2017职称英语《理工A》专项试题及答案
完形填空
Text 1
Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 an avalanche, 4 a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 5 of avalanche. Snow does not 6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not 7 easily on fiat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest1 is 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examination to the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
1.angle of rest：这里指积雪保持静止的角度。
2.rule of.thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle，based on experience or practice rather that theory”，即“通用法则，经验法则 ”。
3.Additionally：是一个副词，用来引人新的事实或论点，意为 “此外”。
4.backcountry：人烟稀少的地区。
练习:
1. A among B of C to D in
2. A when B that C who D whose
3. A mostly B likely C clearly D surely
4. A are B will be C is D was
5. A weight B form C risk D work
6. A fall B flow C roll D gather
7. A fall B flow C roll D gather
8. A among B between C with D for
9. A thick B thin C flat D rocky
10. A use B time C snow D rain
11. A journey B trip C fact D process
12. A conditions B reports C forecast D event
13. A increase B reduce C improve D remove
14. A price B effort C attention D money
15. A missing B grown C big D fresh
答案与题解：
1.A表达“雪崩是山上可能发生的昀大危险之一 ”的意思，因此应该选择 among(在……之中)。
2.B从该句的语法结构上来看，此处需要一个关系代词，代替 slope，所以 that是昀佳选择。选项 A、C、D均不符合语法。
3.B选项 A不符合语法， C和 D符合语法，但不符合常识：过度的雪的积压可能导致雪崩，而不是必定导致雪崩。所以， B是昀佳答案。
4.C该句的主语是 Determining the critical load，从上下文来看应该使用一般现在时，所以 C是正确答案。
5.C要确定本题答案的一个有效的方法是排除法。 a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合逻辑，只有 a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解释了 low risk of avalanche的道理，更证实了选 risk是正确的。
6.D第 6和第 7题可以一起考虑。整个句子的意思是：在坡度大的坡上，雪不会大量堆积。在较为平坦的坡面，雪不会轻易滑动。
7.B(见 6)
8.B理解了句子的意思就不难判断选项：雪在静止状态下，角度在 35～45度之间，昀可能发生人为触发的雪崩。between：在……之间。
9.C这个句子说明的是什么样的山坡昀易发生雪崩，即，A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此做 “平坦”解，与后面的 steep形成反义。
10.A句中的 that is表明，后半部分是对前半部分的进一步说明。所以，这里的选择要根据下文的意思判断。
use是昀佳选择，整个句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用的越多，雪崩就越可能发生。
11.D尽管选项 A、B和 D都能和 continuous搭配，从全段的内容判断，只有 process是昀佳选择，因为该段描写的是如何防备雪崩，及如何做好安全措施等一系列问题。
12.A选项 A、B、C都可以与 weather搭配，但是根据上下文，只有 A昀为符合文章的内容。
13.B选项 A不符合句子的意思; C不能和 risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因为不可能完全消除雪崩的隐患。
14.C该句主句使用的是被动语态，第二个动词是 pay attention to的被动形式。选项 A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。
15.A该句是作者给出的一系列忠告之一，即，认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径，没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。选项 B、C、D均不符合句义。
Text 2
The First Bicycle
The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791，Count de Sivrac (1) ________onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention ，a machine called the celeriferé. It was basically an (2) ________version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) ________ for many years. Sivrac's "celeriferé had a wooden frame，made in the (4) ________ of a horse ，which was mounted on a wheel at either end. To ride it ，you sat on a small seat ，just like a modem bicycle ，and pushed (5) ________ against the (6) ________ with your legs—there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celeriferé and it had no brakes，but despite these problems the invention very much (7) ________to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) ________ races up and down the streets.
Minor (9) ________were common as riders attempted a final burst of ( 10 ) ________ . Controlling the machine was difficult ，as the only way to change (11) ________ was to pull up the front of the "celeriferé" and (12) ________it round while the front wheel was (13) ________ in the air. "Celeriferés" were not popular for long ，however ，as the (14) ________of no springs ，no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so，the wooden celeriferé was the (15) ________of the modem bicycle.
词汇：
count / kaunt / n. 伯爵 brake / breik / n. 闸，刹车
onlooker / 'ɔn,lukə / n. 观众 burst / bə:st / v. 爆发，突发，爆炸
pedal / 'pedl / n. 踏板，脚蹬子 spring / spriŋ / n. ' 弹簧
steer / stiə / v. 驾驶，操纵，控制 rough / rʌf / adj， 粗糙的，不平整的
译文：
第一辆自行车
自行车的历史可以追溯到两百多年前。1791年，西夫拉克伯爵在巴黎的一个公园里向众人展示并炫耀了自己的发明，一架被称作“celeriferé”的双轮车。它主要就是一个使用了很多年的儿童玩具的扩大版。西夫拉克的“celeriferé”有一个马形状的木框，两端分别装有一个轮子。坐上一个小座位便可以骑了，就像骑现在的自行车一样，但双脚要使劲蹬地——因为没有脚踏板。操纵方向和刹车也是不太可能的，尽管有这些问题，这个发明在当时还是吸引了许多巴黎时尚的年轻人。很快他们便举行了比赛，在街上到处骑。
当骑手尝试最后冲刺时，受到一些小伤是很普遍的事情。控制那台机器是很难的，改变行驶方向的唯一方法是拉起车前身，当前轮还在空中打转时掉转车头。然而这种木制双轮车并没有流行很长时间，结合了没有弹簧、没有方向舵，以及遭遇不平整路段等问题，木制的双轮车骑起来十分不舒服。尽管如此，这种木制的“celeriferé”还是现在自行车的始祖。
Text 3
Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind
If you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building — and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that2 1 directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.
Sound Alert, a company 2 the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for 3 people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria. 4 produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the 5 is coming from.
Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be 6 by humans. “It is a burst of white noise 7 people say sounds like static on the radio,” she says. “Its life-saving potential is great.”
She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large 8 room. It 9 them nearly four minutes to find the door _10_ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.
Withington studies how the brain 11 sounds at the university. She says that the 12 of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms 13 the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.
The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up 14 down stairs. They were 15 with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.
1.在谓语动词中，不能并列使用两个情态动词，如 may和 can就不能并列使用。如果由于表达需要，要同时用“可能”和“能够”，就得说(写)成 may be able to。 I may be may be able to come tomorrow, but 1 cannot promise. 我可能明天来，但我不可能作出承诺。 2. that指第一句所表达的意思。
3. … find their way out of…：意为“找到从……出去的路”。练习：
1. A without B with C having D selling
2A run by B changed by C decorated by D criticized by
3. A slow B deaf C blind D lame
4. A Alarms B Alarm C The alarm D The alarms
5. A noise B sound C music D bell
6. A watched B produced C learnt D heard
7. A where B what C that D how
8. A smoked B smoke-filled C filled with smoke D smoke-filling
9. A has taken B takes C took D will take
10. A on B near C without D from
11. A processes B produces C possesses D proceeds
12. A feature B quality C diagram D source
13. A basis on B base on C basing on D based on
14. A on B and C but D otherwise
15. A developed B determined C discovered D delivered
答案与题解：
1. B 空格后是一种装置，用它来改变火灾时找不到出口的危险境况。表达“用……装置”这层意思就要用介词 with。其他几项均不符合句子的意思。
2. A Sound Alert是一家公司的名字， a company是 Sound Alert的同位语，从句意判断，应选择 run by，意为“由……经营的”。其他的选项虽然说法正确，但都与句意不符。
3. C 从文章的标题，以及文章内容和本句后面部分 resource center for the blind，可以推断这里昀好的选择就是 C。
4. D 因为这种警告装置已在上文中提到：第一段中的 directional sound alarms，第二段中的 installing the alarms in a residential home…，所以，这里的 alarms是特指，要用定冠词。选项 C是错误的，因为它是单数形式。
5. B 句子的前半句有 a wide range of frequencies，发出来的应该是 sound，而不是令人烦躁的' noise。用 music或 bell都有些突然，与上下文的意思不连贯。
6. D 文章一直在讨论警报器、声音和波长，所以首先排除选项 A;从上下文的意思看，不可能是选项 B和 C，因为警报器的制造，就是为了让失明的人听到。
7. C 选择 A、B、D均不能构成语义连贯的句子，而且语法上也有问题。选项 C能使句子结构成为 “It is … that”的强调句型。
8. B 从所给的选项可以看出，这里要表达的意思是“烟火弥漫的房间”。有了这个理解，现在要做的就是选择正确的表达形式。 A是“烟熏的”， D是“使……烟火弥漫的”，所以意思不对， C填入后就出现 filled with smoke room，不符合语法。只有 B是正确的选项。
9. C 这里显然是“ It takes somebody + time +动词不定式”的句型，但选择什么时态是关键。从上句看，应选择一般过去时，因为整个段落是对一次试验的描写，而且上而一句也使用了一般过去时。
10. C后半句的 one指上半句中的 a sound alarm。该句上半句和下半句由 but连接，表示相反的意思，从后半句的 with可以看出，两个相对比的事物是： the door without a sound alarm和 the door with a sound alarm。所以选择 C。
11. A 选项 B、C和 D显然是错误的，因为词义不符。只有选项 A是答案。句子的意思是， Withington在她的大学里研究大脑如何处理声音。
12. D 句子中的 more … than表示该句是对两样事物的对比。 than后面是 the source of a narrow band，这里的 narrow和前半句的 wide形成反比，从上下文中可以看出， the source of a narrow band of (frequencies)是和 the source of a wide band of frequencies形成对比。
13. D 这个句子有主语 alarms，有谓语 have been installed，这里应填入动词的分词形式。 be based on是常用的搭配，所以，应选择动词的过去分词形式。选项 A的 basis是名词，明显是错的。
14. A 根据上半句中的 rising or falling frequencies，这里应填入 or，与上半句表达的意思相一致。音频升高表示上楼，音频降低表示下楼。
15. A 首先确定主语 They指的是第一句中的主语 The alarms，后半句说这种设备得到大笔资助。根据上文内容，我们知道资助的目的是开发这种 alarms，所以应该选择 developed。
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