2017中石油职称英语考试备考题及答案
备考题一：
假如世界没有石油
1.Have you everstopped to think how your life would change if the world ran out of oil? Take alook at your day. The roof of your home is probably made waterproof by an oilproduct,bitumen. The same product is used for the road surface outside yourhome. Before you leave to go to work or school,just examine your surroundings.Is the room warmer than the cold air outside? Oil,or electricity from oil-fedgenerators may be keeping you comfortably warm. If you are comfortably cool ina tropical climate,your air conditioning unit may also depend on oil-fedgenerators.
1.你曾想过没有，如果世界上用尽了石油，你的生活会发生什么样变化呢?请看一看你的日常生活。你家的屋顶可能是用一种叫沥青的石油产品做成防水的。沥青同样可用来铺你家外面的路面。在你离家去上班或上学之前，请观察一下你周围的环境。房间里会比外面冷空气暖和吗?这是石油或由燃油发电机发出来的电使你感到舒适温暖。如果你在炎热的气候里感到舒适凉爽，那么你家的空调器可能也是靠燃油发电机工作的。
2.In the kitchenand the bathroom you will probably see some plastic fittings such as tiles andworking surfaces; polystyrene cups; curtains made from synthetic materials;disinfectants and detergents. All owe their origin to the oil known aspetroleum (Latin/Greek 'petra',rock,andLatin 'oleum',oil),found deep in the earth. Look inside the medicine cupboardfor more petroleum products,medical paraffin and petroleum jelly. Cosmeticssuch as face creams,lipsticks and hair preparations are often based onpetroleum.
2、在厨房和浴室里你可能看到一些塑料器具，如塑料地板和塑料操作台面、聚苯乙烯杯子、合成材料的浴帘、消毒剂和去污剂。所有这些都是来自称为“Petroleum”的石油。“Petroleum”(石油)是(由拉丁或希腊文"petro"(岩石)和拉丁文"oleum"(油)组成)，深埋在地下。向药厨里看看，你可以找到更多的石油产品，如药用石蜡和凡士林。化妆品如雪花膏、唇膏、洗发剂等，常用石油作为基本原料。
3.When you'reout,notice the fields and gardens. Fertilizers and insecticides made frompetroleum can improve crop production. Recently protein feeds for animals havebeen developed by growing yeast in a petroleum based stock. As you head foryour bus,train or car,all of which use petroleum products in the form of fuelto move them and lubricants to keep them in working order,take a look in themirror. What are you wearing today? A polyester shirt or dress,nylon socks orstockings,and acrylic sweater-a raincoat of PVC (polyvinyl chloride)? All ofthese are based on petroleum products.
3、当外出时你会看到农田和花园。化肥和杀虫剂是由石油制取的，可以使农作物增产。最近已经研制出一种动物食用的蛋白质饲料，它是用石油作为基本原料加上酵母而制成的。公共汽车、货车或小轿车，都是靠石油产品作燃料开动的，用润滑油保持这些车辆正常工作。当你去乘车之前要照一照镜子。看看今天穿什么衣服好?是化纤服装(衬衫还是外套)，是尼龙袜(短袜还是长袜)，晴纶毛衣还是塑料雨衣?而所有这些都是用石油产品作原料的。
4. Scientists predict that the world's knownoil resources will run out early in the next century. But long before then theworld will have to decide on its priorities. Can we afford to use so much ofour limited petroleum supplies for private motoring? Should airlines compete onsimilar routes allowing planes to fly long distances with empty passengerseats? What alternative energy resources can be developed? 4、科学家预言世界上已探明的石油资源将在下个世纪初用尽。但远在那时候以前，世界就必须确定石油是优先考虑控制使用的物资。石油储量既然有限，我们还能把那么多的石油用于私人汽车吗?难道航空公司还应该为了在类似的航线上竞争而允许他们的客机有空座的长途飞行吗?能开发出什么样的替代能源呢?
5. There is an oldEnglish saying,"Necessity is the mother of invention," which meansthat when you are faced with a need you will discover some way of fulfillingit. Already scientists are proposing some fascinating solutions. There is onesuggestion that the wheeled traffic and the footsteps of crowds walking thestreets in major cities could generate energy. One company has presented anidea in which metal strips inserted in pavements and roads operate fly wheelsby means of a piston action using hydraulic fluid. They say the human andwheeled traffic in a busy city center could provide enough energy to light thestreets of an entire town or power the heating system for a hospital or school.Some people are developing sophisticated versions of the windmill. Engines canrun on alcohol,so surplus sugar cane could be used to produce energy. An airship powered by energy from the sun has been suggested. Such "sunship" would have a large enough surface area to carry the enormous numberof solar cells necessary to move any appreciable load. Such "sunship" might travel at over one hundred kilometers an hour. In such circumstances,ofcourse,the tropical parts of the world would have a head start in the race tofind new energy sources.
5、英国有一句古话“需要是发明之母”。这意味着当你面对一种需要时，你将发现一种方法满足它。科学家们已经在提出一些迷人的解决方案。有一个建议提出，在大城市街道上，拥挤的人群走的脚步和路面上往来行使的车辆可以用来生产能量。一个公司提出这样想法：嵌在人行道和路面上的金属条用液压活塞的作用使飞轮转动。他们说，在繁华大城市的中心，人群和过往车辆可提供足够的能量为整个城镇的街道照明或者为一个医院或学校提供供暖系统的动力。某些人正在研制高级的风车技术。发动机可用乙醇作燃料开动，因此，过剩的甘蔗可用来产生能量。还有人建议用太阳能作动力来驱使飞艇。这种“太阳能飞艇”必须要很大的面积以携带大量的太阳能电池，这样才有可能运载可观的载荷。这种“太阳能飞艇”也许每小时能航行100多公里。当然倘若这样，世界的热带地区在寻找新能源的竞赛中将会领先一步。
21.And All That Jazz
关乎爵士乐
1. Have you everheard the expression, “— and all that Jazz”? When people say that today, it’sslang which means much the same thing as et cetera or “and so forth.” You mayuse it yourself. Jazz, it seems, has had quite a few meanings. Through the historyof jazz, it has meant many different kinds of music to many different people.
1. 你听过这种说法吗，“像爵士乐一般，诸如此类的东西”? 现在人们把它用作俚语，意思和“等等”，“以此类推”类似。你自己可能就用过这个词。爵士乐似乎有多种含义，纵览其发展史，对不同人群来说爵士乐意味着不同的音乐形式。
2. It’s interestingto know that jazz was first spelled a different way — jass. At that time, itreferred to the old New Orleansstyle of music. This music came from the Negro religious songs and songs ofcelebration. One major part of the music was its beat, of course. Another, andsometimes more important part, was the way in which the music was played. Itwas like a conversation. You can’t always tell what’s coming next during a talkwith some friends. The New Orleansmusicians were like that. They took a tune and played what came into theirminds, just as you say what comes into your mind in a conversation.
2. 有趣的是，爵士乐(jazz)最初拼写为——jass，它是一种古老的新奥尔良风格的音乐，发源于黑人的宗教和庆典音乐。其主要特征当然是它独特的节奏，而另一个特征也许更为重要，那就是像谈话一样的演奏方式。和朋友聊天时，你不可能总是去想下一个话题是什么。新奥尔良的音乐人们就是这样演奏的——先定个调，然后演奏出心中涌出音符，就像聊天时随口说出那些涌入脑中的话。
3. These earlymusical groups were very small in comparison to the big bands that formedlater. At times two rival groups of musicians would stage a “cutting session.”It was a sort of musical fight. Whichever group could outlast the other was thewinner. If they both lasted as well, the better group would probably be chosenby the audience. Of course, the battle had advertising value too.
3. 较之后来的乐队，早期的音乐组合规模比较小。有时两个互相较量的乐队会登台进行一场“淘汰赛”，就像音乐擂台，能够唱到最后的乐队就是胜者。如果不分胜负，就会由观众选出表现更好的乐队。当然，这种擂台赛也非常具有广告价值。
4. This music laterbecame known as Dixieland, a term you have probably heard before. There aredifferent styles of Dixieland. We have mentioned the New Orleans style, which was popular at theend of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. As the fame ofthe music spread up the Mississippi River, a style called the Chicago style developed. Later, we hear ofthe New Yorkstyle. If you get a chance to listen to these types of music carefully, you canhear the difference.
4. 后来这种音乐被称作“迪克西兰爵士乐(Dixieland)”，这是人们所熟知的。当然，迪克西兰爵士还有许多不同的风格。上面提到的新奥尔良风格在十九世纪末和二十世纪初非常流行。当这种音乐风格蜚声密西西比河流域时，另一种芝加哥风格的爵士乐悄然出现了，后来还有了我们所熟知的纽约风格。当你静听这些爵士乐时，一定能品味出它们之间的不同。
5. We’ve talkedabout the early days of jazz, but just what is it? Generally, it consists ofthe beat we mentioned before. It should have some “make it up as you go along”music, too. This is the reason for many arguments among jazz lovers. When Swingcame along near the 1930s, we saw big bands playing music that had already beenwritten out for them. Some argued that this was not really jazz. At any rate,the King of Swing, Benny Goodman, certainly pleased many people with his bigband. His jazz (or Swing) really hit the big time in 1938. In January of thatyear, his orchestra played a jazz concert in New York’s Carnegie Hall. The concert hallusually booked operas and symphonies. On that evening, it was treated to theblare of trumpets and the crashing, jumping music of the Goodman orchestra.Luckily, the concert was recorded; so it can still be heard.
5. 以上我们谈到了爵士乐的早期发展，但它到底是什么? 一般来说，爵士乐应该包含上文提到过的独特节奏，还有那种“一边演奏一边即兴发挥”的演奏形式。但这也造成了爵士乐迷之间的很多争论。当摇摆乐(Swing)在二十世纪三十年代出现时，许多大型乐队演奏的音乐是事先创作好的，因此有人质疑它不是真正的爵士。但不论怎样，班尼•古德曼(BennyGoodman) 的确用他的大型爵士乐队让众多观众获得愉悦的感受，他的爵士(或摇摆乐)在1938年取得了巨大成功。那年的1月，他的管弦乐队在纽约的卡耐基音乐厅举行了一场爵士音乐会;通常这座音乐厅只举办歌剧和交响乐音乐会，而那天晚上，整个音乐厅流淌出小号的嘟嘟声以及古德曼乐队演奏出的强烈而具跳跃性的音乐。幸运的是，这场音乐会被录了音，直到现在我们仍然能幸运地欣赏到它。
6. From the Goodmanorchestra came many great musicians, some of whom formed their own orchestras.Perhaps two of the best known are Harry James and Gene Krupa. Goodman himselfplayed at the World’s Fair in Brussels, Belgium, andalong with James and Krupa achieved life-long fame.
6. 从古德曼乐团走出了许多伟大的音乐人，其中一些还组织了自己的乐团。他们之中最著名的是哈里•詹姆斯和吉恩•克鲁帕二位。古德曼本人曾在比利时布鲁塞尔的世界博览会上演奏，与詹姆士和克鲁帕一样获得终身的盛誉。
7. Now we come tothe 1940s，when a music called “BeBop” was invented. It didn’t last too long, butit was fun. This was very strange music, unlike much of what had gone beforeit. Many of these musicians did not like Swing or Dixieland; so they thoughtthat they had to do things in a completely different way. Sometimes the musicthey played did not really sound like music at all, but at least they werebeing “different.”
7. 现在，让我们来到二十世纪四十年代。此时一种叫“比波普(BeBop)”的爵士乐出现了，尽管它流行的时间不长，但却非常有趣。它曲风独特，与以前的大不相同。这种类型的音乐人不喜欢摇摆乐或迪克西兰风格，因此他们决心创造一种完全不同的音乐。有时他们演奏的甚至不能称之为音乐，但至少他们做到了与众不同。
8. From all thesekinds of music, we come to the present. Today we still have Dixieland, and atype of big-band Swing, although that term is not used so much. We have thesmall groups of jazzmen with us, too. They play the modern jazz that grew fromthe music of the early 1940s and 1950s. There are many different styles andindividuals playing this kind of jazz today.
8. 经历种种不同的音乐形式，我们来到现代。尽管这些名词已经淡出人们视线，但今天我们仍然听迪克西兰和大乐队演奏的摇摆乐，在我们身边仍有许许多多的小型爵士乐队。他们演奏的现代爵士发源于二十世纪四十年代早期和五十年代的音乐，它形式多样，直到今天仍然有人在演奏。
9. Jazz is anAmerican art form. It is considered art by many, and it developed only in America.In the past few decades, it has become popular all over the world. Famous jazzmusicians from Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington to Chuck Mangione and WyntonMarsalis have performed all over the world, from Europe to Asia to the Middle East. Jazz has come a long way from the original New Orleans marchingmusic.
9. 爵士是一种纯美国的艺术形式。尽管被普遍认可，但它发展成熟于美国。在过去的几十年中，它在全世界流行起来，著名的爵士音乐家，从路易斯•阿姆斯特朗(Louis Armstrong)、艾灵顿公爵(Duke Ellington)到查克•曼卓林(Chuck Mangione)和文顿•马沙利斯(Wynton Marsalis)等都曾经进行全球巡演，从欧洲到亚洲，再到中东。现在的爵士乐已经得到了长足的发展，已不再是最初的新奥尔良风格的进行曲。
Wordsand Expressions
big time n.第一流，最高级，欢乐时刻，愉快的时光
swing [swiŋ] v.摇摆，摆动，回转，旋转n.秋千，摇摆，摆动
trumpet ['trʌmpit] n.喇叭
crashing ['kræʃiŋ] adj.绝对的，非凡的，彻底的
22.The Germanic Languages日耳曼语系 <原20>
1.Most people haveheard of the Tower of Babel story in theBible. According to this story,long ago all people spoke the same language.Later,however,they were punished by speaking a great number of differenttongues. Today,there are literally thousands of different languages (defined asmutually unintelligible tongues) around the world,though many are related toone another. Indeed,the two largest language families,the Indo-European (thelanguage family with the largest number of speakers) and Sino-Tibetan(containing the Chinese languages,Thai,Vietnamese,and Tibetan) include hundredsof languages with over half the world's population.
1.大多数的人都听说过圣经中巴别塔的故事。故事称很久以前，人们说的是同一种语言。但是，后来人们遭受惩罚，而开始说各种不同的语言。今天，全世界真是有好几千种不同的语言(此处指的是彼此无法相通的语言)，虽然其中语言彼此都有所关联。的确，这两个最大的语系，印欧语系(最多人使用的语系)和汉藏语系(包括华语、泰语、越语和西藏语)，涵盖了几百种不同的语言，使用者也超过了全世界半数的人口。
2.Because there are so many languages withinthe above two super-categories of language families,linguists have furtherdivided these linguistically rich and geographically diverse families intosub-groups,one of which,the Germanic language group,has the second-largestnumber of speakers (Chinese being first). Within this group of over 500,000,000speakers is the world's foremost international language,English,foremost interms of its geographic spread and number of second-language users.German,spoken by just over 100,000,000 people,is one of the world's ten-largestlanguages in terms of population. As English and German speakers constitute themajorities in several of the world's most economically,militarily,andtechnologically developed countries,it is important to be familiar with thisparticular language grouping.
2.就因为有太多的语言涵盖于上述的两个超级语系，语言学家就进一步的把这两种语言丰富、地理涵盖范围非常广的语系再区分为几种不同的次级语系，其中的1个就是日耳曼语系，使用这个语系的人数在所有语系中排名第二位(第一位为华语)。在这个有5亿多人口使用的语系中，包括了世界最重要的国际语言，那就是英语。英语之所以称得上是最重要的语言乃因使用的地区很广，且把英语当作第二种语言使用的人口亦很多。有1亿多人操德语，故就人口而言，德语是世界十大语言之一。由于使用英语和德语的人口在几个经济、军事和科技先进的国家中占绝大比例，因此熟悉日耳曼语系的来龙去脉是很重要的。
3.Linguists furtherdivide the Germanic languages into three groups,two extant and one extinct.East Germanic languages are no longer spoken; Gothic is an example of thissmall and historic grouping. Afrikaans,Dutch,English,Flemish,and German are themore important languages within the West Germanic grouping. The Scandinavianlanguages of Danish,Icelandic,Norwegian,and Swedish comprise the North Germanicgrouping. Though these languages cannot be easily understood among theirdifferent speakers,the similarities in vocabulary are striking.
3.语言学家又进一步地把日耳曼语系分成3个支系，其中两个支系至今仍然存在，另1个支系，也就是东日尔曼语，因无人使用而已不复存。歌德语就属于这种使用者不多但历史悠久的语系。南非荷兰语、荷兰语、英语、佛兰芝语、及德语则属西日耳曼语的几个重要语言。丹麦语、冰岛语、挪威语及瑞典语等北欧语系则属北日耳曼语系。虽然这些不同语言使用者彼此不易沟通，不过词汇的雷同处却很明显。
4.Take for example the two largest languageswith this group,English and German. The word Haus in German is house inEnglish,with nearly the same pronunciation. Some names of German family membersare instantly recognizable to English listeners and readers: Mutter,Bruder,andOnkel for the English mother,brother,and uncle (all German nouns arecapitalized in print). Other German family members are easily learned:Vater,Schwester,and Tante for the English father,sister,and aunt. Thus,thosewho know English and want to study German find their first year of learningvocabulary to be relatively easy. The same is true,of course,for those who wantto learn Dutch or Danish from an English or German background; these manysimilarities are due to the single common parent language of all the Germanictongues,even though this "grandfather" language no longer exists.
4.就拿日耳曼语系中英语及德语两大语言来说吧，德文的Haus 就是英文的house,发音几乎完全相同。一些德语家庭成员的称呼如：Mutter,Bruder 和Onkel,懂英语的人很快地就知道这些字指的就是mother,bother 和uncle(德文的名词一律大写)。其它有关家庭成员名称的德语说法也很容易学：像Vater,Schwester 和Tante 在英文里指的就是father,sister 和aunt。因此懂英语而想学德语的人，会发现初学词汇的第一年是很容易的一件事。当然，具有英语和德语背景的人要学丹麦语和荷兰语也同样是件易事。这些相似处乃因所有日耳曼语系皆源自共同的母语，尽管这个“爷爷级”的语言已不复存。
5.Speakers andwriters of the Germanic languages account for a great deal ofthe world's outputin everything from economics to literature to military to scienceandtechnology. Hardly an aspect of modern life does not benefit fromthecontributions made by those using these languages,as in theInternet,Hollywoodentertainment,Dutch (Phillips) and Scandinavian consumergoods design(Ericsson,maker of cellular phones,is a Swedish company,as areVolvo and Saab),and even the Nobel prizes (awarded by both Norwegian andSwedish institutes).More than one-third of the world's economic productionoriginates in thesecountries,too.
5.全球举凡经济、文学、军事乃至科技等方面的产品，有很多都是使用日耳曼语系的人所生产的。现代生活几乎各方面无不受益于这些人的贡献，譬如互联网络，好莱坞娱乐事业，荷兰(菲利普公司)和北欧的消费品设计(生产手机的爱利信公司就是瑞典的一家公司、富豪及绅宝汽车亦是瑞典的公司)，甚至诺贝尔奖(由挪威及瑞典学术机构颁发)。全世界的经济生产量有超过三分之一也是源自这些国家。
6.For any speaker of a language outside theGermanic language grouppreparing to choose a useful second language for thefuture,English is probablythe best bet. German,too,is very useful in the fieldsof medicine,economics,military,and science and technology. Being able tocommunicate with others inthis far-reaching linguistic group will offer theuser immeasurable benefits.
6.对于那些非使用日耳曼语系的人而言，为了前途而准备要选修第二种语言时，英文很可能是最佳的选择。在医学、经济、军事和科技方面，德语也是一样管用。日耳曼语系影响深远，若能使用这种语言与该语系的人沟通将会带来莫大的好处。