2017中石油职称英语考试模拟题及答案
模拟题一：
痛感反应
1. Of all the bodysenses, pain is perhaps the most vital because it warns of bodily injury andtriggers protective reflexes. But not always.
1. 疼痛也许是身体的感觉之中最重要的，因为它可以警示身体受到的伤害并且引发身体的保护性反射。但情况并非总是如此。
2. Drs. F. R. Fordand Lawson Wilkins of Johns Hopkins Hospitalhave reported cases of persons being born without pain sensibility. A personwho does not feel pain will not jerk his hand away from a flame. He won’t knowhe’s been cut unless he sees his blood. If he gets a cinder in his eye, hewon’t know it is there.
2. 约翰霍普金斯医院(JohnsHopkins Hospital) F • R •福特博士(Drs.F. R. Ford)和劳森•威尔金斯博士(Lawson Wilkins)曾经报告过天生就没有痛感的病例。当触碰到火焰时，没有痛感的人不会把手缩回来，他要看到流血才知道自己受了伤，他甚至感觉不到眼睛里进了灰尘。
3. Normally, such anecessary sensation as pain might be expected to be proportional to the extentof injury. But pain — a very personal experience — is modified by a person’sexperience, heredity, mood, and emotional state.
3. 正常情况下，类似疼痛这样必需的感觉会根据受伤的程度分成不同级别。但是疼痛是非常个人的感受——它会根据经验、遗传、心情甚至兴奋状态而改变。
4. Drs. W. P.Chapman and C. M. Jones of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, have foundnot only that the intensity level, or threshold, at which pain is felt variesfrom person to person but also that there are also variations in the thresholdof the same person at different times. They discovered that persons deprived ofsleep to the point of extreme fatigue have lower than normal pain thresholds.
4. 位于波士顿的麻省综合医院的W• P •查普曼医生和C • M •琼斯医生发现，不同人的感觉疼痛的强度值/临界值互不相同，甚至同一个人的临界值也由于时间不同而变化。他们发现，被剥夺睡眠处于极度疲劳的人的临界值要比正常的疼痛临界值低。
5. E. Libman,another investigator, discovered that American Indians did not perceive pain atthresholds as low as did Caucasian Americans. Even ignoring culturalconditioning, this fact may help to substantiate the many stories of theAmerican Indians’ remarkable ability to endure great pain.
5. 另一位研究者，E •利布曼发现，美国印第安人感觉疼痛的临界值不像高加索美国人那么低。抛开文化因素，这一事实足以证明许多传说中美国印第安人那非凡的忍受疼痛的能力。
6. Response to painappears to be part of the learning process. Dr. Ronald Melzack and William R.Thompson of McGill University, Montreal, Canada, havingraised animals in isolation, thus depriving them of the normal bumps and painsof growing up, noted that the animals did not respond normally to pain whenfully grown. Although nothing was wrong with their central nervous systems,they would not withdraw their noses from flaming matches held in front of them.Nor did they seem to realize that pain warned of damage to their bodies.
6. 对疼痛的反应似乎是学习过程的一部分。位于加拿大蒙特利尔的麦吉尔大学的罗纳德•梅尔扎克博士和威廉姆• R •汤普森博士将动物隔离圈养，不让它们互相磕碰，避免它们在成长过程中感觉到疼痛。他们注意到，这些动物长大后对疼痛不能做出正常的反应。尽管它们的中枢神经系统没有问题，但当燃烧的火柴放到它们面前时，它们不会把头缩回去，也意识不到疼痛所带来的身体受到伤害的警告。
7. And of course,there is the well-known experiment carried out by Pavlov. He found that when hefed dogs immediately after giving them painful stimuli they soon responded tothe pain with signs of pleasure. It seems we have to learn to respond to pain'swarning with proper protective reflexes.
7. 当然，还有巴普洛夫那个著名的试验。他发现给狗一个疼痛的刺激之后马上给它喂食，狗随后会对疼痛产生快乐的反应。看起来,我们需要学习用正确的保护性反射对疼痛的警告做出反应。
8. Visceral painoffers another example of the part experience plays in the recognition of andresponse to pain. Of the three major types of pain — superficial pain from theskin, deep pain from the muscles and joints, and visceral pain — only visceralpain is not rather carefully localized.
8. 内脏疼痛为个别经验在疼痛的识别和反应上又给出一个例子。疼痛有三种类型——来自皮肤的表面疼痛，来自肌肉和关节的深度疼痛，还有内脏疼痛。只有内脏疼痛不能被精确定位。
9. Often, visceralpain may feel as if it has come from another part of the body. It may seem tocome from the skin or deep muscles of the place to which it is referred. Forexample，pain in the heart may be felt on the inner surface of the left arm.
9. 内脏疼痛往往会让人产生错觉，让人觉得痛感是来自身体的其它部分，似乎来自于它对应的皮肤或深层的肌肉。例如，心脏疼痛会反映在左臂内表皮上。
10. This occursbecause localization of pain is also partly learned. We feel pain whereexperience has taught we usually can expect to feel pain. The nerve fibers makechains of connections all the way up the spinal cord to the brain.
10. 这是因为疼痛的定位在一定程度上也是需要习得的。我们感觉到的疼痛往往是经验告诉我们在这种情况下应该感觉到疼痛，因为神经纤维形成了许多的连接链，通过脊髓连接到大脑。
11. The nerve fiberof the viscera makes a connection with a nerve cell in the chain which is alsoended on by a nerve fiber from a superficial bodily structure. The nerve cellon which both these fibers end transmits pain impulses from both thesuperficial and deep structures. But since we normally expect to feel pain fromthe outside, the brain interprets all impulses traveling over the secondarynerve fiber as if they came from the outside.
11. 内脏的神经纤维与一个神经链上的神经细胞相连接，这条神经链的末端又与身体表面结构的神经纤维相连。连接两个纤维的神经细胞可以从表层和深层结构两方面传输疼痛脉冲。但通常我们会认为疼感来自于外部，因此大脑会把所有通过次级神经纤维传递的脉冲都解释为来自于外部。
12. If a person’sconcentration is focused on something strongly enough, he may not even feelpain. This is the basis for hypnosis. The patient is taught to concentrate sodeeply that his mind screens out all sensation — he can even undergo minorsurgery without pain. The athlete who plays out a game unaware that he isinjured is a more familiar example of the way intense concentration canminimize pain perception.
12. —个精神高度集中的人可能感觉不到疼痛，这就是催眠的基础。当一个病人高度集中注意力，他的大脑就会屏蔽掉所有的感觉——甚至可以毫无痛感地进行小手术。运动员在比赛时对自己受伤毫无察觉，这也是高度集中注意力可以减轻疼痛的例子。
13. After World WarII, Henry K. Beecher of Harvard Medical Schoolreported evidence that men in battle may suffer terrible wounds, not be inshock, and yet show few signs of pain. On the other hand, civilians withsimilar injuries will complain bitterly and beg for morphine. The differenceseems to be one of attitude in this case. For the soldier, the wound is a“reward,” because it removed him from death. For the civilian, the wound is acalamity.
13. 二战以后，哈佛医学院的亨利•比彻提出了一些证据，证明一些人在战斗中多处受重伤甚至休克，但他们很少感觉到疼痛。而另一方面，受了类似伤的平民们却不停地喊疼，向医生要吗啡止疼。这种差异似乎源自于他们对此的态度。对于战士来说，受伤是一种“奖赏”，使他们免受一死;而对平民来说受伤则是一件不幸之事。
14. The nerveendings which carry pain impulses are found throughout the body. The nervesenter the spinal cord and travel up to the brain, where the impulses they carryare interpreted.
14. 能够传输疼痛脉冲的神经末梢遍布全身，神经进入脊髓并联通到大脑，然后大脑对这些刺激进行解释。
15. Other nervefibers run down from the memory-storing areas of the brain and make connectionswith the pain fibers in the cord. These fibers serve either to inhibit oramplify the original message. Thus they are the means by which memories of pastexperiences can intensify pain.
15. 另一些神经纤维从大脑的记忆存储区下行，与脊髓内的痛觉纤维连接，他们既能够抑制也能增强原始信息，在它们的作用下，过去经验的记忆就能够使疼痛感增强。
16. In the case ofhypnosis, the inhibiting fibers would screen out many of the pain impulses toprotect the state of concentration.
16. 就催眠的例子而言，起抑制作用的神经纤维可以屏蔽掉大量的疼痛刺激，从而保护意识专注的状态不被破坏。
17. Pain responsescan be stimulated with several types of energy — electrical, mechanical,extremes of heat or cold, and chemical. Earlier, scientists thought there was aspecial nerve ending which transmitted only one type of energy message — onefor heat, one for cold, etc. Most recent research suggests the same nerveendings react to several kinds of stimulation.
17. 有几种能量可以刺激对疼痛的反应——电击、机械力、极冷或极热以及化学药品。过去的科学家认为专化神经末梢只能传输一种能量信息，例如: 一种传播热，一种传播冷，等等。但最近的研究却表明，相同的神经末梢能够对不同的刺激做出反应。
18. According toDr. Donald Ford, Downstate Medical Center,Brooklyn, New York, the same nerve ending that carries warmthmessages which are pleasant, may also carry pain messages if the heat isincreased. In actual tissue damage, Dr. Ford holds, a chemical substance isreleased which stimulates the nerve endings to transmit pain impulses.
18. 位于纽约布鲁克林的唐斯泰特医学中心的唐纳德•福特(Donald Ford) 博士认为，当热量增加时，一些传输令人愉悦的温暖信息的神经末梢也可以 传输疼痛信息。他解释说，当有组织受到损伤时，一种能够刺激神经末梢传输疼痛脉冲的化学物质就会释放出来。
19. The late SirThomas Lewis, English neurologist, reported many experiments designed toimplicate a chemical mediator of pain impulses.
19. 后来的英国祌经学家托马斯•莱维斯爵士也报告了多项测试疼痛脉冲的化学介质的试验。
20. In one such experiment,a blood pressure cuff was inflated around a volunteer’s upper arm so that noblood could flow below the cuff. Painful stimuli were given to the hand. Thesestimuli aroused feelings which, normally, lasted only one or two seconds.
20. 其中一个试验是这样的。用血压计的袖带套住志愿者的上臂，使得血液无法流到小臂。此时对手给予疼痛刺激。正常情况下这类刺激引起的痛感只能持续一到两秒钟。
21. As long as thepressure cuff was inflated, however, the pain continued to be felt. When thecuff was deflated and blood rushed into the lower arm, the pain disappearedwithin one or two seconds.
21. 然而，只要袖带的压力持续膨胀，疼痛就会持续;一旦袖带的压力被放掉，血液流入小臂，疼痛就会在一两秒中后消失。
22. This suggeststhat as long as blood was withheld from the stimulated area, the chemicalmediator of pain continued to arouse the nerve endings, giving rise to pain.When blood was readmitted to the stimulated area, this allowed the metabolicbreakdown of the mediator to proceed and stimulation of nerve endings ceased.
22. 这个实验说明，只要血液不能流到受刺激的部位，疼痛的化学介质就会持续激发神经末梢，引起痛感。当血液流到被刺激部位时，介质的代谢分解就开始从而使得神经末梢的刺激停止。
23. This finding isin accord with one of the basic laws governing the delicate balance of thebody. As soon as a hormone or other chemical made within the body has servedits purpose, it is immediately broken down.
23. 这一发现与守护身体微妙平衡的一个基本规律相吻合，那就是——当荷尔蒙或身体的其他化学物质开始起作用时，它就会立即分解。
24. Pain is man’suseful — and increasingly less mysterious — guardian.
24. 疼痛是人类最有用的守卫，它的神秘面纱正一点点地被揭开。
Wordsand Expressionstrigger ['trigə] vt.引发，引起，触发n.板机
jerk[dʒə:k] n.性情古怪的人，急推，猛拉，肌肉抽搐vt.猛拉cinder ['sində] n.煤渣，灰烬proportional[prə'pɔ:ʃənl] adj.比例的，成比例的，相称的，均衡的heredity [hi'rediti] n.遗传
threshold ['θreʃhəuld] n.开始，开端，极限，门槛，阀值
deprive of v.剥夺
fatigue [fə'ti:g] n.疲乏，疲劳，累活vt.使疲劳vi.疲劳
investigator [in'vestɪgeɪtə(r)] n.调查人
caucasian [kɔ:'keiziən] n.高加索人，白种人 adj.高加索的，白种人的
substantiate [sʌbs'tænʃieit] vt.使实体化，证实
isolation [,aisəu'leiʃən] n.隔绝，孤立，隔离，绝缘，离析
bump [bʌmp] n.撞击，肿块 v.碰(伤)，撞(破)，颠簸
carry out v.完成，实现，贯彻，执行
visceral ['visərəl] adj.内脏的，影响内脏的
joint [dʒɔint] n.接缝，接合处，接合点，关节
spinal cord n.脊髓
hypnosis [hip'nəusis] n.催眠状态，催眠
screen out v.筛选出
sensation [sen'seiʃən] n.感觉，感情，感动，耸人听闻的'
unaware ['ʌnə'wεə] adj.不知道的，没觉察到的
bitterly ['bɪtəlɪ] adv.苦苦地，悲痛的，厉害的
morphine ['mɔ:fi:n] n.吗啡
calamity [kə'læmiti] n.灾难，不幸事件
intensify [in'tensifai] vt.加强 vi.强化
neurologist [njuə'rɔlədʒist] n.神经学者，神经科专门医师
implicate ['implikeit] vt.使牵连其中，含意，暗示n.包含的东西
chemical mediator化学介质
cuff ['kʌf] n.袖口，护腕，手铐，[医]橡皮箍袖带
inflated [in'fleitid] adj.膨胀的，夸张的，通货膨胀的
deflate [di'fleit] vt.放气，抽出空气，使缩小vi.缩小
withhold [wið'həuld] vt.使停止，拒给，限制，阻挡vi.忍住
readmit [ri:əd'mɪt] vt.重新接纳
metabolic [,metə'bɔlik] adj.代谢作用的，新陈代谢的
hormone ['hɔ:məun] n.荷尔蒙，激素
guardian ['ga:djən] n.护卫者，保护人，监护人adj.守护的