the rain_______.A.stopped B.stops C.stopping D.stop
3）You can go skating after you ____A.finish the job B.finished the job C.finishing the job
4) I’ll tell her the good news when he _____ back. A.came B.comes C.come
5）Father was watching TV ________ Mum was washing dishes. A.before B. while C.after D.until
6）I was watching TV ____ you called me last night. A.when B.while C.until D.after
7) I ______ here since I came to China. A.lived B.have lived C.am living D. had living
8).My grandma didn’t go to sleep______ I got back home. A.till B.until C.since D.when
三）原因状语从句：(常用连词有because, since, as)
1. Tom is ill at home, _____he can’t come here. A.so B.if C.because D.and
2.—Why did you come to school late this morning?--___I watched the Football World Cup until 12:00 last night. A.If B.Because C.Since D.Though
3.I hope to go to France some day__there are many museums there.A.though B. unless C. because D. where
四）结果状语从句：由so… that…/such…that/so that引导的从句（so后接形、副原级）
1）与too…to…句型的转换：
He ran so fast that I couldn’t catch up with him. =______________________________________________
The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it= ___________________________________________________
2）“so… that +从句”与“enough to”的替换
He’s so strong that he can carry the box.=___________________________________________________
He is not old enough to go to school.=________________________________________________________
3)so that…/ so…that…/such…that ____________________________________________________________
如：He got up early in the morning so that he could catch the early bus.
The boy is so strong that he can lift up the heavy stone. He is such a clever boy that all of us like him.
练习：1.--He was _______tired ______he fell asleep as soon as he lay down. -- Oh, we can go out and let him have a good rest..A.too;to B.so; that C.enough; to D.such; that
2.There were _______many people ____I couldn’t find where she is. A.so;that B.so;as C.such;that D.as;that
3. He ran as fast as possible__he could reach school on time. A.in order to B so as to C such that D so that
4. They are ___interesting books __ I want to read them once more.A.so that B.such…that C.too…to D.so…that
综合练习
1.You may leave the classroom when you__writing.A.will finish Bare finishing C have finished Dhad finished
2. Would you give Johnny this letter if you ________ to see him this week.
A. will happen B. happen C. are happened D. happened
3. She was busy, ____she couldn’t go to your birthday party last night. A. and B. so C. or D. but
4. English is ________ a useful language ________ it is spoken in many countries of the world.
A. so…that B. such…that C. so…because D. such…because
5. Don’t cross the street __ the traffic lights are green. A. after B. until C. while D. since
6. Your dream won’t come true__ you know what your dream is. A. after B. unless C. while D. since
7. --Could you ask him if he __to my birthday party next Sunday? –I will, if I __ him this afternoon.
A. comes, meet B. will come, will meet C. comes, will meet D. will come, meet
8. Sarah is ______ a hard-working girl ______ she often works late into night.
A. so; that B. too; to C. such; that D. not only; but also
状语从句真题练习
1.—Where was your brother at this time last night?—He was writing an e-mail ___I was watching TV at home.
A.as soon as B.after C.until D.while
2.The film “Kung Fu Panda” is___interesting__I would like to see it again. A.such,that B.too,to C.as,as D.so that
3.Tom will call me as soon as he ___home. A.gets B.has got C.got D.will get
4. We will have no water to drink___we don’t protect the earth. A.until B.before C.though D.if
5.We won’t start the meeting ___our teacher arrives. A.though B.until C.while D.or
6.Bob promises to join in the football match____he has to help his parents on the farm..
A. if B.as C. unless D. when
7.___it’s difficult to make her dream come ture, she never gives up. A.Though B.Unless C.Because D.If
8.---Could you tell me when Mr. Li___in Huanggang?---Sure. When he ___, I’ll call you.
A.arrives; will arrive B.will arrive; arrives C.arrives; arrives D.will arrive; will arrive
9.In summer, food goes bad easily__it is put in the refrigerator. A.until B.if C.unless
10.A moment, please. I’m checking if Mr. Smith__free tomorrow. A.is B.being C.to be D.will be
11.I didn’t go to bed __my mother came back late last night.A.so; B.until C.though
12.Hurry up,___you will miss the early train. A. or B.and C.if D.unless
13.---Tommy, do you know if Frank___to the theatre with us this Sunday if it ___?---Sorry, I have no idea.
A.will go, is fine; B.goes, is fine C.will go, is going to be fine D.goes; will be fine
14.What a beautiful painting it is! I’ve never seen ___painting. A.such a B.a C.such D.this better
15.I don’t know __he will come tomorrow.___he comes, I’ll tell you.
A.if, Whether B.whether, Whether C.if, That D.if, If
复合句综合检测
( )1.Is this museum_ they visited last month? A. that B. where C. which D. the one
( )2. Is that book ____ he borrowed on Friday? A. that B. which C. who D. the one
( )3 The second book__I want to read is Business at the Speed of Thought. A. which B. what C. that D. as
( )4 –Do you know the man __is running along the street? A who B which C whom
( )5. Without friendship, one can’t be happy although he is rich enough. As for me, I will never forget the days ___I spent with my dearest friend. A that B when C who
( )6 This is the best TV play __we have seen this year. A when B what C who D that
( )7--Have you found the information about famous people ____you can use for report?
--Not yet. I’ll search some on the Internet. A which B who C what D whom
( )8--Have you been to the Sports Center___ is just opened in town? - -No, no yet.
A where B who C that D when
( )9 --Bob, where do you work?--I work for a company ___sells cars. A which B where C what
( )10____ have finished the work can leave. A. Those who B. Anyone C. The one who
( )11. The building that ___new is our school. A. is B. are C. was D. were
( )12. The pandas that we saved ____better now. A. are B. were C. is D. was
( )13 This is the only thing _________ I have lost.A.which B.that C.where
( )14.--Could you tell me____?--Sorry, I don’t know. I was not at the meeting. A. what does he say at the meeting. B what did he say at the meeting. C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting
( )15. No one can be sure____ in a million years.
A. what man looks like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what man will look like
( )16. -- Could you tell me ____?-- She is a student in Eton School.
A. where Kate is studying B. how Kate studies C .why Kate was studying D. when Kate studied
( )17.-- Could you tell me___ yesterday?-- About two hours. A. How long it takes to fly to Guilin B. How long it took to fly to Guilin C.How long does it take to fly to Guiln D. How long did it take to fly to Guilin
( )18. Please tell me____.A. what is wrong with the boy B. what is the boy wrong C. what wrong the boy is
( )19. She will hate him when she _more about him .A.knowsB .know C.will know Dis going to know
( )20. --Excuse me. Do you know_____?--Sorry, I don’t know. A. where is No. 1 Middle School
B. where No. 1 Middle School is C. No. 1 Middle School is where D. No. 1 Middle School where is
( )21. At the science museum，the boys and girls get to know__________. A. what is the spaceship like
B. what the spaceship looks like C. how the spaceship looks 1ike D. how does the spaceship1ook like
( )22. He didn’t tell me ____.
A. which floor did he live on B. which floor he lived on C. which floor he lived D. he lived on which floor
( )23. I’m new here. Could you tell me__, please?A. when does the first bus arrive B. when the first bus arrives
C. when did the first bus arrive D.when will the first bus arrive
( )24. I wonder how long_______school?
A. has he been away from B. he has been away C. he has left D. he has been away from
( )25. ---We can use MSN to talk with each other on the Internet. ---Really? Will you please show ____it? ‘
A. what to use B. how to use C. how can I use D. where can I use
( )26. The teacher asked the students . A. if they were interested in chatting online
B. when was Albert Einstein born C. what they will do with the computers D. how often they go to movies
( )27---Could you tell me how long __the book?--Three days.
A.I can keep B.can I borrow C.I can borrow D. can I keep
( )28.I can’t understand ___the boy alone at home.
A.why she left B.did she leave C.why had she left D.why she leave
( )29. You will not succeeded if you ______ harder. A. will work B. won’t work C. work D. don’t work
( )30.Write clearly __your teacher can understand you correctly. A.since B.for C.because Dso that
( )31.______he failed , he went on doing the experiment .A. Even B. Yet C. Although D. in spite of
( )32.The dog went out while we __ supper. A. had B. had had C. were having D. would have
( )33.His brother has worked there ________ he left schoo A.when B. after C. since D. until
( )34.The boy didn’t stop talking ____the second bell rang. A.when B. until C. after D. because
( )35. __I came into the office, the teacher were having a meeting.A.While B. When C. Once D. Since
( )36.I was about to leave my house __ the telephone rang. A.while B. as C. when D. since
初一上册知识点总结13
一、生物的特征
1、生物的生活需要营养。生物的一生需要不断从外界获得营养物质，维持生存。
2、生物能进行呼吸。绝大多数生物需要吸入氧气，呼出二氧化碳。
3、生物能排出身体内产生的废物。
4、生物能对外界刺激作出反应。
5、生物能生长和繁殖。
6、生物还具有其他特征。除病毒以外，生物都是由细胞构成的。
初一上册知识点总结14
一、种子的萌发条件：
1、环境条件：适宜的温度、一定的水分、充足的空气
2、自身条件：具有完整的有生命力的胚，不处于休眠期。
二、测定种子的发芽率
发芽的种子数
1、发芽率=————————*100%
共检测的种子数
2、发芽率应达到90%以上，才能播种。
三、种子萌发的过程
种子先吸收水分。子叶或胚乳中的营养物质转运给胚根、胚芽、胚轴。随后，胚根先突破种皮，发育成根。胚轴伸长(发育成根茎相连的部分)，胚芽发育成茎、叶。(注：食用豆芽的白胖部分是由胚轴发育来的)
初一上册知识点总结15
1.目前世界上已知的最早的纸出现在西汉早期。
2.东汉改进造纸术的重要历史人物是蔡伦。意义：世界各国的造纸术，大多是由我国直接或间接传去的。造纸术的发明是我国人民对世界文化的巨大贡献。
3.东汉时期的张衡制造的地动仪。作用：测定地震的方向。是世界公认的最早的地震仪器。
4.东汉华佗最早制成了“麻沸散”，是世界医学史上的创举。主要著作《五禽戏》。
5.东汉末年的张仲景著《伤寒杂病论》。书中阐述中医理论和治病原则。他医德高尚，医术高明，后世尊称他为“医圣”。
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