2017中考英语写作各类文体方法步骤
导语：中考英语写作的类型有很多，下面就举例讲解各类写作的方法步骤，欢迎参考!
一、议论文
议论文要求学生就某一方面的问题通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来发表自己的看法。一般来说，议论文由论点、论据、论证三部分组成。要做到：1)论点要正确无误。2)论据要可靠充分。论据可以是人们公认的真理，也可以是经过实践考证的经典著作。3)论证要合理严密。人们常用的论证方法有归纳法、推理法、对比法。议论文一般按提出问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。
(一)议论文的写作步骤
1、引言(introduction)：由于英语作文受时间、字数的限制，因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么等。
2、展开段(supporting sentences)：展开段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据(adequateproofs)来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个proofs, 并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述。
3、结论(conclusion)：结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话。
(二)议论文的类型
英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:
1、对问题“一分为二”的观点。这类文章大多结合当前时事，要求学生就某种现象谈其利弊。如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”。此类文章的模式及套语如下，仅供参考：
第一段：
nowadays more and more people…/… plays an important part in… like everything else… has /have both favorable and unfavorable aspects (both advantages and disadvantages). generally, the favorable aspects (advantages) can be listed as follows.
第二段：
first…secondly…in addition(what’s more)…
第三段：
every coin has two sides. the negative aspects (advantages) are also apparent (obvious). to begin with… to make matters worse… worst of all…
第四段：
through above analysis/all things considered, we can see that the positive aspects(advantages) outweigh the negative aspects(disadvantages). therefore …
范文：讨论电脑的利弊。
computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society. they are widely used almost in every field, such as business, transportation and education. we use computers to process and store all kinds of information. also, they are entering ordinary families. we use computers to control electrical appliances and to entertain ourselves by playing games on them. without computers, the world would not be what it is today.
in spite of this, computers cause problems. for instance, a great system will break down when only a single computer goes wrong. it is possible that somebody breaks into a computer system to steal secret information. we cannot rely so much on computers.
so we should develop more advanced and reliable computers in order to make our life more colorful and meaningful.
2、“两者选一”的观点。这要求学生在a和b之间作一选择或比较，如“乘火车还是乘飞机”。
第一段：
some people hold the opinion that (a) is superior to (b) in many ways. others , however, argue that (b) is much better. personally, i would prefer (a) because (a) has more advantages.
第二段：
there are many reasons why i prefer (a). the main reason is that …. another reason is that…
第三段：
of course, choosing (b) also has advantages to some extent.(give one or two advantages of b)
第四段：
but if all these factors are considered, (a) is much better that (b).from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that…
3、“我认为……”即“我的观点”型。如“一些学生喜欢拿自己的同学开恶作剧的玩笑，谈谈你的看法。”
some of the students around us like playing practical jokes on others at school, but frankly speaking, i don’t think it’s wise to do this kind of thing, for they often lead to a lot of problems.
in my opinion, playing tricks on your classmates might ruin the friendship between you and your friends. as young students, we sometimes do something only for fun without thinking of others’ feelings. playing some jokes may more or less hurt your friends.
what’s more, playing tricks on others may do harm to their bodies. the victims of the jokes might suffer from severe pain not only mentally but also physically.
last but not least, humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest.
if a person wants to make true friends, he must learn to foster the friendship which can enrich his life. he should learn to treat his friends sincerely and frankly, to give advice and to help whenever they need but never to` play meaningless practical jokes on them .
4、图表作文。图表式作文通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。写作要点：不需要把表中的数据一一列出，只要选几个有代表性的数据加以叙述并结合数据抓住实质简而议之。
下面的模式可供参考：
模式一：
第一段：
… is known as one of the most serious problems in today’s world, as is shown in the grapy,/according to the figures shown in the grapy,(表述图表中的数字)
第二段：
(陈述理由)furthermore,(继续陈述理由) as a result,(引起的后果…的减少或增长)(…experiencing a decrease/increase)
第三段：
so i believe…will be achieved through efforts of every person.
模式二：
第一段：
from…we can see the increase/decrease(描述数字的句型)…was/added up to(数字) in(时间), while it increased/decreasedto(数字and数字) in (时间and时间) respectively. therefore, it can be predicted that …will further increase/decrease (is/are to be on the rise/decrease) in the future.
第二段：
there are chiefly three reasons for the rise/decrease. firstly…secondly…, apart from the above reasons…
第三段：
in spite of what is mentioned above, there are still… the grapy/table indicted… hence, the situation is still serious and how to …is still a challenging task.
5、看图写话。根据图画写故事，伴之以简单议论或者简述图画内容，透过现象看本质，以议论为主。
以XX年的高考作文为例。图片上女儿在学骑自行车，奶奶、父亲和一手拿着急救箱的母亲三人满头大汗地扶着车，深怕女儿摔着了。图片下有一行字：你们让我自己骑好吗?这仍是一个涉及到孩子怎样独立的问题。此类文章可采用以下的模式：
1. outline the reasons/the cause of the problem.
2. many ways can be used to solve this serious problem, but the following ones may be effective.
3. first of all…besides…/another way to solve the problem of …is…finally…
4. from my experience, i feel there is no shortcut in doing everything./ maybe these are not the best
or only measures we can take. but it should be noted that we should take great pains to…
二、记叙文
记叙文要求学生根据题目提供的信息，组织语言材料，编写成文。一般说来，记叙文有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要素，写作时要明确清楚地给予表达。
1、记人。要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹等。
第一段：
in my life i have met many people who are really worth mentioning. but perhaps the most unforgettable person i have ever known is…
第二段：
it is his special quality that is always kept in my memory.
第三段：列举第一个特点或外貌，在描写时一定要围绕一个主题句展开。
第四段：列举第二个特点，在描写时也一定要围绕一个主题句展开。
第五段：谈谈感想。
例文：
the most unforgettable teacher
in my life i have met many people who are really worth mentioning. but perhaps the most unforgettable person i have ever known is my chinese teacher.
it is his special quality that is always kept in my memory.
for one thing, i was attracted by his wide range of knowledge. i remember that we students always attended his class with great eagerness because his lectures were humorously delivered, and he never failed to give us valuable advice. nothing seemed difficult to learn through his explanation.
for another, i was deeply impressed by the respect he showed for us. as he treated us like friends rather than students, we all liked to visit his home for social activities as well as for advice.
although it is over a year now since i attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and i know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
2、叙事。记事文要描写事情发生与发展的过程，叙述事情发生的前因后果等，也就是说在写事件时，应抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物等几个基本要素。也就是我们常说的.五个问题：
1) what happened?
2) when did it happen?
3) where did it happen?
4) who was involved?
5) why did it happen?
抓住这几个问题，一般就能把一个事件完整地表达出来。
范文：
an unforgettable examination
i have experienced many kinds of examination in my life, the most unforgettable of which was the final-examination last term.
before the examination, i stayed up late in order to get a good score. the next morning i rushed to school without breakfast.
in the course of the examination, i saw a very difficult problem and it took me a lot of time. i thought hard but couldn’t work it out. soon after i gave up, i fell asleep at my desk. when i woke up , the examination was over, you can imagine what happened in the end.
i drew a good lesson from this examination. that is, listening attentively and going over your lessons regularly means less work.
三、书信的写作
1、称谓：
无职衔的男子：mr. wang/zhang
已婚女子：mrs wang/zhao
未婚女子：miss wang/zhang
博士：dr. zhang
教授：pro. lin
还有一些表示感情色彩的词。
如：dear dr. smith/dear madam/dear sir
2、正文
正文要从称谓的下一行写起，可以和称谓齐头写，也可以向内缩五个字母写。正文就是要具体地写你想表达的内容，要注意表达清楚、简练，让收信人很容易得知你要表达的内容。
3、结束语：
结束语写在正文的下方，另起一行。常用的结束语有：
best wishes!/ good luck!/give my best wishes to your family!/looking forward to your reply!
4、签名：
sincerely yours/yours sincerely/truly yours/yours respectfully/respectfully yours
例文一：下面是一个叫kurt的人写给父母的家书。
17th dec.
dear mother and father,
i feel very excited at the thought that in another week i shall be with you again on holiday. i have enjoyed my stay in england very much indeed. mr. dowson and my fellow students are all very nice to me. but, as they say in england, “there’s no place like home,” and i think one feels this above all at christmas time.
i am leaving here early on thursday, the 23rd, and i shall arrive in basle on friday morning, so i shall be home somewhere about lunch time. can you meet me at the station, as i shall have a lot of luggage?
i’ve got some christmas presents for you all. i’m not going to tell you what your presents are, so it will be a surprise. i hope you will like them.
how are you all at home? i hope you are all keeping well. see that father always puts on his big coat when he goes out, so that he doesn’t catch cold. i can’t say how much i want to see you and my brother all again.
love and all good wishes,
kurt
例文二：写求职信的一般模式
dear 1 ,
i would like to apply for a position in your company. 2 .
i enclose my resume which describes my education and work experience. 3 .
i would appreciate it very much if you could give me a chance. i look forward to your reply.
yours sincerely,
4
上述内容中所填的内容依次是：
① 正确的称谓
② 信息来源及求职原因
③ 具体介绍自己的情况及适合这职位的原因
④ 署名
四、说明文
说明文就是用简单的文字说明事物的特点、类别、构造、用途、成因等。它包括广告、知识小品、教材、书文简介、理论性概念或定律的解释。
写说明文应清楚以下几点：
1、条理分明，遵循空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序、因果关系。
2、说明文要浅显、准确、简介，避免过分的夸张。
例文一：以“how to protect your eyes”为题写一篇130字左右的文章。
how to protect your eyes
“eyes are windows of the soul,” people often say. everyone understands how important the eyes are. but how to protect eyesight remains a question among us students, at least many of us. if you want to protect your eyesight, you must pay attention to the following points:
first, you should not keep your eyes working for a long time. after you have studied for a ling time, about an hour or so, you had better have a rest by looking in the long distance.
secondly, you should keep your book about a foot away from your eyes when you read it. you should also keep in mind, “don’t read in a poor light or in the sun; don’t read in the moving bus or in bed.” doing eye-exercises will help you keep good eyesight.
if you fail to keep these rules, you will become short-sighted sooner or later.
例文二：
你到杭州游览，报上介绍三家酒店，情况如下：
酒店a，四星级，位于火车站旁，房间和各种设施条件良好。
酒店b，四星级，位于著名的西湖旁，景致极好。
酒店c，二星级，位于离开西湖仅5分钟步行路程的一条小马路上。
你会选择哪家，请说出你的理由。
i will choose the two-star-hotel near the west lake.
first, i am a student. i can’t afford my own living now. so there is no need to waste money to choose a four-star hotel. it is a waste of money.
second, this hotel is quite near to the west lake. it only takes me five minutes’ walk. so i don’t need to pay for taxies or buses. it is very convenient for me to visit the west lake anytime i want.
and with all the money i have saved, i can enjoy a more exciting visit to the west lake. i can visit more places, play more games and also enjoy more good food.
though the hotel is not as beautiful as the other two hotels, and its services may not be as good as those two hotels, i will still choose this hotel because i think i can enjoy my several days’ trip here.
总之，英文写作是一个学生英语综合能力的书面体现，它需要一个长期复杂的训练过程。但是如果教师让学生在了解掌握写作技巧和模式的基础上，同时在平时不断从学生的实际水平出发，有目的、有计划、有要求、有检查、有反馈地培养学生的写作能力，由易到难，循序渐进，那么学生到写的时候就能做到厚积薄发、思如泉涌、下笔如有神。