译文发迹史宜家是世界上最大的家具零售商，当然了他用这笔钱做了生意成立了宜家，宜家最初在年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具，这个人让他灵光一闪想出了平板包装的点子，这样的形象为公司在销售额和经营规模上带来了奇
概括大意与完成句子1
1译文：发迹史宜家（IKEA)是世界上最大的家具零售商。它的幕后经营者是IngvarKampmd,可谓世界上最成功的企业家之一。Kampmd1926年生于瑞典，天生就有做商人的资质。还是个孩子时，他就喜好卖东西，并在社区中通过售卖火柴、种子和铅笔赚了些小钱。Kampmd17岁时，他父亲给了他一些钱作为考试成绩优秀的奖励。当然了，他用这笔钱做了生意，成立了宜家。宜家这个名字取自Kampmd全名的首字母（I.K.)和他成长地名称的缩写（“E”“A”）。如今宜家以其现代、风格简约的家具而闻名，然而发家时它却不是一个家具公司。那时，它出售的商品五花八门。Kampmd销售任何可以打折低价出售并盈利的物件，包括手表、钢笔和长袜。宜家最初在1947年通过邮寄产品目录来出售家具。这些家具都是由Kampmd家附近的生产商设计和制造的。起初的销售额非常喜人，所以Kamprad扩大了生产线。因为家具销售成为宜家非常重要的一个生意份额，宜家于1951年成为了专营家具公司。1953年，宜家在瑞典的Almhult开立了第一家展示厅。今天宜家因其店面的大空间和家具的引人摆设而闻名，但在20世纪50年代初的时候，人们只是通过产品目录订购。所以宜家的首间展厅备受瞩目，因为人们十分乐意能够在购买之前亲眼看到并试用这些家具。这样的销售模式促进了销售额的增长，使得公司继续茁壮成长。截至1955.年，宜家已开始独立地设计其所有的家具。1956年,Kamprad看到有一个人通过拆解桌子来方便装运，从而受到启发。这个人让他灵光一闪，想出了平板包装的点子。平板包装对宜家意味着更低的货运费以及对客户而言更低的售价。宜家如此示范，销售额因此一路飙升。虽然顾客自己拼装家具有些麻烦，但是时间一长，这样的亲手操作倒成了宜家的强项。现今，宜家被视为有独立自行的风格。这样的形象为公司在销售额和经营规模上带来了奇迹般的效果。今天宜家在32个国家开有超过200家分店。令人惊叹的是，IngvarKamprad设法将宜家保持为一家私有企业。2004年，他被冠名为世界上最富有的人。他如今住在瑞士，已脱离了宜家的日常经营。而宜家将继续成长。
2译文：文件整理StephanieDenton是俄亥俄州辛辛那提地区的职业筹划人，专门负责居民和商业部分的文书和记录工作。他说，“打理房子更像做生意”。如何成功地组织文件、账单和其他材料，Denton提供了如下建议：创造一个可以一直做文书工作的空间。这或许是一个成功机制的最重要的部分。如果你没有整张桌子的话，至少要有一个可以移动的小车来储存那些经常使用的文书，还要有一个带两个抽屉的柜子来存放家庭记录。把这个可移动的小车放在你工作最方便、最舒适的地方，无论是厨房、办公室还是家庭游艺室。当有怀疑的时候，就把它扔出来。建立一个可行的档案系统，首先要把那些你不用、不需要或者你可以在其他地方轻易得到的文件扔掉。扔掉那些复件、旧索引和所有你永远不会有机会使用甚至阅读的优待券、邮件和礼券。每个月留出两天时间付账单。如果每个月的结账日期不适合你，打电话给你的债权人并建议换一个更方便的日期。建立一个与每个结账日相对应的账单系统，在你当前的账单系统前放两个马尼拉折叠夹来整理所有进来的账单。在每个需要付账的文件夹前列一个清单以防发票没到或者放错了地方。你的档案系统不是一个严格的工具，而是一个活生生的、能够呼吸的、能适应你不断变化需要的系统。一个好的档案系统要有心理和身体两个方面的灵活性。Denton说，每个人的需要都是不同的，但是在设计档案系统前问问自己，“我要到哪儿去找它呢?”为你的档案系统加上主要的标题，比如投资、税务、孩子等，然后将文件夹分类放在标题下。不要把你的文件夹塞得过满。
3译文：英语和英语群体毫无疑问英语是一种有用的语言。现在说英语的人构成类除了汉语者之外最大的语言群体。最初他们是从北欧定居英格兰的一些小部落。他们的语言变得越来越相似。最终，这种语言具有类足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。人们由于共享同一种语言而组成了一个语言群体。一个语言群体和其他类型的群
体相似。构成这个群体的人共同使用一种语言。通常他们彼此相邻，就像四邻、一个村庄或城市那样。通常他们组成一个国家。然而国界并不一定是一种语言群体的分界线。一个语言群体是讲同一种语言的人群，无论他们住在哪里。我们可以说讲英语的人都属于英语语言群体。为了方便起见，我们可以把说英语的人分为两类：第一类中讲话者把英语作为他的母语，另一类中讲话者因为教育、商业等目的把英语作为第二语言来学。对世界上许多国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。英语被用作空中交通、商业和国际外交的语言。而且，英语是世界上大部分出版物所用的语言，因此教育开始严重地依赖对英语的理解。学习第二语言能开阔人的眼界和拓宽人的思维。第二语言记载的历史和文学记述类一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化；了解它们能够提高我们的理解力，并且像他们那样去感受。把英语作为第二外语来学口语提供另一种交流途径，通过这个途径整个英语语言群体的窗口就成为我们的文化遗产的一部分。
4译文：阿拉斯加1959年美国人欢迎阿拉斯加成为美国的第49个州，这表明美国人的态度与1867年刚把这个半岛从俄罗斯手中买来时的态度相比有了转变。那个时候，大多数美国人对这块150万平方公里冰山和北极熊的土地不感兴趣。它在加拿大的那一头，远离美国有人居住的地区。阿拉斯加州在北极圈里的部分仍旧是冰山和北极熊出没的地方。巨大的冰块被埋在地下，这里永久的冻土层有90米或者更深。从5月初到8月初，午夜的太阳从不离开这个平坦、连一棵树都没有的地带。然而这时的太阳只能晒化2/3米深的冻土层。阿拉斯加是美国最大的州，而居民却只有32.5万人。据估计，这里只有80万公顷土地适合耕种，然而正在开发的却只有64万公顷。阿拉斯加处于北极地区的部分千百年来就是爱斯基摩人的家园。据说最早的爱斯基摩人是从蒙古或西伯利亚穿过白令海峡到这里来的。白令海峡因丹麦船长威塔斯?白令而得名。白令船长在1741年为俄罗斯所做的一次航行中发现了阿拉斯加。爱斯基摩人是已知的阿拉斯加最早的居民。俄罗斯皮毛商在这里建立了居民区。然而，当阿拉斯加被卖给美国人的时候，他们大多离开了这里。18年在靠近阿拉斯加的加拿大边境的克朗代克河附近发现了金子。成千上万的美国人在奔赴克朗代克河的路上到了这个地区，有些人就再也没返回。阿拉斯加与其他地方完全隔离的情况结束了，可是即使是在今天，运输仍然是主要问题。只有两条公路通往美国本土，而州内各市都有自己的机常飞机将乘客、邮件和货物送到最偏远的村落。给阿拉斯加的生活带来突变的金子很快就被采光了。虽然那些关于矿区营地的故事被写进文学作品，然而阿拉斯加的金子对经济发展的贡献远不如阿拉斯加水中的鱼。那里一年捕到的鱼能卖8000万到9000方美元。皮毛类动物在溪流和森林里多的是，水里有皮毛昂贵的海豹。仅次于捕鱼业的是木材业和木浆生产。近几年来阿拉斯加最重要的资源是石油。阿拉斯加还有丰富的煤、铜、金以及其他矿物。
5译文：美国签订了全球烟草协议美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。卫生和人类服务大臣托米?汤普森本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议（FCTC)。在美国能够实施其条款之前参议院还必须要批准这个协议。FCTC是由世界卫生组织制定的，并且是由世界卫生大会的
成员们去年批准的，其中包括美国。批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟的正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。这个协议呼吁对烟草收取更多的税，限制在公共场所吸烟和进一步推动禁止烟草的计划。它还要求禁止烟草广告，但是对像美国这样的国家有例外，这些国家的宪法禁止这么直率的禁令。这个协议的影响可能是巨大的。世界卫生组织估计世界上每年有500万人因为吸烟而死亡。仅在美国，每年大约有44万人死于与烟草相关的疾病；美国所有的癌症中约有1/3是因为吸烟导致的。如果目前的趋势持续的话，世界卫生组织估计，到2025
年烟草将每年夺取一千万人的生命。这个协议至少被40个国家批准才能生效。到目前为止，109个国家已经签订了这个协议，12个国家已经批准了它。
6译文：对别人的第一印象是怎样形成的对刚刚遇到的人我们都会留下第一印象，为什么？为什么我们会对一无所知的人形成自己的印象——除去一些描述或显而易见的特征？这与你的大脑如何感知世界是息息相关的。大脑对面部特征十分敏感，即使是每个人在眼睛、耳朵或嘴部的细小差异也会使大脑察觉到其不同之处。实际上，大脑一直在不断地对接收到的感官信息进行处理——包括影像和声音。大脑将这些“信号”与储存在脑皮层系统的大量“记忆”相比较，以便确定这些新收到的信号的“意思”。如果你在学校看到某个你认识而且喜欢的人，你的大脑会做出“熟悉安全”的判断；如果你看见了一个陌生的人，你的大脑会告诉你“陌生，有潜在的威胁”。紧接着你的大脑会幵始将这个陌生人的特征与“已知”的记忆进行比较。包括身高、体重、穿着、种族、手势以及音调等。特征越不相符，大脑越会告诫你，“这是陌生人，我不喜欢这个人”，或“我很好奇”。大脑也可能观察到一张新面孔，但却有着熟悉的穿着、种族特征和手势——像你的朋友，这时大脑会告诉你“我喜欢这个人”。但这些第一印象却可能是完全错误的。当区分人时，我们使用一种欠成熟的思维方式（与小孩子不成熟的想法一样）去对别人做出简单并且范畴化的判断。（这样的后果是）我们将人区分为骗子、反常的人或怪人，而不是对人的深度和广度，即历史、兴趣、价值、力量或真正的性格有所了解。但是，如果对模式化的第一印象加以抑制，我们就会有机会对一个人有真正的了解。如果我们花一些时间与一个人在一起，倾听他或她的生活、希望和梦想，了解了这个人的性格，我们才会用一种不同的、更成熟的方式去思考——用脑皮层中最复杂的区域进行思考，而这会使我们更富有人情味。
7译文：怎样与老板争论在你与老板争论以前，先去老板秘书那里问一下老板的情绪，如果他情绪很糟，去向他提要求可不是一个好主意。即使没有老板的秘书，在选择时间方面也有窍门：别在老板赶期限时去找他；别在午饭前去找他，因为这时他最易走神，匆忙行事；别在他度假前后去找他。如果你快发疯了，只会使你的老板也气疯。先平静一下。别让某件特别的事情打开你积怨的闸门。老板会认为，你对公司持完全否定的态度，而且无法改变你的观点。接下来，你可能要被开除。当雇主和雇员双方都不明白对方要说什么时，会发生可怕的争执。有时问题弄清时，矛盾也就消除了。雇员必须清楚地传达他的观点，让老板明白。即使你不给老板添麻烦，他要考虑的事也已经够多的了。如果你无法提出直接的解决方案，至少要表明怎样对待此问题。那些经常给老板提问题，而不提出解决方案的人会发现他们连秘书那一关也过不了。要想和老板相处融洽，多考虑他的目标和压力非常重要。如果你能把自己摆在老板的合伙人的位置上，他自然会愿意与你合作，达到你的目的。
8译文：透视检查每年上百万的女性都做X射线透视，检查是否有乳腺癌迹象。如果检查得足够早，疾病就可以被成功地治疗。根据去年公布的一项调查，21个国家有透视计划。其中9个国家，包括澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和西班牙为50岁以下女性进行透视。但是，用X射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌
症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的X射线的剂量要多一些。Valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了11个社区诊所用X射线检查16万以上女性的结果。估测了女性的辐射累积剂量之后，他们用两种模型计算由此导致额外癌症数量。英国国家辐射保护委员会推荐的数学模型预言，透视计划会导致每10万个女性中有36人患上癌症，18人致死。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会首选的模型得出了一个较低的数字^20人患上癌症。研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。他们说，Valencia计划在每10万接受透视的妇女中发现300到450个乳腺癌病例。但是他们指出如果X射线检查从50岁而不是45岁时开始，会使妇女由于
辐射而患癌的危险减少40%到80%,因为她们可以接受更少的辐射。他们暗示说，他们研究的结果有助于使乳腺癌透视的技术更加完善。英国国家辐射保护委员会的MichaelClark承认“在胸透的诊断益处和危险之间有一个平衡”。但是他警告说应该谨慎地解释此项研究。“基于目前的数据，每成功地发现10例癌症就有可能导致今后出现一例癌症。这就是为什么在所有的透视计划中，辐射应该减少到最小的原因。”
9译文：交通与贸易交通是贸易的辅助手段之一。把货物从它们比较丰富的地区运到这种货物稀少的地区，交通增加了它们的价值。把货物从生产者那里运送到一定距离之外的消费者那里越容易，对贸易就越有利。过去没有铁路，没有很好的公路，也没有运河，只有小帆船，所以贸易的规模很校在过去的两百年中，运输业取得了巨大的进展，伴之而来的是贸易的迅猛增长。例如，更大更快的轮船使英国和新西兰之间发展了肉食贸易。快捷的运输使大批量的生产和大的企业成为可能。它们从全球各地购买原料，又把产品销售到全球各地。如果没有方便的交通把他们所需的大批工人从家乡带来或送回，大的工厂就不可能存在。除非顾客们能很快从郊区赶到城里并且货物能迅速地被送到家里，否则，城市里的大商场也不可能发展起来。除非食物能从远处运来，否则，大城市也无法生存。交通能够防止浪费。如果大量的鱼被运到了港口却不能很快送往内陆城镇，那么很多就要被浪费。交通使我们的食品和货物丰富起来，因为我们再也无须以当地所产的东西为主要食品了。过去一年内某一时间才能得到的食物现在一年四季都可以得到。交通提高了人们的生活水平。通过运输燃料、原料，甚至电力（例如，可通过电缆），交通使工业和贸易在原来不可能的地区发展起来，地区和国家可以集中生产那些比别的地区成本低、质量又好的产品，然后互相交换。交通运输越便宜越快捷，那么货物的产地和目的地之间的距离就越远，同时又能贏利。交通落后的国家生活水平也较低。商业的发展不仅需要有货物和人口的迁移，而且要求信息的传递。一些联系手段，如电话、电报和无线电广播可以给人们带来世界各地的价格、供应的信息，让人们了解变化的情况。先进的通信系统可以以这种方式帮助发展贸易。
10译文：Washoe学会了美国手语一个影响科学思维的动物已经死亡了。一个出生在非洲名为Washoe的黑猩猩上个月月底在美国华盛顿州的一个研究中心自然死亡,死时42岁。Washoe在科学界和世界各地众所周知，是因为它能够使用美国手语。它是第一个了解人类语言的非人类。它的技能也导致有关灵长类动物和它们所能理解的语言的争议。科学家Alien和BeatrixGardner于1966年开始教Washoe手语。1969年，Gardners在科学的报告中描述了Washoe的进步。对Washoe做实验的人说Washoe逐渐掌握了约250个单词。例如，Washoe能用手语表达“该吃饭了”！它能要苹果和番蕉这样的食品。它也问诸如“谁要来玩”之类的问题。Washoe能用手语的消息一散开，许多语言学家开始在他们自己这一令人振奋的新研究领域展开研究。灵长类动物的整个研究方向改变了。然而，批评者认为Washoe只学会了看它的教师的手语重复动作。他们说Washoe从来没有发展真正的语言技能。即使是现在，也有一些研究表明灵长类动物学习手语只是机械重复、死记硬背、物质刺激的结果。可是Washoe的饲养员不同意这种说法。RogerFouts以前是Gainer夫妇的学生。RogerFouts把Washoe带到了华盛顿埃伦斯堡的一个研究中心。在这里，Washoe教三个年轻的黑猩猩手语，这三个黑猩猩依然活着。像JaneGoodall这样的独立的科学家认为，Washoe为黑猩猩心理活动的研究提供了新信息。今天，没有那么多科学家研究黑猩猩的语言技能。部分原因在于这类研究需要花费很长的时间。对黑猩猩懂得人类交流方式与否的辩论仍在继续。然而，有一件事却是肯定的~"Washoe改变了有关动物智能可能性的普遍观点。
2016年职称英语概括大意与完成句子
第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory
第二篇ThePaperChase
第三篇EnglishandEnglishCommunity
第四篇Alaska
第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty
第六篇HowWeFormFirstImpression
第七篇HowtoArguewithYourBoss
第八篇ScreenTest
第九篇TransportandTrade
第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing
第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView
第十三篇WardoffTravelBugs
第十四篇HeartbeatofAmerica
第十五篇SmokeGetsinYourMind
第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory
1IKEAistheworld'slargestfurnitureretailer,andmanbehinditisIngvarKamprad,oneoftheworld'smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926,Kampradwasanaturalbusinessman.Asachild,heenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatches,seeds,andpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17,hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.Naturallyheusedittostartupabusiness-IKEA.
2IKEA'snamecomesfromKamprad'sinitials(I.K.)andtheplacewherehegrewup(`E`and`A`).TodayIKEAisknownforitsmodern,minimalistfurniture,butitwasnotafurniturecompanyinthebeginning.Rather,IKEAsoldallkindofmiscellaneousgoods,Kamprad'swareincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedprices,includingwatches,pensandstockings.
3IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad'shome.Initialsaleswereveryencouraging,soKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinethatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturecompanyin1951.
4In1953IKEAopenditsfirstshowroominAlmhult,Sweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettings,butintheearly1950s,peopleorderedfromcatalogues,Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletosee
andtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthecompanycontinuedtothrive.By1955,IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.
5In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themanhadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershippingcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.Theproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselves,butovertime,evemthisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.Nowadays,IKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthecompany,leadingtobettersalesandcontinuedexpansion.
6Todaythereareover200storesin32countries.Amazingly,IngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivately-helpcompany.In2004hewasnamedtheworld'srichestman,HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitself,though,justkeepsongrowing.
1Paragraph2.TheoriginofIKEA
2Paragraph3Specializationinsellingfurniture
3Paragraph4Succebroughtbytheintroductionofshowrooms
4Paragraph5Flatpackaging–afeatureofIKEA
5Evenwhenhewasonlyachild,IngvarKampradshowedinterestinandtalentfordoingbusiness6IKEAbeganasasmallstoresellingallkindsofcheapthings.andyearslaterbecameabigcompanyspecializedinmanufacturingandsellingoffurniture.
7CustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA‘sshowroomsbecauseheretheycanseeandtrythefurnituretheyaregoingtobuy.
8AsflatpackagingsavesmoneyforbothIKEAandthecustomers,itishighlywelcomedbyboth
第二篇ThePaperChase
1."Runningahouseislotlikerunningabusiness."saysStephanieDenton,aprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnati,Ohio,whospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.Togetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocuments,bills,andothermaterials,Dentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:
2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan'tdevoteanentiredesktothetask,atleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourwork.whetherthatisthekitchen,office,orfamilyroom.
3.Whenindoubt,throwitout,thefirststeptoimplementingaworkablefillingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon'tuse,don'tneed,orthatyoucouldeasilyacceagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatements,oldcatalogs,andallofthecoupons,mailings,orofferingsyou'llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.
4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills,ifamonthlyduedatedoesn'tfitintoyourcycle,callupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate,keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaces.
5.Thinkofyourfillingsystemnotasarigidtool,butasaliving,breathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfillingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible,everyone'sneedsaredifferent,saysDenton,butwhendevisingafillingsystem,askyourself:"WherewouldIlookforthis?"Createmainheadingsforyourfillingsystem,suchasinvestments,Taxes,Children,andsoforth,andfileindividualfoldersunderthemainheadings.Neveroverstuffyourfiles.
1Paragraph2FindaPlacetoWorkon
2Paragraph3GetRidofUnimportantThings
3Paragraph4DealingWithBills
4Paragraph5WhatIsaGoodFilingSystem
5StephanieDentonisexpertinpaperchase
6Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike,onconditionthatitiseasilyreached
7Couponsshouldbethrownawaybecausetheyareuseless
8"Mentallyflexible"indicatesthefacthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements
第三篇EnglishandEnglishCommunity
1Thereisnodenyingthat1Englishisausefullanguage.ThepeoplewhospeakEnglishtodaymakeupthelargestspeechcommunityintheworldwiththeexceptionofspeakersofChinese.OriginallytheyweresmalltribesofpeoplefromnorthernEuropewhosettledinEngland.Theirlanguagesbecamemoreandmoresimilartoeachother.Finally,thelanguagehadenoughuniformity2tobeusedbyallspeakersinEngland.Thepeoplewereunitedintoaspeechcommunitythroughtheirsharedlanguage.
2Aspeechcommunityissimilartootherkindsofcommunities.Thepeoplewhomakeuptheconimunityshareacommonlanguage.Oftentheylivesidebyside,astheydoinaneighborhood,avillage,oracity.Moreoftentheyformawholecountry.Nationalboundaries,however,arenotalwaysthesameastheboundariesofaspeechcommunity.Aspeechcommunityisanygroupofpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguagenomatterwheretheyhappentolive.
3WemaysaythatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.Forconvenience3,wemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.
4Englishservesasanalternativelanguageinseveralareasofpublicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhichemployitasaninternationalsecondlanguage.4Englishhasbeen
adoptedasthelanguageofairtraffic,commerce,aswellasinternationaldiplomacy.Moreover,EnglishisthelanguageofthemajorityofpublishedmaterialsintheworldsothateducationhascometorelyheavilyonanunderstandingofEnglish.
5Learningasecondlanguageextendsone'svisionandexpandsthemind.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofpeopleandtheirculture;5aknowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofourheritage.
1Paragraph2TheDefinitionofaSpeechCommunity
2Paragraph3TheCompositionoftheEnglishCommunity
3Paragraph4TheWideUseofEnglish
4Paragraph5TheAdvantagesofLearningaSecondLanguage
5.Onlythroughthesharedlanguagecanaspeechcommunitybeformed
6Theideaofthenationalboundariesisoftendifferentfromthatofaspeechcommunity7Speakersareclassifiedintotwogroupsforthesakeofsimplicity
8.AnunderstandingofEnglishhasplayedanimportantroleinthefieldofeducation
第四篇Alaska
1In1858AmericanswelcomedAlaskaintotheUnionasthe49thstate，symbolizingachangeofattitudethatholdin1867，whenthepeninsulawaspurchasedfromRussia.Then，mostAmericanshadlittleinterestin1，500，000squarekilometers―oficebergsandpolarbear‖-beyondCanadaswesternborders，farfromthesettledareasoftheUnitedStates.
2InthosesectionsofthestatewhichlieabovetheArcticCircle，Alaskastillisalandoficebergsandpolarbear.Iceburiedintheearth，whichispermanentlyfrozentoadepthof90ormoremeters，FromearlyMayuntilearlyAugust，themidnightsunneversetsonthisflat，treeleregion，butthesuncannotmelttheicysoilmorethantwo-thirdsofameterdown.
3AlaskaisAmericaslargeststate，butonlyabout325，000peoplelivethere.Accordingtoestimates，800，000hectaresofitslandareaarefitforplowingbutonlyabout640，000hectaresarebeingcultivated.
4ArcticAlaskahasbeenthehomeofEskimosforcountlecenturies.ItisbelievedthattheEskimosmovedtherefromMongoliaorSiberia，probablycrossingBeringStrait，namedforVitusBering，theDanishseacaptainwhodiscoveredAlaskaonhisvoyageforRussiain1741.TheEskimosarethestatesearliestknowninhabitants.Russianfurtradersestablishedsettlementsbut，bythetimeAlaskawassoldtotheUnitedStates，mostofthetradershaddeparted.
5In1896goldwasdiscoveredneartheKlondikeRiverinCanadajustacrotheAlaskanborder.ThousandofAmericansrushedtotheregionontheirwaytoKlondike；someneverreturned.Alaskawasnevercompletelycutoffagain，althougheventodaytransportationisamajorproblem.ThereareonlytwomotorroutesfromtheU.Smainland，andwithinthestate，
everytownhasitsownairfield.Planesflypassengers，mailandfreighttothemostdistantvillages.
6ThegoldthatchangedlifesosuddenlyforAlaskawassoonended，andalthoughmanystoriesaboutminingcampshavebecomepartofAmericanliterature，thegoldfromAlaskanearthcontributedletoeconomicprogrethanthefishfromAlaskawaters.Thefishcaughtinasingleyearrangeinvaluefrom$80millionto$90million.Fur-bearinganimalsareplentifulintheforestsandstreams，andvaluablefursealsinhabitthewaters.Afterfishing，thestateschiefindustryislumberandtheproductionofwoodpulp.Inrecentyears，Alaskassinglemostimportantresourcehasbecomeoil.Thestatealsohaslargedepositsofcoal，copper，goldandotherminerals.
1.Paragraph3Landandpopulation
2.Paragraph4Thenativesoftheland
3.Paragraph5Transportationproblem
4.Paragraph6Richresourcesofthestate
5.Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear，thesunshinesdayandnightontheice-coveredlandofAlaska.
6.Accordingtostatistics，onlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalareaofAlaskahasbeenusedforfarming.
7.AlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia，butwasboughtbytheUnitedStatesinthe19thcentury
8.GolddidnotbringtoAlaskaasmuchwealthasfishdoes
第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty
1TheUnitedStateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)thisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.
2TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssembly，includingtheUnitedStates， http://www.oh100.com untriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.
3Forinstance,cigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxes,restrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces,andmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.Italsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertising,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStates,wheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.
http://www.oh100.com heUSalone,about440,000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofallcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,WHOestimates,by2025tobaccowillkill10
millionpeopleeachyear.
5Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar，109countrieshavesignedit,and12haveratifiedit.
1.Paragraph2USSigningoftheFCTC
2.Paragraph3HowtheFCTCCameintoBeing
3.Paragraph4WhattheFCTCDemands
4.Paragraph5WhattheFCTCWillBringabout
5.SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptowardapprovingit
http://www.oh100.com untriesthatratifytheFCTCwillhaveto,amongotherthings,restrictsmokinginpublicplaces
7.ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeathscausedbytobaccouse
8.MuchmorecountrieshavesignedtheFCTCthanthosethathaveratifiedit
第六篇HowWeFormFirstImpression
1Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher—asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.
2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrain,allowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson‘seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent1.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesincomingsensoryinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming―signals‖arecomparedagainst2ahostof―memories‖storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals―mean.‖
3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3,yourbrainsays―familiarandsafe.Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,―new—potentiallythreatening.‖Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother―known‖memories；Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themoreyourbrainmaysay,―Thisisnew.Idon‘tlikethisperson.‖Orelse,―I‘mintrigued.―Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends；soyourbrainsays:―Ilikethisperson.‖Butthesepreliminary―impressions‖canbedeadwrong4.
4Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealematureformofthinking（notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild）thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanleamaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.
5However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson‘scharacter,weuseadifferent,morematurestyleofthinking—andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.
1．Paragraph2ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationagainstMemories
2．Paragraph3IllustrationofFirstImpression
3．Paragraph4CommentonFirstImpression
4．Paragraph5WaysofDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressions
5．Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthroughthesightsandsoundsoftheworld
6．Youinterpretbycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrainthemeaningofincomingsensoryinformation
7．Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalematureformofthinking,whichissimilartotheimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild
8．Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthankstothemostcomplexareasofourcortex第七篇HowtoArguewithYourBoss
1Beforeyouarguewithyourboss,checkwiththeboss'ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfast1,itisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss'ssecretary,therearekeystotiming2:don'tapproachthebowhenhe'sondeadline3;don'tgoinrightbeforelunch,whenheisapttobedistractedandrushed4;don'tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastakenavacation.
2Ifyou'remad,thatwillonlymakeyourbomad.Calmdownfirst.Anddon'tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration5.Thebowillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopeletryingtochangeyourmind.Then,maybehewilldismiyou.
3Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacroclearlyinordertomakethebounderstandit6.
4Yourbohasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore7.Ifyoucan'tputforwardanimmnediatesolution,atleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblem.Peoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan'tgetpastthesecretary8.
5Todealeffectivelywithaboss,it'simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertotheboss,thenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals9.
1.Paragraph2Don'tGoinWhenYouAreAngry
2.Paragraph3MaketheIssueClear
3.Paragraph4ProposeYourSolution
4.Paragraph5PutYourselfintheBoss'sPosition
5.Ifyouwanttoasktheboforanything,itisimportanttofindoutfirsthowheisfeeling
6.Itisnecessarytomakecleartothebowhatyoureallywanttotalktohimabout
7.Itisnotwisetopresentthebowithaproblemwithoutsuggestipg.awaytosolveitthebomayhave
8.Youmustbeconsilerateandthinkofthetroulesthebomayhave
第八篇ScreenTest
1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenough,thediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoa,surveypublishedlastyear,21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.Nineofthem,includingAustralia,Canada,theUSandSpain,screenwomenunder50.
2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversial,partlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.Also,youngerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.
3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversity1ofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160,000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen‘scumulativedoseofradiation,theyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.
4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain‘sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard(NRPB)predictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100,000women,18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.
5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis―notverysignificant‖comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramme,theysay,detectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100,000womenscreened.
6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45,becausetheywouldbeexposedtoleradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudy,theysuggest,couldhelp―optimisethetechnique‖forbreastcancerscreening.
7.―Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisks,‖admitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.―Onthebasisofthecurrentdata,forevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That‘swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme.‖
1.Paragraph2HarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerWoman
2.Paragraph3InvestigatingtheEffectofScreening
3.Paragraph4EffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentModels
4.Paragraph5SmallRiskofInducingCancersfromRadiation
5.Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancermaysavealife
6.Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50arestillopentodebate
http://www.oh100.com layingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmayreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer
8.Radiationexposureshouldbereducedtotheminimum
第九篇TransportandTrade
1Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarce，transportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumer，thebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailways，nogoodroads，nocanals，andonlysmallsailingships，tradewasonasmallscale.
2Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealand，forinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusiness，drawingsuppliesfrom，andsellinggoodsto，allpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlecustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlefoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.
3Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.
4Bymovingfuel，rawmaterials，andevenpower，as，forexample，throughelectriccables，transporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomes， http://www.oh100.com untrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.
5Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunication，liketelephones，cablesandradio，sendinformationaboutprices，supplies， http://www.oh100.com hisway，advancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.
1.Paragraph2Importanceoftransportintrade
2.Paragraph3Higherlivingstandard
3.Paragraph4Birthoftransport-relatedindustriesandtrade
4.Paragraph5Roleofinformationintrade
5.Thedevelopmentofmodernmeansoftransporthasgreatlypromotedtrade
6.Onlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquicklyisitpossibletoproduceonalargescale
7.Transporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywantatanytimeduringtheyear
http://www.oh100.com hetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationplaysasimportantaroleasthetransportofgoods
第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage
1Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Wash0ehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSignLanguage2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.
2ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969,theGardners7describedWashoe'sprogreinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4about250words.Forexample,Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike,"Whoiscomingtoplay?"Once5thenewsaboutWashoespread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.
3However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennow,therearesomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory,andperformthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe'skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudentoftheGardners7.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg,Washington.There,Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees,whicharestillalive.
4ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelievesWashoeprovidednewinformationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees8.Today,therearenotasmanyscientistsstudyinglanguageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.
5Debatecontinuesaboutchimps'understandingofhumancommunication.Yet,onethingissure--Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.
1.Paragraph1GeneralInformationaboutWashoe
2.Paragraph2ReportaboutWashoe'sProgreinLearningSignLanguage
3.Paragraph3DebateonChimps'Intelligence
4.Paragraph4ReasonWhyNotManyScientistsCarryoutThisResearchNowadays
5.Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicatewhenshewantedtoeat
6.SomescientistsdoubtediftheGardeners'argumentwassound
7.Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguagewhileshewasataresearchcenterin
Ellensburg
8.TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligentbecauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoask
forfruits
第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing
http://www.oh100.com oday'sknowledgeeconomy,nationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineeringtechniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.
2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn'tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyers,stylistsandbusineconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalk,talkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktank1saystheUK'sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientists,engineers,teachersandnurses.Instead,they'rehairdressers,celebrities,managementconsultantsandmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.
3.Althoughthecountry'stradedeficitwasmorethan￡60billionin2006,UK'slargestinthepostwarperiod,officialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.Infact,Britaindoeshaveaworld-clapharmaceuticalindustry,anditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancy,insurance,bankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedge2oftheknowledgeeconomy.Afterall,thecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock―n‖roll3isanEnglishlanguagemedium,andtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.Inotherwords,thecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.
4.However,creativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK'sexportsofgoodsandservices.Theindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofit,accordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScience,TechnologyandtheArts4.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedin"innovationactivities",3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany(61percent)andSweden(47percent).
5.Infact,itmightbebettertocallBritaina"servant"economy—thereareatleast4millionpeople"inservice".Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocook,clean,andtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,atthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshops,bars,hotels,domesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.
1.Paragraph2GiftofTalking
2.Paragraph3StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy
3.Paragraph4WeakneoftheCreativeEconomy
4.Paragraph5―Servant‖Economy
5.Everycountryhasitsownwaytofeeditspeople
6.TheBritishgovernmentdoesn‘tseemtoworryabouttheBritisheconomy
7.Thecreativeindustriesfinditdifficulttomakeaprofit
8.Manygraduatesareemployedtodolow-skilljobs
第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView
http://www.oh100.com elligencewasbelievedtobeafixedentity,somefacultyofthemindthatweallposseandwhichdeterminesinsomewaytheextentofourachievements.Itsvaluetherefore,wasasapredictorofchildren'sfuturelearning.Iftheydifferedmarkedlyintheirabilitytolearncomplextasks, http://www.oh100.com elligencetestscouldbeusedforstreamingchildrenaccordingtoabilityatanearlyage;andat11thesetestsweresuperiortomeasuresofattainmentforselectingchildrenfordifferenttypesofsecondaryeducation.
2.Today, http://www.oh100.com helastfewyears,researchhasthrowndoubtontheviewthatinnateintelligencecaneverbemeasuredandontheverynatureofintelligenceitself1.Thereisconsiderableevidencenowwhichshowsthegreatinfluenceofenvironmentbothonachievementandintelligence.Childrenwithpoorhomebackgroundsnotonlydolewellintheirschoolworkandintelligencetestsbuttheirperformancetendstodeteriorategraduallycomparedwiththatoftheirmorefortunateclassmates.
3.Thereareevidencesthatsupporttheviewthatwehavetodistinguishbetweengeneticintelligenceandobservedintelligence.2Anydeficiencyintheappropriategeneswillrestrictdevelopmentnomatterhowstimulatingtheenvironment.Wecannotobserveandmeasureinnateintelligence,whereaswecanobserveandmeasuretheeffectsoftheinteractionofwhateverisinheritedwithwhateverstimulationhasbeenreceivedfromtheenvironment.3Researcheshavebeeninvestigatingwhathappensinthisinteraction.
http://www.oh100.com omajorfindingshaveemergedfromtheseresearches.Firstly,thegreaterpartofthedevelopmentofobservedintelligenceoccursintheearliestyearsoflife.Itisestimatedthat50percentofmeasurableintelligenceatage17isalreadypredictablebytheageoffour.Secondly,themostimportantfactorsintheenvironmentarelanguageandpsychologicalaspectsoftheparent-childrelationship.Muchofthedifferenceinmeasuredintelligencebetween"privileged"and"disadvantaged"children4maybeduetothelatter'slackofappropriateverbalstimulationandthepovertyoftheirperceptualexperiences.5
5.Theseresearchfindingshaveledtoarevisioninourunderstandingofthenatureofintelligence.Insteadofitbeingsomelargelyinheritedfixedpowerofthemind,wenowseeitasasetofdevelopedskillswithwhichapersoncopeswithanyenvironment.Theseskillshavetobelearnedand,indeed,oneofthemislearninghowtolearn.
6.Themodernideasconcerningthenatureofintelligenceareboundtohavesomeeffectonourschoolsystem.Inonerespectachangeisalreadyoccurring.Withthemovetowardcomprehensiveeducationandthedevelopmentofunstrainedclasses6,fewerchildrenwillbegiventhelabel"lowIQ''whichmustinevitablycondemnachildinhisown,ifnotsociety'seyes.Theideathatwecanteachchildrentobeintelligentinthesamewaythatwecanteachthem
readingorarithmeticisacceptedbymoreandmorepeople.
1.Paragraph2EffectofEnvironmentonIntelligence
2.Paragraph4MainResultsofRecentResearches
3.Paragraph5AChangedViewofIntelligence
4.Paragraph6ImpactonSchoolEducation
5.Itwasoncebelievedthatintelligencewassomethingababywasbornwith,andthuswecantellhowsuccessfulhe/shewillbeinthefutureaccordingtohis/herintelligence.
6.Morerecentresearcheshasshownthatintelligenceisonlypartlyinheritedandpartlyhastodowithachild'slivingenvironment
7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatachildwillhaveabetterchancetodevelophisintelligenceifhehasmoreopportunitiestocommunicatewithothersbymeansoflanguage.
8.Childrenwerenotjustborntobemoreintelligentorleintelligent,buttheycanbetaughttobemoreintelligentatschool.
第十三篇WardoffTravelBugs
1Astheholidayseasonapproaches,sodoestheprospectofjetlag,anupsetstomachorsunburn2.Withcareandsomehelpfromnaturalsources,however,itisquitepossibletoavoidtheseproblems.
2Youcanstarttoprepareacoupleofweeksbeforeyouleave.Foodpoisoningwillmakeanyholidaymiserable,butbytakingsomemedicinesuchaslactobacillusandbifidobacteria3,youcanreducethelikelihoodofsuccumbingto4poisoningbroughton5byfoodorwatertaintedwithunfamiliarbacteria.
3Byimprovingthebacteriabalanceinyourdigestivetract,youcrowdoutthepathogenicbacteriaandstopthemgainingafoothold.6Thebeneficialbacteriaalsoproducegentlebuteffectivenaturalantibioticsinyourgut.
4Inmanyholidaylocationsyouneedtorememberthebasics:drinkbottledwater,avoidundercookedmeatandensurethatfoodhygieneisadequate.Ifyoudosuccumbtofoodpoisoning,drinkplentyofwatertostayhydratedandseeadoctor.However，ifyoudetectdiarrheaearlyenough,youmightliketotrytakingabout10or15pancreaticdigestiveenzymes,whichcandigestthemultiplyingbacteriabeforetheytakeover.
5Takingateaspoonofsilicolgel7canalsohelp.Thislinesthestomachandupperintestinalareaandbindswithbacteriaandviruses，allowingthemtobesafelypassedoutofthegut.Whenyoupack,includegrapefruit-seedextract8,whichisanexcellentall-roundanti-bacterial,anti-parasitic，anti-viralandanti-fungalagent.
6Yourflightcanalsobemademorepleasant.Peppermintoilandgingercapsules9wardoffmotionsickness，butamoredeliciousoptionistonibbleoncrystallizedginger.Ifyoutendtogetearacheontake-offandlanding，youcanusespecialearplugswithfillerthatslowsdowntherateofchangeinairpressure.
7Thegreatestconcernis―economyclasyndrome‖,thepopularnamefordeep-veinthrombosis,whichcanleadtobloodclotstravelingfromthelegstothelungs,heartorbrain.Toreducethis,youneedacoupleofhourstostayhydrated,andavoidalcohol.
8YoucanalsoreducetheseverityofinflammationbytakingadailygramofvitaminCwiththebioflavonoidquercetin10.VitaminCandquercetinalsohelptoreducepricklyheat.
9Finally,ifanyadversesymptomspersistwhileoverseas,youshouldseeadoctor.
1．Paragraph1AvoidingHolidayTroubles
2．Paragraph4BasicsofWhattoEatandDrink
3．Paragraph5MedicineAgainstBacteriaandViruses
4．Paragraph6BasicsofHavingaPleasantFlight
5．Food-poisoningmayposeaproblemwhenyouaretravelling
6．Specialearplugscanmakeyoufeelbetterwhenyourplaneisabouttoland
7．Itisimportanttodrinkalotofwaterwhenyousufferfromfood-poisoning
8．Don‘tforgettobringnecessarymedicinewhenyouarepackingforyourtour
第十四篇HeartbeatofAmerica
1.NewYork—theStatueofLiberty（自由女神）,theskyscrapers,thebeautifulshopsonFifthAvenue（第五大街）andthemanytheatersonBroadway（百老汇）.ThisisAmerica'sculturalcapital.Itisalsoherbiggestcity,withapopulation（人口居民） http://www.oh100.com hesummeritishot,hot,hotandinthewinteritcanbeverycold.Stilltherearehundredsofthingstodoandseealltheyearround.
2.Manhattan（曼哈顿）istherealcenterofthecity.Whenpeoplesay―NewYorkCity,‖theyusuallymeanManhattan.Mostoftheinterestingshops,buildingsandmuseums（博物馆）arehere.Inaddition,ManhattanisthesceneofNewYork‘sbusynightlife.In1605thefirstEuropeanscametoManhattanfromHolland（荷兰）.TheyboughttheislandfromtheNativeAmericansforafewglanecklacesworthabout$26today.
3.WallStreet（华尔街）inManhattanisthefinancial（金融的）heartoftheUSA.Itisalsothemostimportantbankingcenterintheworld.Itisastreetof―skyscrapers.‖Thesearethoseincredible（难以置信的）,highbuildings,whichAmericansinvented,andbuiltfasterandhigherthananyoneelse.Perhapsthetwomostspectacular（壮观）skyscrapersinNewYorkarethetwotowersoftheNewYorkWorldTradeCenter.Whenthesunsets,their110floorsshinelikepuregold.
4.Likeeverybigcity,NewYorkhasitsowntraffic（交通）system.Trafficjamscanbeterrible.It'susuallyquickesttogobysubway(地铁).TheNewYorksubwayiseasytouseandquitecheap.ThesubwaygoestoalmosteverycornerofManhattan.Butitisnotsafetotakethesubwaylateanightbecauseinsomeplacesyoucouldgetrobbed（抢劫）.NewYorkbusesarealsoeasytouse.Youseemoreifyougobybus.Therearemorethan30,000taxisinNewYork.They
areeasytosee,becausetheyarebrightyellowandcarrylargeTAXIsigns.Taxisdonotgooutsidethecity.However,theywillgototheairports.Inadditiontothetaxifare,peoplegivethetaxidriveratipof15percentofthefare'svalue.
5.CentralParkisabeautifulgreenoasis（绿洲）inthemiddleofNewYork‘sconcrete（水泥）desert.Itissurprisinglybig,withlakesandwoods,aswellasorganizedrecreationareas.NewYorkersloveCentralPark, http://www.oh100.com hewinter,theygoice-skating,andinthesummerroller-skating.Theyplayball,ridehorsesandhavepicnics（野餐）.Theygobicyclingandboating.Thereisevenachildren'szoo,withwildbirdsandanimals.
6.AlongtheeastsideofCentralParkrunsFifthAvenue,oncecalled―Millionaire'sRow.（百万富翁之街）‖Inthe19thcentury,therichestmeninAmericabuilttheirmagnificenthomeshere.Itisstillthemostfashionablestreetinthecity,withfamousdepartmentstores.
7.BroadwayisthestreetwhereyouwillfindNewYork'sbest-knowntheaters.ButawayfromthebrightlightsandelegantclothesofBroadwayaremanysmallertheaters.Theirplaysancalled―off-Broad-way‖andareoftenmoreunusualthantheBroadwayshows.Aswellasmanytheaters,NewYorkhasafamousoperahouse.ThisistheMetropolitan,whereinternationalstarssingfromSeptemberuntilApril.CarnegieHallisthecity'smorepopularconcerthall.ButnightlifeinNewYorkoffersmorethanclassicalmusicandtheater.Therearehundredsofnightclubswherepeoplegotoeatanddance.
1.Paragraph3TheFinancialCenterofUSA
2.Paragraph4TheTrafficFacilitiesofNewYork
3.Paragraph5CentralPark—APlaceofRecreationfortheNewYorkers
4.Paragraph6ShoppingCenterfortheRich
5.TheislandofManhattanwasboughtbytheHollandersfromthenativeAmericansforwhatseemstobeaverysmallsumtoday
6.CentralParkisagoodplacewheretheNewYorkerscangoanddowhatevertheylikeforrelaxation.
7.FifthAvenueistheplacewherethewealthypeoplewouldgoshopping
8.Forthoseplay-loverswhoareinterestedinwhatisunusual,thesmalltheatersmightbemoreattractivethantheworldfamousBroadway
第十五篇SmokeGetsinYourMind
1.Lungcancer,hypertension,heartdisease,birthdefects—wearealltoofamiliarwiththedangersofsmoking.Butaddtothatlistafrighteningnewconcern.Mentalillness.Accordingtosomecontroversialnewfindings,ifsmokingdoesnotkillyou,itmay,quitelitter,driveyoutodespair。
2.Thetobaccoindustryopenlypushesitsproductassomethingtoliftyourmoodandsootheanxiety.Buttheshort-termfeel-goodeffectmaymaskthetruth:thatsmokingmayworsenoreventriggeranxietydisorders,panicattacksanddepression,perhapsevenschizophrenia.
3.Cigarettesandmentalillnehavealwaystendedtogotogether.Anestimated1.25billionpeoplesmokeworldwide.Yetpeoplewhoaredepressedoranxiousaretwiceaslikelytosmoke,andupto88percentofthosewithpsychoticdisorderssuchasschizophreniasmokers.ArecentAmericansurveyconcludedthataroundhalfofallcigarettesburninthefingersofthosewithmentalillness.
4.Butthebigquestioniswhy?Theusualstoryisthattheillnecomesfirst.Mentallyillpeopletakeupsmoking,orsmokemoretoalleviatesomeoftheirdistress.Evenwhensmokingseemstostartbeforetheillness,mostdoctorsbelievethatearlybutinvisiblesymptomsofthedisordersparkthedesiretolightup.Butperhapssomethingmoresinisterisgoingon.
5.Agrowingnumberofresearchersclaimthatsmokingisthecause,nottheconsequenceofclinicaldepressionandseveralformsofanxiety.―Weknowalotabouttheeffectsofsmokingonphysicalhealth,andnowwearealsostartingtoseetheadverseeffectsinnewresearchonmentalillness,‖saysNaomiBreslau,directorofresearchattheHenryFordHealthCareSysteminDetroit.
6.Breslauwasoneofthefirsttoconsiderthishereticalpossibility.Thehintcamefromstudies,publishedin1998,whichfollowedagroupofjustover1,000youngadultsforafive-yearperiod.The13percentwhobeganthestudywithmajordepressionwerearoundthreetimesmorelikelytoprogrefrombeinglightsmokerstodailysmokersduringthecourseofthestudy,thoughtherewasnoevidencethatdepressionincreasedthetendencytotakeupsmoking.Butahistoryofdailysmokingbeforethestudycommencedroughlydoubledtheriskofdevelopingmajordepressionduringthefive-yearperiodSmoking,itseems,couldpre-dateillness.
7.AtfirstBreslauconcludedthatwhateverpromptspeopletosmokemightalsomakethemdepressed.Butastheresultsofothermuchlargerstudiesbegantobackthestatisticallink,shebecamemoreconvincedthaneverthatwhatshewasseeingweresignsthatsmoking,perhapsthenicotineitself,couldsomehowaffectthebrainandcausedepression.
8.OneoftheselargerstudieswasledbyGoodman,apediatrician.Shefollowedthehealthoftwogroupsofteenagersforayear.thefirstgroupof8,704adolescentswerenotdepressed,andmightormightnothavebeensmokers,whilethesecondgroupof6,947werehighlydepressedandhadnotbeensmokersinthepastmonth.Afterayearherteamfoundthatalthoughdepressedteenagersweremorelikelytohavebecomeheavysmokers,previousexperimentationwithsmokingwasthestrongestpredictorofsuchbehaviour,notthedepressionitself.Whatismoreimportantisthatteenagerswhostartedoutmentallyfitbutsmokedatleastonepacketperweekduringthestudywerefourtimesmorelikelytodevelopdepressionthantheirnon-smokingpeers.Goodmansaysthatdepressiondoesnotseemtostartbeforecigaretteuseamongteens.―Currentcigaretteuseishowever,apowerfuldeterminantofdevelopinghighdepressivesymptoms（症状）.‖
9.Breslau,too,findsthatsmokersareasmuchasfourtimesmorelikelytohaveanisolatedpanicattackandthreetimesmorelikelytodeveloplonger-termpanicdisorderthannon-smokers.It‘sahardmessagetogetacross,becausemanysmokerssaytheybecomeanxiouswhentheyquit,notwhentheysmoke.ButBreslausaysthatthisisashort-livedeffectofwithdrawalwhichmaskstherealitythat,ingeneral,smokershavehigheranxietylevelsthannon-smokersorex-smokers.
1.Paragraph3CloseAssociationBetweenDepressionandSmoking
2.Paragraph4DoubtabouttheUsualBelief
3.Paragraph6EffectofSmokingonmentalHealthInitiallyProved
4.Paragraph8Breslau‘sConclusionSupportedbyAnotherLargerStudy
5.Nowadaysmanydoctorshavebecomeawarethatsmokingisnotonlyahazardtopeople‘sphysicalhealthbuttotheirmentalhealthaswell
6.Thecigaretteadswhichclaimthatsmokingcanhelpsootheanxietyhavebeenprovedtobemisleading
7.Breslau‘sstudyinvolvedfewerpeoplethanGoodman‘sbutlastedlonger.
8.TocontradictBreslau‘sconclusion,manysmokerssaythattheyareleanxiouswhentheysmokebuttheirlevelofanxietyincreaseswhentheyquitesmoking
2016职称英语概括大意与完成句子
三、概括大意与完成句子（课本）
一、theMakingofaSucceStory发迹史
课文：IKEAistheworld’slargestfurnitureretailer,……justkeepsongrowing.（六段）
1.Paragraph2（）
2.Paragraph3（）
3.Paragraph4（
4.Paragraph5(E5、Evenwhenhewasonlyachild，（C:）
6、（A，andyearslaterbecameabigcompanyspecializedinmanufacturingandsellingoffurniture。
7.CustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA’sshowroomsbecause(E8.AsflatpackagingsavesmoneyforbothIKEAandthecustomers，（B:
第二篇ThePaperChase文件整理
课文:“Runningahouseisalotlikerunningabusiness……neveroverstuffyourfiles
1.Paragraph2（
2.Paragraph3（）
3.Paragraph4（
4.Paragraph5（）
5.StephanieDentonisexpert（B）
6.Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike，oncondition（C）
http://www.oh100.com uponsshouldbethrownawaybecause（A:
8.“Mentallyflexble”indicatesthefact(D:thatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements.
三、EngilishandEnglishCommunity群体
课文:Thereisnodenying…..partofourheritage
1.paragraph2（F）
2.paragraph3（D:
3.Paragraph4（A
4.Paragraph5（C
5.Onlythroughthesharedlanguage（B
6.Theideaofthenationalboundariesisoftendifferentfrom（A:）
7.Speakersareclassifindintotwogroups（D）
8.AnunderstandingofEnglish（E:hasplayedanimportantroleinthefieldofeducation）第四篇Alaska阿拉斯加
课文:In1959AmericanswelcomedAlaskaintothe……goldandotherminerals
1.Paragraph3（）
2.Paragraph4（
11
3.Paragraph5（）
4.Paragraph6（
5.Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear，thesun（D:shinesdayandnight）
6.Accordingtostatistics，（Eofthetobalareaof….
7.AlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia，butwasbought（Cth）
8.GolddidnotbringtoAlaskaasmuchwealth（A:）
第五篇WhydoesFoodCostsoMuch？为何食品开销如此之大？
课文:In1959theaverageAmericanfamilypaid……forthesharpriseinfoodcosts
1.Paragraph3（E:
2.Paragraph4(D:M5.Manypeopleagreethatfoodpriceshaveincreasedsharplybuttheyhavefailed(D:6.Thefarmershavenotbeenbenefitedverymuch(A7.Housewiveshavetopayforthetimetheysave(E8.Theeconomistshavecometotheconclusionthatthecauseofincreasedfoodpricesliesin(F:第六篇Architecture建筑学
课文:Architectureistobuildingasliteratureistotheprinted…haveallhadimportanteffects
1.Paragraph2(C2.Paragraph3（A;）
3.Paragraph4（B:
4.Paragraph5（E）
5.Somebuildingaresowellconstructedthatarenotonlyuseful（B）
6、Ancientgreekandromanarchitecturalstyles，withwererestoredduringrenaissance，werestillinfluential（E:th
7、Asmodernlifebecomesmorecomplex，peoplehavetoputupmanydifferentkindsofbuildings（A:tomeettheirneeds）
8、Theuseofnewbuildingmaterials….haveplayedanimportantrole（C:）
第七篇HowtoArgueWithYourBo怎样与老板争论
课文:Beforeyouarguewithyourboss，…...withyoutoachieveyourgoals
1.Paragraph2（D:）4.Paragraph5(B:)
12
5.Ifyouwanttoasktheboforanything,itisimportanttofindoutfirst(B:6.Itisnecessarytomakecleartotheboss(D:7.Itisnotwisetopresentthebowithaproblem(E:8.Youmastbeconsiderateandthinkofthetroubles(C第八篇Earthquake地震
课文:Everyyearearthquakesare…..patternbeforemajorearthquakeshappen
1.Paragraph2（
2.Paragraph3（）
3.Paragraph4（A:）5.Notalldamageduringanearthquakeiscaused(A6.Notallearthquakesarestrongenough(C7.Scientistshavebeenworkinghardtowarnpeople(D:8.Earthquakescanbepredictedbyobserving第九篇TransportandTrade交通与贸易
课文:Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade….systemsalsohelptodeveloptrade
1.Paragraph2（）
2.Paragraph3（）
3.Paragraph4（
4.Paragraph5（
5.Thedevelopmentofmodernmeansoftransport（C）
6.Onlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquickly（D）
7.Transporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywant（B
http://www.oh100.com hetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationplaysasimportantaroleas（E:）
第十篇MuseumsinTheModernWorld现代世界的博物馆
课文：Museumshavechanged。Theyarenolongerplaces…...largebuildinganditshighlytrainedstaff
1.Paragraph2（
2.Paragraph3（）
3.Paragraph4（
4.Paragraph5（
5.Nowmuseumsarenolongerrestrictedtotheprivilegedfew，but（B
6.Withthedevelopmentofsociety，people，especiallytheyoungpeople（A:）
13
7.Tomeettheneedsofsocitey，moremuseums（E）
http://www.oh100.com omajorproblemsformuseumsarethattheyhavetoomanyvisitorsandthey（D
第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain’sEconomyGrowing是否有办法使英国经济继续保持增长
课文:Intoday’sknowledgeeconomy….innursingandcarehomes
1.Paragraph2（
2.Paragraph3（）
3.Paragraph4（
4.Paragraph5（B:
5.Everycountryhasitsownway(C6.TheBritishgovernmentdoesn’tseem(F7.Thecreativeindustriesfinditdifficult(E8.Manygraduatesareemployed(B第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView智力：一个转变了的观念
课文:Intelligencewasbelievedtobeafixed…..bymoreandmorepeople
1.Paragraph2（）
2.Paragraph4（
3.Paragraph5（
4.Paragraph6（）
5.Itwasoncebelieved6.Morerecentresearches…..（F:）
7.Itcanbeinferredfrom…(B8.Childrenwerenotjust(A)…
（2016）第十三篇ScreenTest透视检查
课文：Everyyesrmillionsof…inanyscreeningprogramme.”
1.Paragraph2(A:HarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerWoman)
2.Paragraph3(B:InvestigatingtheEffectofScreening)
3.Paragraph4(C:EffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentModels)
4.Paragraph5(D:SmallRiskofInducingCancersfromRadiation)
5.Earlydiscoveryofbrestcancermay(C:savealife)
6.Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50are(D:stillopentodebate)
http://www.oh100.com layingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmay(E:reducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer)
8.Radiationexposureshouldbe(reducedtotheminimum)
(旧)第十三篇ElectricaldevicessuchasCDplayers…usedinstand-bymode.
1.Paragraph2（D:EnergyConsumptionTest）
2.Paragraph3（F:NonessentialElectricityUse）
14
3.Paragraph4（A:FactorLeadingto…）
4.Paragraph5（C:Proposalsto….）
http://www.oh100.com heUSthehomeappliancesuse(D:themostenergy)
6.TheenergywastedbytheelectronicdevicesintheUSissufficientto(C:poweralargecity.)
7.Itisfoundthatpowerwasteismainlycausedby(F:stand-bypowerconsumption)
8.Philipsstartedtodevelopadevicethatcangreatlyreduces(E:wastedenergy.)
三、概括大意完成句子。（补充）
（一）EsteeLauderDied
ThechildofCentralEuropeanimmigrantswhocreatedaninternational….thelastword.”
1.Paragraph2F:Birth.5.Lauderregardedbeauty6.Lauderdied7.Beforemarricge,shesoldproductsformulated8.Afterretirement,shecontinuedtoshowinterest(二)Ford
Ford’sgreatstrengthwasthemanufacturing….exceptformakingitpossibleformorepeopletobuycars.
1.Paragraph13.Paragraph34.Paragraph45.Theassemblylinemadeitpossibleto6.Fordwasthefirsttoadopt7.Ford’scarsbecauseavailabletoordinarypeoplethanksto8.Ford’shigher-wageandlower-coststrategywasstrongly(三)Robots
ThemostsophisticatedJapaneserobots….whocangettiredandbored.2.Paragraph35.EventhemostsophisticatedJapaneserobotsare6.RobotsarelepopularinBriaintodaypartlybecause7.Onedisadvantageofusingrobotsisthattheyconsume8.Itisclaimedthatintroducingrobotsis(四)ScienceFiction
Amongstthemostpopularbooksbeingwrittentodayarethosewhich….tomasteritsnewtechnology.5.Someformofidealsocietyis6.BookswrittenbyJ.Verneare
7.Peopleenjoy8.Worksofmodernsciencefictionhave
(五)EvenIntelligentPeopleCanFall
Thestrikingthingabouttheinnovatorswhosucceededinmakingourmodernworldishowoftentheyfailed…theTitanicalltohimself.
1.Paragraph2
2.Paragraph35.Peopleoftendidn’trealizehowclosetheyweretosuccewhen6.BeforeHenryFordeventusllydevelopedtheModelTcar,7.WaltDisneywasoncesopoorthat8.Themediademandthat(六)GlobalWarming
Smokeiscloudingourviewofglobalwaeming…thescientistsagreedinadraftreportfromtheworkshop.
1.Paragraph24.Paragraph55.Whenthecoverdiminishesinthecomingdecades,temperature6.TheconclusionreachedattheBerlinworkshop7.TheBerlinworkshopconcludedthattherealfigure8.Theincreaseofgreenhousegases(七)KeepingCutFlowers
Whileeverybodyenjoysfreshcutflowersaroundtheirhouse…Thewaterandsolutionshouldalsobereplacedeachday.5.Afewsimplefactswillhelpyoukeepcutflowers6.Respirationplaysakeyrole7.Theagingofcutflowerscanbesloweddown8.Anotherimportantwaytoprolongthelifeofcutflowersis(八)MessagesfromtheMedia
Theweatherforecast,astoryaboutthecandidatesinanelection…aboutquestionsofwarandpeaces.
http://www.oh100.com evision,radioandbooksareallimportantmediaof7.Formostpeopletelevisionisthemostimportant8.Themamediaareimportanttousbecausetheyshape(九)NiceNameButShe’sSoDeadly
MorethanamillionpeopleintheUnitedStatesweretoldtoleavetheirhomes…Rita,Stan,Tammy,Vince,Wilma.5.Overamillionpeoplewerewarnednot6.TheresponsibilityoftheUSNationalWeatherServiceis7.Hurricanesaregivennames8.Attheendofthe19thcentury,women’snamesstarted(十)SearchingforSmiles
Askmostpeopleanywhereintheworld…becauseordinaryhappineisnotgoodenoughforthem.5.ProfessorDeinerhasspentmanyyearsstuding6.ProfessorDeinerbelievesthatahappypersonisleproneto7.Oncewehavegotenoughtofeelsafe,moneydoesnotmakedifferencetoourhappiness.
8.AccordingtoProfessorDeiner,somepeoplefeelunhappybecausetheycannotappreciate
(十一)60thAnnlversaryCeremonyinMoscow
Withthousandsofsoldiersandwarveteransparading….attheTomboftheUnknownSoldiersonMonday.
1.Paragraph22.Paragraph33.Paragraph4
4.Paragraph5
5.Russiacelebratedth6.WorldWarTwodeprivedF:55millionpeopleoftheirlives.
7.Chinapledgesherselftofollow（十二）CanMobilePhonesCauseDisease?
“Mobilephonekilledmyman,”screamedoneheadlinelastyear…whengivenacancer-causingchemical.
1.Paragraph22.Paragraph3E:MysteriousEffects.4.Paragraph56.It7.ThesafetyproblemwithmobilephoneshasE:attractedpublicattention.
8.Tattersallsaidforsurethattheungrounded.