如何应对高考英语写作的对策
高考英语作文完美行文四步骤
STEP1：确定文章框架，包括：时态、语态、格式、展开方式、开头结尾等。
STEP2：确定内容要点，包括：主要人物、时间地点、重要细节、合理发挥等。
STEP3：正式开始写作，整理思路成篇，行文连贯。
STEP4：忌粗心犯下的错误。
高考作文采用总体评分方式，集中在以下四个方面：
—覆盖了题目提出的所有内容要点和要求；
—应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，内容比较丰富；
—在使用复杂结构或高级词汇时允许有些许错误；
—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，全文结构紧凑流畅。
高考英语写作技巧汇总
（一）掌握技巧：
（1）注意篇章结构，合理布局
开始部分（openingparagraph）——说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分（Bodyparagraphs）——围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分（concludingparagraphs）——对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，祛除与主题无关的内容。
（2）确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现
在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点：
①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点
②提炼出一句具有概括性的话
③主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。
（二）巧用连接词
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词
表示罗列增加
First,second, third,First, then / next, after that / next, finally
Forone thing … for another…,
On(the) one hand…on the other hand,
Besides/ what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,
Especially/ In particular,
表示时间顺序
now,at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a fewdays,at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later,next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, assoon as, the moment, form now on, from then on,at the same time,meanwhile,till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
表示解释说明
now,in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover, furthermore, infact, actually
表示转折关系
but,however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, incontrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of course,after all,
表示并列关系
or,and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither…nor
表示因果关系
because,because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
表示条件关系
as(so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
表示让步关系
though,although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever, whatever,whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where,when,whom)
表示举例
forexample, for instance, such as…, take… for example
表示比较
besimilar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like, justas,
表示目的
forthis reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,
表示强调
indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously,above all,
表示概括归纳
ina word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, asfar as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, atlast, in summary,in conclusion
(三)掌握常用句型：
1.in order to
为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。
Heworked very hard in order to realize his dream.
2.in order that
她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。
Sheworked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..
3.so…that
他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。
Theywere all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.
4.such…that
天气非常冷，以致于街上一个人都没有。
Itwas such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
5.would rather do…than do
他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。
Hewould rather listen to others than talk himself.
6.prefer doing to doing
他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告。
Heprefers making speeches after careful preparation.
7.prefer to do…rather than do
比起女人，男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物。
Comparedwith women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time
shopping.
8.not only…but also
在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程，而且还获得了博士学位。
Injust three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also receivedher
doctor’sdegree.
9.either…or
如果考试过关，你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟。
Youcould either buy an MP3 or go to Yunnan for a visit if you pass the exam.
10.Neither…nor
他是一个无聊的人，既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书。
Heis a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.
11.as well as
他善良又乐于助人。
Hewas kind as well as helpful.
12.…as well
这个小孩活泼又可爱。
Thechild is active and funny as well.
13.One…the other
你看见桌子上有两只笔吗?一支是红色的，另一支是黑色的。
Haveyou seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.
14.Some…others
每个人都很忙，有些在读书，有些在写作。
Everyoneis busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.
15.make…+adj /n
我们所做的可以让世界更美丽。
Whatwe do will make the world more beautiful.
16.not…until
直到他告诉我发生的事，我才了解真相。
Ididn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.
17.as if
他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道。
Hetalks a lot as if he knows everything.
18.It is no use (good) doing…
假装不懂规则是行不通的。
It’sno use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.
19.find it + adj to do…
我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。
Ifind it necessary to take down notes while listening.
20.It is + time since…
我已经有两年没见他了。
Itis two years since I last met him.
21.It is + time when…
我到电影院时已经八点钟了。
Itwas 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.
22.It is + time before…
不久我们就会再见面的。
Iwon’t be long before we can meet again.
23.It is…that…
我最珍视的是友谊。
Itis friendship that I value most.
24.It is + n / adj + that / to do…
每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机
It is a must that everybody shouldknow how to use computers.
写作辅导：写作核心句型
核心句型
1.开头
1.The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention(take into account) that fact that…
2. As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly/generally) held (accepted)belief (ideas/views), I believe (argue that…
3. Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bearsmuch analysis (close examination).
4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weightthan those of / are much greater than) A.
5. Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed)that …, it is unlikely to be true that…
6. There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores adeeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that…
7. It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say(it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case)that…
8. The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument(view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that…
9. It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take theview) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that …
10. In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact isgenerally overlooked (neglected).
11. There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept /resist / reject) that…
12. Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree withit, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration(account).
13. To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point).
14. A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argumentwould reveal how flimsy (groundless / fallacious) it is.
15. On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (anattractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (oncloser analysis / on second thought), we find that…
16. Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) …may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts…
17. The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…
18. What the arguer fails to understand (consider /mention) is that…
19. We don’t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) ofthis argument (proposition).
20. However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skimsthe surface of the problem.
2.正文
1. Although the popular belief is that…, a current (new / recent) study (survey/ poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that…
2. Common sense tells us that…
3. The increase (change / failure / success) in… mainly (largely / partly)results from (arises from / is because of)…
4. The increase (change / failure /success) in … is due to (owing to /attributable to) the fact that…
5. Many people would claim that…
6. One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change) to …, but… is not by itself an adequate explanation.
7. One of the reasons given for … is that…
8. What is also worth noticing is that…
9. There are many (different / several / a number of / a variety of) causes(reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change /decline /increase) in .. First,… Second,… Finally,…
10. There is no evidence to suggest that…
11.Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, … For another, …
12. Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that…
13. It gives rise to (lead to / bring / create) a host of problems(consequences).
14. There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few ofthe most important ones.
15. It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable/ beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on…
16. A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / resultin / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success/ failure /development) in…
17. In 1999, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of thetotal (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
18. By comparison with 1998, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent(to 15 percent / by 15 percent).
19. It account for 15 percent of the total.
20. There were 100 traffic accidents in April, and increase of 5 percent in afive-month period.
21.By 1999, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over / as many as)three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) collegepopulation (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year(1998) preferred to (liked)…
3.结尾
1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors /Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to /arrive at) the conclusion that…
2. All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants /points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that …
3. It is high time that we place (lay / put) great ( special / considerable)emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of…
4. It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy /undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of…
5. We must look (search / all / cry) for an immediate action (method /measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency /state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), willsurely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of…
6. There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution ( approach / answer /remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial).
7. No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found /guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common(general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitmentto) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first steptowards change (on the right way / in the right direction).
8. Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in(solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.
9. Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem,there is every chance that…
10. Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it isvery likely (the chances are good) that…
11.There is little doubt (no denying) that serous (special / adequate / immediate/further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …
12. It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper)action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check/ end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).
13. It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent /sustained / corporate) efforts should be make to control (check / halt /promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …
14. It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focusedon) finding (developing / improving)…
15. It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is not quiteencouraging (that rosy).
16. Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible(potential / grave / serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of…
17. To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (aneasy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state ofmain towards (attitude towards / outlook on)…
18. For these reasons, I strongly recommend that…
19. For the reasons given above, I feel that…
英语写作十字真经：研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿
英语的书面表达一直以来就是英语学习的瓶颈。在此，笔者向各位学习者提供突破英语写作的十字建议，即研习、背诵、默写、互译、模仿，概括出培养写作能力的五个方面，如能严格遵循，定能柳暗花明。
研习
“没有规矩，不成方圆。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里；二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各
种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。
背诵
背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（committhe highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。
重点词汇
美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fallvictim（受害），standa fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topicfamily）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：
emotional strength 情感的力量
the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感
no thought of gain不计得失
the lamp of love爱心之灯
help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者
donate whatever they can倾囊相助
help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞
be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手
When we use the word “love”, we do not simply mean an attraction to a person ofthe opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. Love isemotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around usbecomes. In fact, throughout history people of many different cultures have regardedlove as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese peopleof all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of naturaldisasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by internationalstandards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever theycan ― be it money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover,they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are moreunfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand tothose who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or completestrangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for thedarker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.
当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。
说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助――不管是钱还是物――帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。
我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。
常用套语
套语指流行的公式化语言，在写作中适当使用颇有必要。如在商业信函结尾，期望对方早日回复的表达方式就要遵循套语的基本模式，使表达规范得体。下面试举几个例子：
Kindly favor us with an early reply. 请早日赐复。
Your prompt reply will be highly appreciated. 如能及时回复，将不胜感谢。
We look forward to hearing from you soon. 早日回复。
We are expecting your prompt reply. 急盼回复。
Please have the kindness to answer this letter quickly. 请早日回信。
Kindly let us have your reply at your earliest convenience. 请在您方便时尽早赐函。
We would appreciate it if you could respond right away. 如能即刻回复，将不胜感谢。
当前流行应试写作模板，即套语的使用贯穿文章始终，为考生提供万能公式型的文章主架，每句表达皆由固定套语框定，考生只要背下套用句型、过渡词语，在考试中根据特定考题填充具体内容。这种应试策略使写出的文章矫揉造作，生硬刻板，虽可以让考生及格过关，但绝对得不到高分。套语的过多使用不妨可以比作大海中的救生圈，有了它，仅仅可以让不擅游泳者保全性命，却无法自在畅游，一展泳姿。一般而言，套语较为空洞，如使用过多，文章容易流于空泛，言之无物。写作宜虚实结合，形式与内容相统一。下例是一篇比较在家学习与入校读书谁优谁劣的范文，文中巧妙地使用了一些固定句式和过渡词语，不仅增强了表达效果，而且实现了形式与内容的统一。
There are two major arguments that can be made for studying at home. First, asadvances in the electronic media have brought the whole world of scholarshipinto the home via the Internet and educational courses on TV, the classroom isno longer the only place for acquiring knowledge. Second, it is widely held thata person studies better in the familiar surroundings of his own home and whenhe can arrange his own study time.
But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to studying inthe classroom, too. Being surrounded by people of roughly the same abilitiesand interests can be a great stimulus to acquiring knowledge, whereas studyingin solitude at home is boring for many people. More importantly, there can beno substitute for a good teacher, who must not only be able to impart facts andtheories, but also to appraise and encourage his students.
Given the choice between these two methods of learning, I prefer the classroom.This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrateon study in the midst of household chores, and disturbances from visitors andtelephone calls. The classroom environment, I feel, is the only one in whichmost people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-importanttask of acquiring knowledge.
关于在家学习，我们可以提出两个主要论点。第一，由于电子媒体方面取得的进步把整个世界的知识通过互联网和电视上的教育课程带入了家庭，教室不再是惟一获取知识的场所。第二，人们普遍认为，在自己家里这样熟悉的环境中，并且能自己安排学习时间，一个人能学得更好。
但是，我们不能忽视在教室里学习也有好处这一事实。周围都是能力相近和兴趣相投的人可能会对获取知识形成巨大的刺激，而对很多人来说孤独一人在家学习会有些枯燥乏味。更重要的是，没有什么可以替代一个好，他不仅能够传道授业，而且能够评估并鼓励学生。
如果在两种学习方法中选择，我更喜欢在教室里学习，因为我是那种很难在家务琐事、客人、电话的`打扰下集中注意力学习的人。我认为大多数人只有在教室里才能把全部精力放在获取知识这件十分重要的工作上。
精彩句子
精彩句子指文章中句式优美、蕴含哲理的句子。精彩句子的背诵有助于写作时的引用和模仿。如在阅读美国前总统约翰?肯尼迪(JohnF. Kennedy)的就职演说(InauguralAddress)时，可以记住诸如“Asknot what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. ”(不要问国家能为你做什么，而要问你能为国家做什么。)这样的传世佳句，当你写关于爱国(patriotism)主题的作文时，则可以适时引用。现仍以上面谈“爱心”的文章为例，其中值得背诵的句子为数不少。摘录如下：
①Love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the worldaround us becomes.
爱心是情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。
②People all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can ― beit money or goods ― to help their needy fellow citizens.
全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助――不管是钱还是物――帮助那些有需要的同胞。
③The best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than weare.
表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。
④The darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of loveshines.
悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。
优秀段落
阅读时，我们经常会碰到一些过目难忘的段落。这些段落或者表达流畅、文笔优美，或者逻辑缜密、结构严谨。根据表达需要，有不同的功能段落，如现象说明段、观点陈述段、原因列举段、利弊解释段、结论归纳段、趋势预测段、措施建议段等。有些优秀段落可以作为写作的功能段落加以背诵，对于我们拓展思路、规范行文大有裨益。在背诵过程中，熟练掌握各种功能段落的行文规则，自己在表达时就能驾轻就熟。下面仅举观点陈述段和措施建议段各一例。
观点陈述段(陈述“民族文化应该成为世界文化”的观点)
A culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial for allmankind. Since China has opened its doors widely to the outside world, manypeople from different countries want to visit China. They will come to acceptand love Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should beshared generously with foreign people, who show great interest in it.Meanwhile, as more and more foreigners come to China, they bring aspects oftheir own culture to share with the Chinese people. In this way, people fromvarious nations in the world will be able to acquire a better understanding ofeach other and live peacefully together.
一个国家的文化可能成为世界文化，这对全人类都有益。由于中国已经向外界敞开了国门，许多来自不同国家的人都希望来看一看中国。他们会开始接受并喜欢整个中国文化，中国文化应该大大方方地让感兴趣的外国人分享。与此同时，随着来中国的外国人越来越多，他们也把他们自己的文化带给了中国人。这样，世界各国的人们就能够更好地相互理解、和平相处。
措施建议段(建议“人口老龄化”的解决措施)
The rapidity of the population’s aging has made it more urgent for the adoptionof countermeasures. No doubt, the key is to build a solid economic foundation.Meanwhile, importance should be attached to overall social progress by changingthe backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What’s more,family care and community services should also be encouraged.
人口老龄化的加速使采取应对措施变得更为紧迫。毫无疑问，解决问题的关键是建立稳固的经济基础。与此同时，应该重视整体的社会进步，改变社会保障、福利和服务的落后局面。除此之外，应该鼓励家庭照料和社区服务。