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SECTION IIIReading Comprehension
( 50 minutes)
Part A
Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Text 1
England's binge-drinking habit is one of the most entrenched in Europe --even Roman invad- ers wrote about it with horror. Many feared that the habit would worsen after the relaxation of licen- sing hours last November. Doctors, academics and newspapers were joined in opposition by the po- lice and judges, who warned that the reforms were "close to lunacy". The government disagreed and abolished a restrictive regime first imposed during the First World War by David Lloyd George, the prime minister, who wanted to prevent munitions workers from getting too drunk.
While ministers never denied that Britons had an unhealthy attitude to liquor, they argued that much of the crime and disorder that blighted city streets at night was caused by hordes of drunkards rolling out of pubs and clubs at the same time and fighting for the same taxi home. They cited the wartime experience in Australia, where an early closing time had led to a phenomenon dubbed the"six o'clock's swill", in which people drank themselves silly against the clock. The hope was that, once hours were relaxed, Britons would adopt more civilised, continental habits, sipping delicately at glasses of Chablis rather than downing ten pints. Were the optimists or the pessimists right?
Since the law was changed, around two-thirds of licensed premises have extended their open- ing times, most by an hour or so. (Fewer than 1 percent were granted a 24-hour licence. ) That smoothed the ]lp. m. and 2 a. m. chuck-out peaks and filled in some of the troughs. Local authori- ties in several large, lively cities, including Birmingham, Nottingham and Manchester, report that the streets are no more disorderly than before. One popular drinkers' street in Birmingham has seen a dramatic drop in crime (although that may also be because businesses, fearing the worst, paid for street wardens). In London, most strikingly, there has not been a single month since the drinking laws were relaxed when more violent crimes were recorded than in the same month a year earlier. That is also true in Westminster, where many of the capital's pubs and clubs are clustered. Overall levels of violence in the borough have fallen by 12 percent in the ten months since November 2005, compared with the same period a year before.
The police remain cautious about such positive signs, saying it is still too early to tell what effect liberalisation will have on crime. They point out that local forces have diverted time and money to police late-night drinking, and have been given extra cash by the government. That will run out on Christmas Eve, at which point things may become trickier.
In the meantime, pessimists are marshalling new, more ambitious arguments. Martin Plant of the University of the West of England maintains that freer drinking can lead to long-term problems that are not immediately apparent. Iceland's capital, Reykjavik, softened drinking laws seven years ago. While policing became easier, more drunkards pitched up at hospital and drink-driving rates soared.
51. The following statements are true EXCEPT that
A. the English indulgence in alcohol even horrified Roman invaders.
B. the police and judges were in favor of the relaxation of licensing hours.
C. the government did away with a law regulating drinking hours last year.
D. World War I first saw the implementation of the law regulating drinking hours.
52. Why did the government want to reform the drinking-hour restrictions?
A. To follow the example of Australia.
B. To change Britons' attitude to alcohol.
C. To reduce the amount of alcohol consumed.
D. To reduce crime rates caused by drinking.53. What happens now in big cities?
A.Hordes of drunkards flood out of pubs at llp. m. and 2a.m.
B. More licenses are granted to pubs and clubs.
C. There are fewer criminal offences related to drinking.
D. Things are different in London from other big cities.
54. The police hold the view that
A. the changes are due to more police efforts rather than the reform.
B. extension of drinking hours has produced a negative outcome.
C. the government obscures the truth by providing extra money.
D. the success of the reform can only be guaranteed with more government input.
55. Those who do not see a good prospect of the drinking reform
A. are trying to find more effective solutions.
B. are convinced that the reform will lead to more violent crimes.
C. believe that there should be adequate medical service for the drunkards.
D. believe that softened drinking laws may produce negative long-term effects.
Text 2
The best estimate of humanity's ecological footprint suggests that it now exceeds the Earth's re- generative capacity by around 20 percent. This fact is mentioned early on in the latest book from Lester R. Brown. The subtitle of Plan B 2.0 makes the bold claim of rescuing a planet under stress and a civilization in trouble. So will Brown's Plan B work?
The green movement divides broadly into two camps technological optimists and social revolu- tionaries. For every person like Brown proposing new ways to produce protein, there is an indige- nous movement in a developing country struggling for land redistribution. Another divide is be- tween those who see the biggest environmental problem as population pressure in the developing South, and those who say it is'consumption patterns in the rich North. When push comes to shove, Brown qualifies as a technological optimist who is worried about population. The giveaway is his eulogy to green techno-fixes, coupled with the fear of fast-growing developing countries copying Western consumer lifestyles.
His optimism, though, appears forced as he rolls out a depressing litany of statistics describing species extinction, water shortage, economic upheaval resulting from the eventual decline of oil production and, of course, climate change. And his rescue plans? Shoehorned into Brown's book is a section headed "Eradicating poverty, stabilizing population". This relies heavily on the orthodox approach to human development that seeks to use aid to plug the income gap for poor countries. Enumerating the costs of attaining the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals on health,education and poverty reduction, Brown conveys a sense that a few new fiscal measures, combined with the goodwill of rich countries, will deliver. This is an approach that has been followed for the last three decades, and it has not worked. During the 1990s, the share of benefits from global eco- nomic growth reaching those living on less than a dollar a day fell by 73 percent, in spite of count- less p——omises to end poverty. This is the problem with Plan B 2.0.
Brown's picture of climate-change-induced chaos is terrifying and convincing. It includes the awful image of the world's poorest people competing for food with an ever-hungrier bio-fuels indus- try, whose job will be to keep the developed world's SUVs on the road as oil becomes ever more expensive and then runs out. The combination of industrial inertia and the influence of industry on lobbyists is making this vision increasingly plausible. The poor get a bad deal because the world is run by the economic equivalent of gunboat diplomacy, as the recent World Tracie Organization talks showed.
Technologically optimistic visions often have too much faith that change will flow from a ration- al discussion about sensible policies, while tiptoeing around the real problems of power and politics. Even with Brown's Plan B to tell us which renewable energy technologies to use and which resilient food crops to grow, we are going to need a way to deal with economic vested interests and the demo- cratic deficit in global financial institutions that excludes the poor. For that, we need Plan C.
56. What is the issue that Brown tries to address in his newly published book?
[ A]The word's population has increased by 20 percent.
B. Human activities have gone beyond what the earth is able to sustain.
C. Human beings have developed in a certain ecological pattern.
D. The green movement has failed to produce needed environmental changes.57. Brown believes that the spread of consumerism to less developed countries has
A. led to land shortage and redistribution.
B. narrowed down the difference in lifestyle.
C. contributed to environmental deterioration.
D. increased high-protein food consumption.
58. Talking about Brown's dismal picture of environmental degradation, the author thinks that
A. his optimism does not seem to be well-grounded.
B. too many depressing statistics were listed in his book.
C. his description of the environmental problems lacks a focus.
D. he is trying to force his optimism on the readers.
59. The phrase "gunboat diplomacy" ( line 6, para. 4) means
A. to deal with industrial relations in the automobile sector by way of lobbying. B. to threaten to use force to make a smaller country agree to your demand.
C. to negotiate within the WTO framework in dealing with bilateral relations. A. Because new sensible policies may bring about positive changes.
B. Because the gap between the rich and poor should be narrowed.
C. Because new technologies and crops can be introduced under this plan.
D. Because the core problems of international politics should be addressed first.
Text 3
The average person sees tens of thousands of images a day--images on television, in news- papers and magazines, and on the sides of buses. Images also grace soda cans and T-shirts, and In- ternet search engines can instantly procure images for any word you type. On Flickr. com, a photo- sharing Web site, you can type in a word such as "love" and find photos of couples in embrace or parents hugging their children. Type in "terror", and among the results is a photograph of the World Trade Center towers burning. "Remember when this was a shocking image?" asks the per- son who posted the picture.
The question is not merely rhetorical. It points to something important about images in our cul- ture: they have become less magical and less shocking. Until the development of mass reproduc- tion, images carried more power and evoked more fear.
Today, anyone with a digital camera and a PC can produce and alter an image. As a result, the power of the image has been diluted in one sense, but strengthened in another. It has been dilu- ted by the ubiquity of images and the many populist technologies ( like inexpensive cameras and picture-editing software) that give,almost everyone the power to create, distort, and transmit ima- ges. But it has been strengthened by the gradual surrender of the printed word to pictures. Text ce- ded to image might be likened to an articulate person being rendered mute, forced to communicate via gesture and expression rather than language.
We love images and the democratizing power of technologies that give us the capability to make and manipulate images. What we are less eager to consider are the broader cultural effects of a society devoted to the image. Historians and anthropologists have explored the story of mankind's movement from an oral-based culture to a written culture, and later to a printed one. But in the past several decades we have begun to move from a culture based on the printed word to one based largely on images.
In making images rather than texts our guide, are we opening up new vistas for understanding and expression, creating a new form of communication that is "better than print," as some scholars have argued? Or are we merely making a peculiar and unwelcome return to forms of communica- tion once ascendant in preliterate societies?
Two things in particular are at stake in our contemporary confrontation with an image-based culture. First, technology has considerably undermined our ability to trust what we see, yet we have not adequately grappled with the effects of this on our notions of truth. Second, if we are in- deed moving from the era of the printed word to an era dominated by the image, what impact will this have on. culture? Will we become too easily accustomed to verisimilar rather than true things, preferring appearance to reality and in the process rejecting the demands of discipline and patience that true things often require of us if we are to understand their meaning and describe it with preci- sion?
61. The first paragraph of the text tells us that
A. we are exposed to a multitude of images every day.
B. consumer goods with images look more graceful.
C. the Internet can instantly present images of anything we want to buy.
D. Internet search engines give us undesired and shocking images.
62.With the development of mass reproduction, images
A. have become le,ss important in popular culture.
B. are not as impressive as they were to viewers.
C. will be more magical and shocking in the future.
D. will become more and more thought-provoking.
63. The power of the image has been strengthened in the sense that
A. populist technologies enable almost everybody to manipulate images.
B. images have gradually won popularity among common people.
C. images are forcing us to communicate via gestures rather than language.
D. with populist technologies, texts might give way to pictures gradually.
64. What does "forms of communication once ascendant in preliterate societies" (line 4,para. 5) refer to?
A.Images.
B. Written words.
C. Printed images.
D. Texts.
65. From the text, it can be inferred that the author
A. agrees that images offer a better form of communication than the print.
B. does not share the opinion that an image-based culture is less advanced.
C. shows deep concern about the impact of images on culture.
D.prefers the image era to that of the printed word.
SECTl0N IIIReading Comprehension
PartA
Text l
在欧洲，英格兰的豪饮是最根深蒂固的习俗，甚至罗马侵略者都战战兢兢的对其进行了描述。随着去年十一月放宽时间禁令后，许多人担心这种情况会进一步恶化。医生、学者、报纸和警察、法官一道对放宽禁令表示反对。警察和法官们警告说，这种改革类似于“精神失常”。对此，政府并不赞同。政府废除了一战期间由大卫·劳德·乔治率先实行的限制性饮酒政策。乔治是当时的首相，实行这一政策是为了避免工人喝得烂醉。
然而部长们从未否认过英国人对白酒有一种不健康的心态。他们认为，夜间，发生城市街道上的许多犯罪和骚乱都是由酒鬼所引起的。他们往往同时走出酒吧和俱乐部，相互之间争夺回家的出租车。但部长们援引了澳大利亚的战时经验：较早的打烊时间导致这种现象被戏称为“六点钟豪饮”，即在规定的时间内人们争分夺秒的喝酒。有人希望，放宽时间禁令后，英国人将会更文明，更绅士般的饮酒，即悠闲的喝着夏布利斯，而不是狂饮十品脱。乐观主义者或是悲观主义者，哪一种人观点是正确的呢?
由于法律的修改，约三分之二的持证经营场所已经将营业时间延长了约一小时左右。(不到l%的店家被允许可以24小时经营。)这样就避免了晚上ll点和凌晨2点出现的高峰人群，也填补了一些低峰时段。在几个大的，热闹的城市，包括伯明翰，诺丁汉和曼彻斯特，地方当局报告说，街道秩序没有比以前更乱。在伯明翰，一个饮酒者经常出没的街头已经出现了犯罪率的急剧下降(尽管这也可能是因为由于担心最坏的情况而聘用了街道督导员)。在伦敦，最让人注意的是，饮酒政策放宽后，没有任何一个月出现过比上年同期更多的暴力犯罪记录。在威斯敏斯特，情况也是这样。当地聚集着许多首都的酒吧和俱乐部。与去年同期相比，自治市镇的整体暴力水平自2005年11月起已经十个月连续下降12%。
对于这些积极的迹象，警方仍持谨慎态度。他们认为现在谈论政策放宽对犯罪的影响，仍然为时尚早。他们指出，地方警力投入了时间和财力治理深夜饮酒，政府也给予了额外的现金补贴。但是在圣诞节前夕这一时间段上，政府补贴就已基本用完，那时情况可能会变得更复杂。与此同时，悲观主义者也提出了新的、更志在必得的证据。西英格兰大学的马丁工厂认为更加自由的饮酒可能会导致一些不会立即显现的长期问题。冰岛首都雷克雅未克，七年前放宽了饮酒限制。虽然治安监管变得容易了，但更多的酒鬼住进了医院，而且酒后驾驶率也在迅速飙升。
答案及精析
51.B【精析】细节题。题目问的是“下面那一句说法是不正确的?”。由文章第一段第一句“…even Roman invaders wrote about it withhorror.”可知：对于英格兰的豪饮，罗马侵略者也战战兢兢地进行’了描述，这与A项内容相符。由第一段第三句“…by the policeand judges。who warned that the reforms were‘close to lunacy”’可知：警察和法官认为这种改革几乎是“精神失常”，这与B项内容不符。由第一段第二句“the relaxation of licensing hours last N0—vember”可知C项正确;由第一段最后一句“…a restrictive regimefirst imposed during the First World War by David Lloyd George，’’可知D项正确。故选B。
52.D【精析】推断题。题目问的是“政府为什么要改革限制饮酒时间的政策?”。由文章第二段第一、二句“…they argued that much of thecrime and disorder that blighted city streets at night was caused byhordes of drunkards roiling out of pubs and clubs at the salne timeand fighting for the salTle taxi home.They cited the wartime experi—ence in Australia…”可知：政府改革限制饮酒时间的政策的目的是为了降低由饮酒引起的犯罪，这与D项内容相符。故选D。
53.C【精析】细节题。题目问的是“如今，大城市的状况如何?”。由文章第三段第三、四句“Local authorities in several large，lively cit—ies，…report that the streets are no mofe disorderly than before…hasseen a dramatic drop in crime”可知：饮酒时间政策改革后，各地犯罪率呈下降趋势，这与C项内容相符。再有第三段第五句“InLondon，...there has not been a single month since the drinking lawswere relaxed…”可知D项错误。故选C。
54.A【精析】推断题。题目问的是“警方的观点是什么?”。由文章第四段第二句“They point out that local forces have diverted time andmoney to police late—night drinking，and have been given extra cashby the government.”可知：当地警方投入时间和财力用于治理深夜饮酒问题，这与A项内容相符。由第四段第一句“The policeremain cautious about such positive signs…”可知B项错误。此外，文章没有提及c项，而D项的“only”使该选项的表意过于绝对。故选A。
55.D【精析】细节题。题目问的是“那些对改革不乐观的人们认为。”。由文章最后一段第二句话“…that freer drinking Calllead todong—term problems that are not immediately apparent.”可知对改革不乐观的人们认为此项改革会引发长期问题，并以冰岛首都雷克雅未克为例进行论证，这与D项内容相符。故选D。
Text 2
参考译文
关于人类对生态的影响，最佳的估计表明：它已经超过了地球的再生能力的20%左右。这是早前由莱斯特·R·布朗在其新书中提出的。B2.0计划的副标题大声疾呼：拯救巨大压力下的地球和麻烦不断的人类文明。布朗的B计划会有效果吗?
绿色运动大致分为两个阵营：技术乐观主义者和社会革命主义者。像布朗这样的每个人都提出新的方法来生产蛋白质。在发展中国家，人们通过土地运动实现土地的再分配。另一个分歧在于一些人意识到发展中的南方地区的人口压力是最大的环境问题，而另一些人说那是富裕的北方地区的消费模式。情况越来越糟，作为一个技术乐观主义者，布朗很担心人口问题。加之担忧快速增长的发展中国家会照搬西方消费者的生活方式，上述观点就成了他为绿色修复技术所写的悼词。
他对物种灭绝，水资源短缺，石油生产的最终衰落所引发的经济动荡进行描述，当然，也包括气候变化。他使用了一连串令人沮丧的统计数据。由此可见，他的乐观，不过是勉强为之。他的拯救计划?作为布朗作品的一节，标题定为“消除贫困，稳定人口”。这在很大程度土依赖于传统的人类发展的方法：利用援助来弥补贫穷国家的收入差距。细数为实现健康、教育和减少贫困的联合国千年发展目标的成本，布朗传达了这样一种感觉：一些新的财政措施，加上富裕国家的善意，这些费用不成问题。在过去三十年中，这是一直沿用的，但一直没有奏效的方法。20世纪90年代，尽管人们做出无数的承诺来解决贫困，但是那些生活费一天不足一美元的群体在全球经济增长中的收益比例却下降了73%。这就是B 2.0计划的症结所在。
布朗所描述的由气候变化引起的混乱状态是可怕的，也是有说服力的。它展现了世界上最贫穷的人们与生物燃料产业之间不断的争夺食物。石油越来越责，也即将耗尽，所以生物燃料产业的任务是确保发达国家的越野车能在道路上疾驰。工业惰性和行业游说的影响力结合在一起，使这一场景变得更加可信。近期，世界“TRACIE”组织的会谈显示：炮舰外交的经济等价物主宰世界的运行，所以穷人在协议中仍处于劣势。
对技术上的乐观使我们往往拥有太多的信心，认为理性的讨论政策可以带来改变，却在权力和政治这些实际问题上徘徊观望。即使布朗的 B计划能够告诉我们哪些可再生能源技术可以使用，哪些粮食作物适宜种植，我们也需要另一种方式来处理好既得的经济利益和全球金融机构的赤字问题。全球金融机构往往排斥穷人。为此.我们需要C计划。
答案及精析
56.B【精析】细节题。题目问的是“布朗试图在其新书中说明什么问题?”。由文章第一段第一句“The best estimate of humanity’s eco—logical footprint suggests that it nOW exceeds the Earth’s regenerativecapacity by around 20 percent.”可知：关于人类对生态的影响，最佳的估计表明：它已经超过了地球的再生能力的20%左右，这与B项内容相符。故选B。
57.C【精析】推理题。题目问的是“布朗认为消费主义观念如果传人欠发达中国家会导致什么?”。由文章第二段的最后一句“The giveaway ishis eulogy to green techn0—fixes.coupled witll the fear of fast—growingdeveloping countries copying Western consumer lifestyles.”可知：加之担忧快速增长的发展中国家照搬西方的消费者的生活方式，上述观点就成了他为绿色修复技术所写的悼词。由此可见，布朗认为消费主义观念传入欠发达国家会导致绿色修复技术遭到破坏。故选C。
58.A【精析】细节题。题目问的是“在谈到布朗对于环境恶化的可怕描述时，作者认为什么?”。由文章第三段第一句“His optimism，though.appears forced as he rolls out…”可知：他对物种灭绝，水资源短缺，石油生产的最终衰落所引发的经济动荡进行描述，当然，也包括气候变化。他使用了一连串令人沮丧的统计数据。由此可见，他的乐观，不过是勉强为之。故选A。
59.B【精析】词义题。题目问的是“短语‘gunboat diplomacy’是什么意思?”。“gunboat”意思是“炮舰”，从第四段的最后一句话“Thepoor get a bad deal because the world is l'un by the economic equiva-lent of gunboat diplomacy，…”分析得知，发达国家在与不发达国家的经济贸易中往往采取以武力相威胁而从中获利。故选B。
60.D【精析】细节题。题目问的是“为什么作者说‘我们需要C计划’?”。由文章最后一段的第一句话“Technologically optimisticvisions often have too much faith that change will flow from a ra—tional discussion about sensible policies，while tiptoeing around thereal problems of power and politics.”可知：对技术上的乐观使我们往往拥有太多的.信心，认为理性的讨论政策可以带来改变，却在权力和政治这些实际问题上徘徊观望。故选D。
Text 3
参考译文
一般来说，每人每天都能看到成千上万张图片——电视上的图片，报纸和杂志上的图片，巴士两侧的图片。图片还出现在汽水罐和T恤上。无论输入什么样的文字，互联网的搜索引擎可以立即找到很多图片。在Flickr.eom上——一个照片共享网站，你可以一个输入字，如“爱”，然后发现很多情侣拥抱或父母拥抱孩子的照片。如果输入“恐怖”，搜索的图片就有一张是世界贸易中心大楼的大火。贴图的人还问：“还记得这张令人震惊的画面是什么时候吗?”
这个问题不只是虚夸的言辞。它指出了我们文化形象的一些重要问题：它们已经变得不那么神奇，不那么触目惊心。在可以大量复制之前，图像常带有更多的说服力，更多的恐惧情绪。
如今，任何人都可以通过数码相机和个人电脑来制作和修改图片。因此，图片的力量在某种意义上已经被分解了，而在另一种意义上它又被加强了。它被分解的原因是图片和许多民粹主义技术(如廉价相机和图片编辑软件)的普遍性。这使得几乎每个人都可以制造、修改和传送图片。而它被加强的原因是印刷文字逐渐让步于图片。文字让步于图像就像把一个善于言表的人变成哑巴，使之只得通过手势和表情，而不是语言进行沟通。
我们热爱图像和技术的民主化力量。技术让我们能够制作和处理图像。我们忽视的是对图片的专注往往给社会带来更广泛的文化影响。历史学家和人类学家已经探索了从基于口语到基于书面语，再到基于印刷文字的文化转变。但在过去几十牟里，我们已经开始从基于印刷文字的文化转变成一个主要基于图像的文化。
这样图像而不是文字成为我们的向导。我们是不是正在开创理解与表达的新局面?是不是正在创造一种新的，一些学者认为“比打印更好”的交流形式?或者我们只是做了一个特殊的，不受欢迎的回归，回妇到了文明社会前的交流形式?
在与基于图像的当代文化的对抗中，我们有两件事尤其受到威胁：首先，技术已经大大削弱了我们对视野的信任，然而我们对于这一点所带来的真理观念的改变没有进行足够的抗衡。其次，如果我们确实是从印刷文字的时代，转变到了图像为主的时代，那么会给文化带来什么样的影响呢?我们会不会变得非常习惯于逼真的图片而不是实物;会不会偏爱现实的外观，并在这个过程中抛弃理解和精确描绘实物所必需的纪律和耐心?
答案及精析
61.A【精析】主旨题。题目问的是“文章的第一段告诉我们什么?”：由文章第一句“The average person sees tens of thousands of imagesa day…”可知：一般来说，每人每天都能看到成千上万张图片，这与A项内容相符。故选A。
62.B【精析】推理题。题目问的是“随着大量加工技术的发展，图像变得怎么样?”。由文章第三段的第二句“As a result，the power ofthe image has been diluted in one sense….”可知：因此，图片的力量在某种意义上已经被分解了。从而分析得知图像不再像以前那样对我们有震撼力了，这与B项内容相符。故选B。
63.D【精析】推理题。题目问的是“图片的力量在某种程度上被强化，是因为”。由文章第三段的第四句“But it has beenstrengthened by the gradual surrender of the printed word to pic-tures.”可知：而它被加强是因为印刷文字逐渐让步于图片，从中我们可以推断出将来图片会逐步取代文字，这与D项内容相符。故选D。
64.A【精析】推理题。题目问的是“文明前社会的交流形式是指什么?”。由文章第五段第二句“0r are we merely making a peculiarand unwelcome rem/11 to forms of communication once ascendant in
preliterate societies?”可知：或者我们只是做了一个特殊的，不受欢迎的回归，回归到了文明前社会的交流形式?这里的文明前社会的交流形式指的就是图片。故选A。
65.C【精析】推理题。，题目问的是“从文中可推论出作者”。由文章倒数第二句话“Second，if we are indeed moving from theera of the printed word to an era dominated by the image，what im—pact will this have on culture?”可知：其次，如果我们确实是从印刷文字的时代，转变到了图像为主的时代，那么会给文化带来什么样的影响呢?从中可推断出作者对于图片对于文化的影响而感到担心，这与C项内容相符。故选c。
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