2017中石油职称英语考试备考题及答案
备考题二：
油气生成
1. Petroleum is a result of thedeposition of plant or animal matter in areas which are slowly subsiding. Theseareas are usually in the sea or along its margins in coastal lagoons ormarshes, occasionally in lakes or inland swamps. Sediments are deposited alongwith the organic matter and the rate of deposition of the sediments must besufficiently rapid for the organic matter to be preserved by burial beforebeing destroyed by decay. As time goes on the organic material is buried deeperand hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures. Eventually chemicalchanges result in the generation of petroleum. Ultimately the subsidence willstop and may even reverse.
1.石油是动植物在缓慢沉降区沉积演化而成的。这些地区通常是在海里，或者在海边的泻湖或沼泽中，偶尔在湖泊或内陆沼泽中。有机质和沉积物一起沉积下来，沉积速度必须足够快，才能使部分有机质在腐烂毁坏之前埋藏保存起来。随着时间的流逝和这个地区继续慢慢下沉，有机质埋藏德更深，从而处于更高的温度和压力之下。最后经过化学变化生成了石油。而下沉最终会停止甚至可能反过来上升。
2. As the great weight of theoverlying rocks and sediments pushed downward, the organic material wassqueezed out of its original sedimentary mud into adjacent sandstones. Smallglobules of oil collected together in the pores of the rock and eventuallymigrated upwards through layers of porous rock. Indeed, some of it eventuallyreached the surface and collected in large pools of tar, which arecalled“seeps”or“shows”. However, some petroleum did not reach the surface.Instead, its upward migration was stopped by an impervious or impermeable layerof rock. It lay trapped in porous reservoir rocks, such as sandstone orlimestone, far beneath the surface.
2.由于上覆岩层的重量和沉积物的不断下压，迫使石油离开它们的出生地，运移到附近砂岩中。油滴聚集在岩石空隙中，最终通过空隙性岩层向上运移。最后，部分石油到达地面形成大的焦油池。石油到达地表的地方叫做“油苗”或“油气显示”。然而，一些石油不能渗透到地面，在向上运移时被一些不渗透的岩层阻挡，于是就圈闭在远离地面以下的空隙性储油岩中，如砂岩或石灰岩。
3. Four prerequisites arenecessary for oil and gas to accumulate in commercial quantities in an area:(1)Theoil originates in a source bed, and a marine shale, once a black mud rich inorganic compounds, is thought to be a common source rock. (2)The oil thenmigrates to a permeable reservoir rock, and to do this it may travel for longdistances both vertically and horizontally. Oil cannot move through the tinyopenings of the shale source beds rapidly enough to be extracted profitably.(3)A nonpermeable layer must occur above a reservoir bed. Since oil is lighterthan water, it tends to move upwards through openings and cracks until itencounters impervious beds that it cannot penetrate. The oil may then accumulatebeneath the impervious layers. Some gas occurs in solution within the oil, andif enough is present it separates out to occupy the uppermost region of such atrap. (4)A favorable structure must exist to concentrate the oil, andanticlines, salt plugs, and faults are common examples.
3.石油或天然气要聚集到具有开采价值的数量，必须具备四个先决条件：(1)石油源于生油层，海相页岩(曾经是一种富含有机化合物的黑色软泥)被认为是一种常见的生油岩。(2)石油然后经过长途垂直和水平运移，聚集到渗透性储集岩中。在页岩生油层的细小孔道中，石油不能快速流动，因而开采不经济。(3)在储集岩层纸上必须有不渗透层。因石油比水轻，总是通过各种空隙和裂隙向上运移，直至遇到不能渗透的岩层才停止。然后石油就会聚集在非渗透岩层之下。石油中含有溶解气，如果高于饱和度，溶解气就会游离出来占据圈闭的最上部地区。(4)必须具备有利的构造才能把石油聚集起来，背斜、盐栓和断层就是常见的例子。
4. Traps
4. 圈闭的类型
5. A trap is the place where oiland gas are barred from further movement. Geologists have classified petroleumtraps into two basic types: structural traps and stratigraphic traps.Structural traps are traps that are formed because of a deformation in the rocklayer that contains the hydrocarbons. About 80 to 90 percent of the knownpetroleum reserves occur in structural traps.
5. 圈闭是阻止石油和天然气进一步运移的地方。地质学家把油气圈闭分成了两大基本类型：构造圈闭和地层圈闭。构造圈闭是由于含有碳氢化合物的岩层变形而形成的圈闭。大约80%~90%的油藏都发现于构造圈闭之中。
6. An anticline, the simplest andcommonest form of petroleum accumulation, is an upward fold in the layers ofrock, much like an arch in a building. A porous and permeable reservoir rockmust be sealed above by an impermeable cover bed which is fine-grained,relatively impermeable bed such as clay, shale marl, or salt. Petroleummigrates into the highest part of the fold, and its escape is prevented by anoverlying bed of impermeable rock.
6. 背斜圈闭是一种最常见的简单石油储集类型，其岩石向上折起，形状就像拱形的建筑物。在多孔渗透性储集层之上必须要有细粒不渗透的盖层封闭，如粘土、岩层、泥灰岩或盐。石油运移进入褶皱的顶部，其上面的不渗透岩石便阻止了石油溢出。
7. Fault traps are also common.Again, there must be a porous and permeable reservoir rock that is sealed aboveby a fine-grained, relatively impermrable bed. But the real trap is provided bythe fault, which prevents further updip migration either by the fine-grainedmaterial in the fault itself or by the brining of a fine-grained relativelyimpermeable bed on the other side of the fault to the position that truncatesthe reservoir.
7. 断层圈闭也是很常见的。断层圈闭同样也必须具有多孔可渗透储集层和相对来说渗透性较差的细粒盖层。但真正的圈闭是由断层所形成的。由于产生了断层，存在于断层中的一些细粒物质会使石油不能再继续向上运移：另外，当断层切过储油层时，断层另一侧不渗透细粒物质层也会在储油层被切断的地方将油层封住，使石油无法继续向上运移。
8. A salt dome formed when a massof salt flows upwards under the pressure resulting from the weight of theoverlying sediments. The salt dome bows up sedimentary beds and seals offdisrupted beds and so provides traps over and around the sides of the dome.
8. 上覆沉积物的重量所产生的压力使大量的盐向上蠕动，形成了盐丘。盐丘将沉积岩层向上拱成穹形，并封闭了断开的岩层，这样就在盐丘的上面和周围形成了圈闭。
9. The trapping mechanism ofstratigraphic traps is from stratigraphic rather than structural causes. Inthese, the essential features remain a porous and permeable reservoir rocksealed by a fine-grained relatively impermeable rock, but the configuration ofthese to form a trap arises from the particular sedimentary process and natureof the resulting sediments. The most obvious forms if stratigraphic trap arefossil coral reefs. In these, the voids in the reef reservoir contain thepetroleum which is prevented from leaking out by the clay or shale in which thereef is enveloped. These voids are not like the pore spaces in sandstonereservoirs, but more solution cavities and fractures. Production rates tend tobe much higher than from sandstone reservoirs. The frictional resistance tofluid movement tends to be much less, so there is better communication throughthe reservoir and it can be produced with fewer wells.
9. 地层圈闭主要是由地层的`因素而不是由构造的因素所造成的。地层圈闭的基本特点依然是多孔可渗透储层被细粒相对不透水层所封闭，但是形成储油构造的那些地层圈闭的形状和结构，则由特点的沉积过程和沉积物的性质所决定。地层圈闭的最明显的形态是古珊瑚礁，礁体储层空间含有石油，而礁体被粘土或页岩所封闭，因此，油就跑不掉。这些空间和砂岩储油层中的空隙不同，有更多的溶洞和裂隙，其产油率也要比砂岩储油层高得多。由于有了溶洞和裂隙，流体运动的摩擦阻力要小得多，因此石油在储集层中更加易于流动。因而，开采时所需要的井数也比较少。
Words and Expressions
subside [səb'said]v.下沉，沉淀，平息
lagoon [lə'gu:n] n.泻湖，礁湖
marsh [ma:ʃ] n.湿地，沼泽，沼泽地
sediment ['sedimənt]n.沉淀物，沉积
subsidence ['sʌbsɪdəns] n.沉淀，陷没，下沉
globule ['glɔbju:l] n.小球，水珠
pore [pɔ:, pɔə] n.毛孔，小孔，气孔
seep [si:p] v.渗出，渗漏
impervious [im'pə:vjəs] adj.密封的，不可渗透的
impermeable [im'pə:mjəbl]adj.不能渗透的，不渗透性的
prerequisite ['pri:'rekwizit]n.先决条件adj.首要必备的
opening ['əupniŋ]]n.口子，穴，通路
anticline ['ænti,klain] n.背斜
salt plug n.盐栓;盐柱
bar from 禁止(接近〔做)…)
stratigraphic trap 地层圈闭
arch [a:tʃ] n.拱门，拱形
fine-grained ['faɪn'greɪnd] adj.有细密纹理的
marl [ma:l] n.泥灰，泥灰土，泥灰砖vt.撒泥灰土
updip [ʌp'dip] 上倾，沿倾斜向上的
brining [b'rɪnɪŋ] n.盐浸处理
truncate ['trʌŋkeit] v.截去(园锥等的)尖端，把…截短
bow up 忍无可忍而反抗
seal off v. 把…封锁起来
disrupt [dis'rʌpt] v.使中断，使分裂
arise from 起于，由…出身
coral reef n.珊瑚礁
cavity ['kæviti]n.洞，空穴
frictional ['frɪkʃənəl] adj.摩擦的，摩擦力的
resistance [ri'zistəns] n.反抗，抵抗，抵抗力，阻力
10.The Dress Code forOffice Life
办公室的着装礼仪
1. Every office has a dress code，but in today’s casual workplace，they aren’t always written. Instead it is up to each individual to figure outwhat’s acceptable and what’s not. This actually makes it harder to dress appropriately,but fortunately most offices also send out a few signals.
1. 每个办公室都有其着装之道，但在当今较随便的工作场合中，着装规则并不总是明文写出。这就需要每位职员自己弄清楚什么是可以接受的，什么是不被接受的。这实际上增加了得体着装的难度，但好在大多数办公室也发出一些信号。
2. Start by taking a cue from others. Doeseveryone wear conservative suits? Then you’d best follow suit. Are jeans anddenim shirts the norm? Then it’s okay to go causal, although you may want to dressup a little the first few weeks when the boss is sizing you up. This is especiallytrue if the boss doesn’t dress down as much as everyone else does.
2. 先从别人身上寻得一些线索。是每个人都穿保守的套装吗?那你最好也穿套装。牛仔裤和斜纹棉布衬衫是众人常穿的吗?那着装随便些是不成问题的，可在最初几周内老板还在品评你时，你可能需要着装上心些。特别是如果老板并不像他人那样着装随便时，你更需上心些。
3. Don’t buck the system. The more conservativeyour work place is, the riskier it is, in fact, to do this. Clothes areespecially important in button-down environments, and while this may leave you chompingat the bit to reveal the real you, the risk usually isn’t worthwhile.
3. 不要违反潮流。事实上你工作的地方越是保守，你违反潮流所带来的危险也就越大。衣着在一丝不苟的环境中非常重要。你也许不愿受约束而想展示你的个人风格，但为此冒险通常是不值得的。
4. Dress-Down Fridays
4. 轻松着装的星期五
5. Nowadays in many companies there is a relativelynew office custom of dress-down Fridays. Yet people still seem to be unsure howto interpret it. Plus, even dress-down days have their unwritten rules.
5. 当今在许多公司有一个比较新的办公室习俗：在星期五轻松着装。但对其如何界定人们似乎还不大有把握。况且即使是着装轻松的日子仍有其不成文的规定。
6. Many people want to know if they actuallyhave to dress down. Some people are uncomfortable doing so or don’t think theylook their best in casual clothes. Let’s face it — a formal suit does stand outwhen everyone else is wearing sneakers and jeans, so you won’t to ignore the custom entirely. On the otherhand, if you like how you look dressed up, then do a little of both. Wear jeansor casual pants and a nice shirt and a jacket or a blazer. This way you won’tstand out, and you will still feel comfortable.
6. 很多人想知道他们是否真的要随意着装。有些人对随意着装并不习惯，或认为他们穿便装不能显示出最好的精神面貌。说实话，如果别人都穿胶底帆布鞋和牛仔裤，你一身西服革履的确有些太显眼，所以你恐怕不应该全然忽视这一习俗。但在另一方面，如果你喜欢看上去精神利落，那就两者都兼顾一些。下身穿牛仔裤或休闲裤，上身穿件讲究的衬衫配夹克或宽松的外衣。如此着装你便不会太突出，自己还依然感到舒服。
7. Don’t err too far in the other directioneither. Nowhere do dress-down days mean that you can come to work in your grubbiestclothes. Some clothes are never meant to be seen by your fellow workers. Officecasual typically means careMly tailored, well-made casual clothes. Leisuresuits, sweats, or exercise clothes are best left at home 一 or in your lockerat the gym.
7. 但也不要走到另一个极端。轻松着装绝不意味着你可以穿皱巴不洁的衣服就来上班。有些衣服是绝不应让你的同事看到的。办公室便装往往指的是精心裁剪、做工讲究的便装。休闲衣、棉线衫、或运动服最好留在家里一或锁在体育馆的衣柜里。
8. Dressing Up for Work
8. 为工作精心着装
9. Dressing up for work can just as hard as dressingdown. Dressy office Occasions include dinner with a client，dinner atthe boss’ s house, a banquet，aclient’s party，or an officeholiday. For women especially, dressy clothes for business occasions are notthe same as dressy clothes for purely social occasions. For work-relatedevents, it ’ s better to skip the low-cut or slinky dress. Wearing it mayforever change your image in ways you won’t particularly like. Opt instead forconservatively cut clothes in conservative colors. Skip anything with frills orlace (except for a top under a suit) — and skip the bright red minidress.
9. 为工作精心着装与轻松着装一样不易，需要精心着装的办公场合包括与客户共同进餐，在老板家吃饭，参加宴会、客户举办的晚会或办公室节日等等。特别是对于女职员，为生意场合精心着装与为纯粹社交场合精心着装并不一样。在与工作相关的场合中，最好不要穿开领很低或质地柔软包身的裙子。穿了也许会永远地改变你在他人心目中的形象，那肯定也是你所不希望的。选择式样、颜色保守的衣服。不要穿那些有花边或饰带的东西(除非是套服内的上衣)——也不要穿鲜红的超短连衣裙。
Wordsand Expressions
denim ['denim] n.粗斜纹棉布
size up v.估计…的大小(或多少)，<口>品评，符合要求
buck [bʌk] n.<美口>元，雄鹿，公羊 v.冲撞，晃动
button-down ['bʌtəndaun] adj.〈美〉守旧的，温文尔雅的
chomp at the bit跃跃欲试、急不可耐
blazer ['bleizə] n.颜色鲜明的运动夹克，宣布者
grubby ['grʌbɪ] adj.生蛆的，污移的，邋遢的，卑鄙
tailored ['teiləd] adj.剪裁讲究的
banquet ['bæŋkwit] n.宴会
low-cut adj.低胸的，矮帮的
slinky ['sliŋki] adj.偷偷摸摸的，体态富于曲线的
particularly [pə'tɪkjuləlɪ] adv.独特地，显著地
opt [ɔpt] vi.选择
conservatively [kən'sə:vətiv] adv.保存地，适当地
frill [fril] n.装饰v.装饰
lace [leis] n.饰带，花边，缎带，鞋带 vt.扎带子vi.缚带子
minidress ['mɪnɪdres] n.超短连衣裙
11.Smoking and Cancer <原11>
吸烟和癌
1. Americans smokesix thousand million cigarettes every year (1970 figures). This is roughly theequivalent of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smoke comparedwith 34% of American women.
1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51%的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34%。
2. Since1939,numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whethersmoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent andindicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conductedstudies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking,particularlycigarette smoking,is associated with shortened life expectancy.
2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by mostresearch workers in this field to be an important factor in the development ofcancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related tocancer of the bladder and the oral cavity. Male cigarette Smokers have a higherdeath rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers arethought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke sodeeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationshipsproved to their satisfaction and say,"Give up smoking. If you don'tsmoke-don't start!"
3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!”
4. Some competentphysicians and research workers-though their small number is decreased evenfurther-are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. Theyconsider the increase in respiratory diseases and various forms of cancer maypossibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment-atmospheric pollution,increased nervous stress,chemical substances inprocessed food,or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers invast quantities to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who developcancer or lung diseases,they say,may also,by coincidence,live in industrial areas,oreat more canned food. Gradually,however,research is isolating all otherpossible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant.
4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员-虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少-不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
5. Apart from thescientific statistics,it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobaccoactually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporizedchemicals,minute particles of ash,and other solids. There is alsonicotine,which is a powerful poison,and black tar. As the smoke is breathedin,all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point ofconcentration is where the air tube,or bronchus,divides. Most lung cancerbegins at this point.
5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
6. Smoking alsoaffects the heart and blood vessels. It is known to be related to Beurger'sdisease,a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can causegreat pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much moreoften from heart disease.
6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
7. While all tobaccosmoking affects life and expectancy and health,cigarette smoking appears tohave a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However,nicotineconsumption is not diminished by the latter forms,and current researchindicates a causal relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of themouth and throat. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking tosome extent safer,but they can only marginally reduce,not eliminate thehazards.
7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当编者注：本篇文章写作日期较早。事实上，近年来美国吸烟人口比率以及吸烟量一直在持续下降。根据美国疾病预防与控制中心的报告，2003年美国抽烟人口比率已经下降到21、6%。美国对吸烟有明确的法律规定：未满21周岁的人不得吸烟;在公共场所，如图书馆、教堂、超市、饭店、公共汽车、地铁等处不得吸烟。美国对烟草行业的征税特别重，故烟价很高，这也是限制吸烟的重要措施。前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
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