直接引语和间接引语之间的转换，如果它是问句它前面通常有或即疑问词如，英语语法大全句子的转换与合并，主动语态与被动语态之间的转换，一个分词动名词不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句反过来也如此。
英语语法-句子的转换与合并
英语语法大全
句子的转换与合并
Ⅰ．简单句之间的转换
1781句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。
A．主动语态与被动语态之间的转换
一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句与否定句之间的转换
一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换
反问型问句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以转变为陈述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同词类之间的转换
几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：
1．动词与名词间的转换：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．动词与形容词之间的转换：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．动词与副词间的转换：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．Itsmellsgood．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名词与形容词间的转换：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名词与副词间的转换：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容词与副词间的转换：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介词与连词间的转换：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
图解：
Ⅱ．简单句与复合句之间的转换
1782一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．
Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
图解：
Ⅲ．简单句与复杂句之间的转换
1783一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：
A．名词从句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
图解：
B．定语从句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
图解：
C．状语从句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
注：1782中大部分短语不仅可以变为并列的分句，也可以变为状语从句。图解：
Ⅳ．复杂句与复合句之间的转换
1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．
Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．图解：
Ⅴ．直接引语和间接引语之间的转换
1785说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用他的原话，就称作直接引语。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间接引语。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．为间接引语。Said这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，可称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。
A．大写与标点
直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号，但在间接引语中却不加这些。间接引语必须由that，whether（if）或疑问词（who，why，when等）开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句则需变为自然语序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引话动词与第二动词
引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词照旧不变。
但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词，就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．
C．引话动词与连词
1．如果间接引语为陈述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是问句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感叹句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果间接引语为祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助动词should．此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代词
此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，将变为与第一主语一致的代词。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是宾语：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”
…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，在间接引语中，它可以保持不变：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（这两个he代表两个不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
还需指出，上述代词，在直接或间接引语中，可以为任何“格”，而不仅仅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．
Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．时间副词（短语）
间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主语及引话动词的位置
在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主语及引话动词，除了放在直接引语前面外，还可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不说saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不说saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出。）
在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面，如果主语及引话动词在直接引语后面，长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”
“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．
如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，作主语的名词可以放在引话动词
的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，只能放在动词后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少说saidhe）
“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少说saysshe）Ⅵ．简单句的合并
1786两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人很有好处。两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．
两个或更多简单句，可以加上从属连词，把一个或更多句子变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为一个复杂句。
1．变成名词从句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．
2．变成定语从句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．变成状语从句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．
两个或更多简单句，也可以把其中一个或更多简单句变成一个短语，甚至一个词，来合并成一个较为复杂的简单句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位语代替一个句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介词短语代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介词+动名词”结构代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分词代替句子）
英语语法大全--句子的转换与合并
英语语法大全--句子的转换与合并
Ⅰ．简单句之间的转换
1781句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。
A．主动语态与被动语态之间的转换
一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句与否定句之间的转换
一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换
反问型问句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以转变为陈述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同词类之间的转换
几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：
1．动词与名词间的转换：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．动词与形容词之间的转换：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．动词与副词间的转换：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．Itsmellsgood．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名词与形容词间的转换：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlehusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名词与副词间的转换：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容词与副词间的转换：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介词与连词间的转换：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
图解：
Ⅱ．简单句与复合句之间的转换
1782一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．
Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
图解：
Ⅲ．简单句与复杂句之间的转换
1783一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：
A．名词从句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．I
learnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
图解：
B．定语从句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
图解：
C．状语从句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unleitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
注：1782中大部分短语不仅可以变为并列的分句，也可以变为状语从句。图解：
Ⅳ．复杂句与复合句之间的转换
1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．
Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlehelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．图解：
Ⅴ．直接引语和间接引语之间的转换
1785说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用他的原话，就称作直接引语。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间
接引语。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．为间接引语。Said这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，可称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。
A．大写与标点
直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号，但在间接引语中却不加这些。间接引语必须由that，whether（if）或疑问词（who，why，when等）开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句则需变为自然语序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引话动词与第二动词
引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词照旧不变。但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词，就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．
C．引话动词与连词
1．如果间接引语为陈述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是问句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感叹句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果间接引语为祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助动词should．此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代词
此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，将变为与第一主语一致的代词。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是宾语：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，在间接引语中，它可以保持不变：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（这两个he代表两个不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
还需指出，上述代词，在直接或间接引语中，可以为任何“格”，而不仅仅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．
Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．时间副词（短语）
间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主语及引话动词的位置
在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主语及引话动词，除了放在直接引语前面外，还可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不说saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不说saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出。）
在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面，如果主语及引话动词在直接引语后面，长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”
“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．
如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，只能放在动词后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少说saidhe）
“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少说saysshe）
Ⅵ．简单句的合并
1786两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人很有好处。两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．
两个或更多简单句，可以加上从属连词，把一个或更多句子变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为一个复杂句。
1．变成名词从句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissucceisunknowntome．
2．变成定语从句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．变成状语从句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopatheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypatheexam．
两个或更多简单句，也可以把其中一个或更多简单句变成一个短语，甚至一个词，来合并成一个较为复杂的简单句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位语代替一个句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介词短语代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介词+动名词”结构代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分词代替句子）
英语语法大全之句子的转换与合并
济南沃尔得国际英语
句子的转换与合并
Ⅰ．简单句之间的转换
句型的转换是指一个句子由一种语法结构变为另一种语法结构，而不改变其原来的意义。这是一种有用的练习，可以学会许多不同的说法，能从几个句子中挑选出最适当的句子形式。
A．主动语态与被动语态之间的转换
一个句子可以由主动结构变为被动结构，也可从被动结构变为主动结构（参阅1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句与否定句之间的转换
一个句子可以由肯定形式变为否定形式，也可由否定形式变为肯定形式：
Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
1
http://www.oh100.com
济南沃尔得国际英语
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反问型问句与陈述句之间的转换
反问型问句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以转变为陈述句：Isthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
2
http://www.oh100.com
Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同词类之间的转换
几乎任何词类都可以转换为另一词类。可以是：
1．动词与名词间的转换：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．动词与形容词之间的转换：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．
3
http://www.oh100.com 济南沃尔得国际英语smellsgood．It
济南沃尔得国际英语
Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．动词与副词间的转换：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名词与形容词间的转换：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名词与副词间的转换：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容词与副词间的转换：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介词与连词间的转换：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
Ⅱ．简单句与复合句之间的转换
一个分词、动名词、不定式或介词短语可以转换为复合句，反过来也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
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济南沃尔得国际英语
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．
Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．
—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
Ⅲ．简单句与复杂句之间的转换
一个词或是短语可以转变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，反过来也如此：
A．名词从句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
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Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
B．定语从句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
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Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
C．状语从句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
Ⅳ．复杂句与复合句之间的转换
Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．
Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachother
thoroughly．
Ⅴ．直接引语和间接引语之间的转换
说话人讲的话可以用两种方式来引用。如果引用他的原话，就称作直接引语。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”为直接引语。如果按引用人的观点来引用，则称为间接引语。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．为间接引语。Said这样的动词称为引话动词，它前面的主语，例如he，可称为第一主语。引语中的主语，如I及he，称为第二主语。引语中的谓语动词称为第二动词。当直接引语转换为间接引语，或间接引语转换为直接引语时，有几个问题需要注意。
A．大写与标点
直接引语放在引号之内，第一个字母要大写，引号前加逗号（间或用冒号），引语末加句号、问号或感叹号，但在间接引语中却不加这些。间接引语必须由that，whether（if）或疑问词（who，why，when等）开头，末尾要加句号。此外，在直接引语中问句可能有倒装语序（助动词放在主语前面），但在间接引语中，问句则需变为自然语序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引话动词与第二动词
引话动词可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引话动词是现在时或将来时，则当引语由直接变为间接时，第二动词照旧不变。但若引话动词是过去时，则间接引语中的第二动词，就要由现在时变为过去时，由过去时变为过去完成时等。
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”
Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）on
Sunday．
C．引话动词与连词
1．如果间接引语为陈述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是问句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（of
him）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknow
whether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑问词，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感叹句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果间接引语为祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，request
that，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助动词should．此外间接引语还可以转换为不定式短语，这时引话动词需要改为宾补动词：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
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Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代词
此外还要注意，把直接引语变为间接引语时，代词需作改变。如果在直接引语中代词为第一人称，在变为间接引语时，将变为与第一主语一致的代词。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
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济南沃尔得国际英语
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引语中，代词为第二人称，在间接引语中它将变成与引话动词的宾语一致的人称：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是宾语：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
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Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引话动词的宾语有时可以省略，但它在间接引语中可能需要说出来：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”
…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引语中代词为第三人称，在间接引语中，它可以保持不变：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（这两个he代表两个不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
还需指出，上述代词，在直接或间接引语中，可以为任何“格”，而不仅仅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．时间副词（短语）
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间接引语中的时间副词（短语）可能和直接引语中的时间副词（短语）不同，这是因为原来说话人提到的时间可能与现在引话人提到的时间不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主语及引话动词的位置
在新闻报导中第一主语有时放在引话动词的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主语及引话动词，除了放在直接引语前面外，还可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不说saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不说saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚这话是谁说的，第一主语及引话动词也可不必说出。）
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在第一主语及引话动词放在其他位置时，要注意标点符号：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”
“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”
“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”
如果引话动词有较长的修饰语，最好把它放在主语及引话动词前面，如果主语及引话动词在直接引语后面，长修饰语最好放在引话动词后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．如果主语和引话动词放在直接引语的中间或后面，作主语的名词可以放在引话动词的后面或前面（若主语是人称代词，只能放在动词后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少说saidhe）“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少说saysshe）
Ⅵ．简单句的合并
两个或更多简单句可以合并成一个比较复杂的句子，这种练习对学习写作的人很有好处。两个或更多简单句可借助并列连词合并成一个复合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
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Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbe
starved．
两个或更多简单句，可以加上从属连词，把一个或更多句子变为名词从句、定语从句或状语从句，这样来合并成为一个复杂句。
1．变成名词从句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．
2．变成定语从句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．变成状语从句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
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Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．
两个或更多简单句，也可以把其中一个或更多简单句变成一个短语，甚至一个词，来合并成一个较为复杂的简单句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位语代替一个句子）
Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介词短语代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介词+动名词”结构代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分词代替句子）
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