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定语从句中的从属连词
在复合句中,引导定语从句的关系词主要有关系代词和关系副词。定语从句中的连接词(关系代词和关系副词)一般都放在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用,而且是作定语从句的重要成分。以下是小编整理的定语从句中的从属连词,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
复合句是考题的基本句子结构,因而连接主句和从句的连接词就成为重要的命题焦点。TOEEL常考的从属连词分三类:
(1)关系代词( that,which ,what who. Whose)
(2)关系副词(where when why how)
(3)状语从句连接词 (where,when,if,though,because…)掌握有关从属连词的试题命题规律,这类题目并不复杂。从属连词常考题型及解题要点:
1.主句与从句之间必须有从属连词。
例题分析
(1)The spiral threads of a spiders web have a sticky substance on them _____ insects.
(A)traps (B)trap its (C)which traps (D)which it traps
[答案] C 定语从句关系代词which引导从句,且在从句中作主语。
(2)Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
(A)there (B)wherever (C)somewhere (D)then
[答案] B 空格前后为两个完整的句子,这里应填入连接词联系主从两句。四个选择只有wherever是连词,引导地点状语从句。
(3)Duke Wellington was a composer. Conductor,and pianist ______ ranked as one of the greatest of all jazz figures.
(A)him (B)although (C)or (D)who
[答案] D 关系代词who引导定语从句,并作从句的主语。
(4)______ Some of the Earths interior heat escapes to the surface.
(A)A volcano erupts (B)A volcano whether erupts
(C)A volcano erupts it (D)If a volcano erupts
[答案] D 从属连词引导条件状语从句。
2.关系代词 who与which混淆错用
解题要点:在四个选择答案中出现who 或者which,应确认它所指代的是人还是物。 例题分析
(1)Fossil remains indicate that squidlike creatures called belemnites swam in the sea who covered the North American continent 70 million years ago.
[答案] 关系代词who指代的是sea,因此应用指物的which或that。
(2)Vaccines for some rare diseases are given only to persons which risk exposure to the disease.[答案] 关系代词which指代前面的persons,应改为人称关系代词who。
(3)Essentially,a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of ______ reality.
(A)what it is conceived (B)that is conceived
(C)what is conceived to be (D)that is being conceived of [答案] C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…).答案(A)中的代词it是多余的,因为what本身即已包含了先行词(the thing )和关系代词(that)。答案(B)中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面。
(5)Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks.
[答案] what应改为that。此句已含有先行词food,不能再用关系代词what。
3.主句和从句
解题要点 主语从句是常考而中国考生又较陌生英文文法结构。主语从句的特点是读起来有种头重脚轻的感觉,而且有两个谓语动词。连词That 引导的主语从句应特别留意。因为That 在句中没有任何意义,它只具有引导出主语从句的功能,因而很容易被忽略。 例题分析
(1)_____ xenon could not from chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.
(A)For (B)It was (C)That (D)While
[答案] C That引导的主语从句。其中第一个谓语动词could from 是从句的谓语,第二个系动was是主句的谓语。
(2)______ to space travelers is high acceleration of deceleration forces.
(A)Danger can be (B)They can be dangerous
(C)What can be dangerous (D)While danger
[答案] C what引导的主语从句。What既是从句的连词,又是从句的主语。
(3)______ has been a topic of continual geological research.
(A)Did the continents originate (B)How did the continents originate
(C)Have the continents originated
(D)How the continents originated
[答案] D How 引导的主语从句。
(4)______ progress helps to relieve scarcities is a fact accepted by economists.
(A)Technological (B)That technological
(C)Although technological (D)There is technological
[答案] B. That 引导的主语从句,当连续读到两个谓语动词(e.g. helps…is),而空格在句首,应首先考虑主语从句。这是主语从句典型的句子结构。
that
that是最常用的定语从句从属关系连词,它可以用来修饰人或物,包括动物、事物、抽象概念等等。例如:
The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting. (我昨天买的书很有趣。)
The girl that won the prize is my friend. (赢得奖项的女孩是我的朋友。)
which
which也是常用的定语从句从属关系连词,它通常用来修饰物,特别是指物的某个方面或属性。例如:
The car which is parked outside is mine. (停在外面的车是我的。)
The camera which he bought last week is very expensive. (他上周买的相机非常贵。)
who
who是用来修饰人的定语从句从属关系连词,通常用来修饰主语或宾语。例如:
The man who is standing over there is my father. (站在那边的那个男人是我父亲。)
The teacher who I talked to yesterday is very kind. (昨天我跟他说话的老师非常和蔼。)
whom
whom也是用来修饰人的定语从句从属关系连词,但更多地被用作宾语。例如:
The person whom I was talking to just now is my boss. (我刚才在跟那个人交谈的是我的老板。)
The boy whom she is in love with is from Canada. (她喜欢的那个男孩来自加拿大。)
从属连词引导条件状语从句
这类连词主要有if,unless,as [so] long as,in case 等:
You will fail unless you work hard.
除非您努力工作,否则您将失败。
[注意]在条件状语从句中,一般现在时通常用来表示将来的意思,将来时不能直接使用。 但是,有时在此之后可以使用条件式if,但这不是将来时,而是表达意愿或委婉语的要求(will是情态动词):
If you will wait a moment,I’ll fetch the money.
如果您等一下,我会取钱。
从属连词引导时间状语从句
表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when,while,as,whenever:
He jumped up when the phone rang.
电话响了,他跳了起来。
表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before,after:
Turn the lights off before you leave.
离开前关掉灯。
表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since,until,till:
他结婚后就一直住在这儿。
自结婚以来,他一直住在这里。
表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as,the moment,the minute,the second,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner…than,hardly…when等:
Tell him the news as soon as you see him.
一见他就告诉他新闻。
表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the)next time(下次),any time(随时),(the)last time(上次),the first time(第一次):
Last time I saw him,he looked ill.
上次我见到他时,他病了。
【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词,(the)next time,(the)last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。
从属连词引导目的状语从句
主要的有 in order that,so that,in case,for fear等:
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.
说话要清晰,以便他们了解您。
从属连词引导原因状语从句
主要的有because,as,since,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that)等:
Since everybody is here,let’s begin our discussion.
既然每个人都在这里,让我们开始讨论。
从属连词引导结果状语从句
主要的有so that,so…that,such…that等:
It’s so difficult a question that none of us can answer it.
这个问题太难了,我们没人能回答。
【注】so that 中的that在口语中通常可以省略。
从属连词引导让步状语从句
主要的有although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等:
Though [Even though] it’s hard work,I enjoy it.
尽管[即使]辛苦,但我很喜欢。
从属连词引导方式状语从句
主要的有as,like,as if,as though,the way等:
He behaved as if nothing had happened.
他的举止好像什么都没发生。
从属连词引导地点状语从句
主要的有where,wherever,everywhere等:
Sit wherever you like.
坐在您喜欢的地方。
从属连词引导比较状语从句
主要的有than和as…as:
They are as often wrong as they are right.
他们错对各半。
从属连词引导名词性从句
主要的有that,if,whether:
Your greatest fault is that you are careless.
您最大的错误是您粗心。
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