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初二语法知识点总结(2)

时间:2018-03-08 17:20:06 初中辅导 我要投稿

初二语法知识点总结

  正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.

  (2)他来这儿五天了。 误:He has come here for five days.

  正:He has been here for five days.  正:He came here five days ago.

  正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here.

  (1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:

  (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

  (2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

  (3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

  (4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

  3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

  4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到......才......"。如:You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。

  I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.

  今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。

  5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)

  Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)

  6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:

  误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?

  正:When did you come here?

  二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

  1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如:

  He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的'时间)

  2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如:

  Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

  3. 两种时态的区分

  (1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如:The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.

  (2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

  看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)

  [说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

  ② How has he done it?(A)  How did he do it?(B)

  [说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;

  (B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

  ③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)  He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

  [说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

  三、现在完成时考点例析

  现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:

  一、考查其构成

  "助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。如:

  1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she

  析:陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's是Kate has的缩写,故选B。

  2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)

  His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.

  析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasn't, yet。

  3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have

  析:"so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。

  二、考查其用法与标志词

  (一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。如:

  1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?  -______you______ your homework yet?

  A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished

  2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______

  A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed

  C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed

  析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D,2题选D。

  (二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如: