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考研英译汉中有哪些常考短语和句型

时间:2021-06-09 19:06:24 考研资讯 我要投稿

考研英译汉中有哪些常考短语和句型

  考研英语翻译部分,要求考生用精确地道的汉语翻译5个划线句子,介于两种语言的文化和表达差异,大家需要掌握翻译的方法技巧。小编为大家精心准备了考研英译汉中常考短语和句型指导,欢迎大家前来阅读。

考研英译汉中有哪些常考短语和句型

  考研英译汉中常考短语和句型

  一、翻译技巧

  翻译过程中包括两个阶段:正确理解和充分表达。理解是表达的前提,而表达是理解的目的和结果,二者缺一不可,因此,考生在做英译汉部分试题时:

  (1)切记不可急躁,一定要先通读全文,把握全文的主旨、内容,把握划线部分的语境;

  (2)在着重理解划线部分时,首先要在语义上理清全句的整体意思和每个单词的意思;其次要分析清楚句子结构,理出句群,找出各分句之间的关系;

  (3)可考虑先打一份翻译草稿,再根据文章意义和汉语结构进行调整。

  由于英语中一词多义的现象十分普遍,且英汉词典中给出的汉语解释未必全面,未必与英文的意思完全对等,这就给我们带来两方面的问题:

  第一,我们需要根据该多义词在其语言环境中的词类、搭配关系甚至是单复数形式来确定其基本意思;第二,在“忠实”的原则下,如果词典上的释义显得不“通顺”,那么为了“忠实”与“通顺”的统一,我们必须立足于原意,对其加以适当的引申。

  选择词义的时候,要根据词在句中的词类及上下文的搭配关系来确定。

  二、英译汉中常考短语和句型:

  (1)not that…but that…

  (2)can not…too…

  (3)other than

  (4)It is reported / asserted / believed / considered / said /supposed that…

  (5)nothing less than

  (6)anything but

  (7)nothing but

  (8)all but

  (9)but for

  (10)but that+从句

  (11)only to+动词

  (12)not so much…as…

  (13)not so much as

  (14)not nearly/far from

  (15)by no means (同义短语还有:in no way,in no case, in no respects, at no time, on no account, under no circumstance)

  (16)to say nothing of/ still less(常用于否定句后)

  (17)let alone

  (18)no more…than…

  (19)no more than

  (20)more…than…

  (21)more than

  (22)no less…than

  (23)no less than

  (24)apart from

  (25)no choice but

  考研英语作文高分写作的语法结构

  ▶1. 主动句变被动句

  “英文多被动,汉语多主动”,还需要警惕名词与动词之间暗含的“主被动”关系。

  Eg1: It is said that …据说/相传

  Eg2:I suggest that … It is suggested that …

  Eg3:Effective measures should be taken before things get worse.表建议

  Eg4: your prompt attention to my enquiry would be highly appreciated. 表感激

  Eg5:Students should study hard.

  Students are expected / well-advised to study hard.

  ▶2. 简单句变从句

  名词性从句,含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种;定语从句;状语从句

  A. 主语从句:

  Eg1:What worries many parents is that Internet or computer games may impact kids’ study.

  Eg2:It is said that an emperor of ancient China discovered Tea 5,000 years ago. (it为形式主语;that从句为真正主语)

  B.宾语从句:

  Eg1:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow, not by how much they can earn.

  Eg2: I am convinced that it is of great necessity for youngsters to study hard.

  Eg3:明智的人不为别人的想法所影响。The sensible man is not influenced by what other people think.

  C. 表语从句:

  Eg1:That is why China is called the “Kingdom of Bicycles”.

  Eg3:In team games, practice is what improves our sense of cooperation.

  D. 同位语从句

  Eg1:(Martin Luther King) I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." (该句中a dream = that 从句,)

  Eg2:Others hold the different idea that online shopping brings us some problems.

  E. 含同位语句式

  A.人 身份

  Eg. I am convinced that …

  As a college student, I am convinced that …

  I, as a college student, am convinced that …

  B. 物 性质

  Eg. A strong will brings us power …

  As a vital quality, a strong will brings us power…

  A strong will, as a vital quality, brings us power…

  插入语

  Eg1:As I see, the causes of this phenomenon are diverse.

  The causes of this phenomenon, as I see, are diverse.

  Eg2:All of a sudden, the silence of the lake was broken by a scream.

  The silence of the lake, all of a sudden, was broken by a scream.

  Eg3:Even so, others hold a different view.

  Others, even so, hold a different view.

  Eg4:Like anything else, automobiles have more than one side. (汽车跟很多其他事物一样,具有两面性)

  Automobiles, like anything else, have more than one side.

  F. 定语从句:

  步骤:1)先写出正确简单句,确定被修饰成分(中心名词)

  2)在中心名词后加入定从,关系词who, whose, whom, where, which, when

  Eg1:Taobao is a particularly popular website. ? Taobao is a particularly popular website, where/in which customers can purchase various goods.

  Eg2:I will advice my foreign friend to visit Great Wall, where he or she can acquire knowledge of Chinese history.?

  ▶3. it 句式

  A. 形式主语 it is +被动/形容词/名词+that从句/to do …

  Eg1:It is suggested/ well-advised / supposed / proposed that sb. should (not) do …

  Eg2:It is essential / necessary / advisable / convenient/ difficult/ hard/ comfortable for sb. (not) to do

  Eg3:It is essential / necessary that sb. should (not) do …

  Eg4:It is useless/useful doing sth.

  B. 形式宾语

  Eg1:An increasing number of students find it difficult to spell common words correctly.

  Eg2:An increasing number of parents find it hard to have opportunities to chat with kids, who spend too much time on computers.

  Eg3:A host of youngsters find it rather boring and hard to understand literature.

  ▶4. 强调句

  A. 强调谓语:

  Eg1:I love you. /I do love you. / I did love you.

  Eg2:Cell phone/ Internet/ computer brings us convenience.

  Cell phone/ Internet/ computer does bring us convenience.

  B. 强调句式:It is/was +被强调成分+that/who+句子其他成分。

  【步骤】

  a. 先写出正确的简单句、并列句或复合句,明确单句的各个成分。

  b. 在被强调成分(除谓语和补语外)两边添加it is/was 和that/who, 其他成分不变,必要时调整顺序。

  【强调句式特征】去掉it is/was…that/who结构,整个句子无冗余或成分残缺。

  Eg1:My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.

  It is my mother who/that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study.

  It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart.

  Eg2:Parents’ protection does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.

  (强调句式否定形式)It is parents’ protection that does not enable kids to build up adequate ability to face social competition.

  Eg3:The Internet does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.

  It is the Internet that does not enable some youngsters to spend adequate time in chatting with others face to face.

  ▶5. 倒装

  A. 表否定的副词、短语或状语位于主语之前或句首,主句半倒装(一般疑问句语序);如never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, little, on no account, by mo means, in no case,

  Eg1:I will never agree. Never will I agree.

  B. Only +状语位于句首,主句半倒装。

  Eg1:When my beloved is beside myself, I can feel the true happiness.

  Only when my beloved is beside myself, can I feel the true happiness.

  Eg2:When his computer crashes, he will come down-stairs for something to eat.

  Only when his computer crashes, will he come down-stairs for something to eat.

  Eg3:By doing small things, teenagers can accumulate ability and experience for something big.

  Only doing small thing, can teenagers accumulate ability and experience for something big.

  C.As/though倒装形式

  Eg1:Although she is a girl, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.

  Girl as she is, Zeng Yike is called Brother Zeng.

  Eg2:Though it is convenient, online shopping leads to some problems.

  Convenient as/though it is, online shopping leads to some problems.

  Eg3:Although it is simple, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.

  Simple as it is, what the picture conveys is thought-provoking.

  ▶6.双重否定:

  Eg1:no ____ is / are more _____ than ________.

  In contemporary society, no means of communication is more popular and common than cell phones.

  Eg2:A strong will is very important.

  The importance of a strong will cannot be too emphasized.

  Eg3:Education helps people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.

  Without education, it is impossible for people to acquire knowledge, skills and new visions.

  ▶7. Ving/ved 状语

  A. 两个动作同时发生且主语一致,将次要动作写成v-ing或v-ed形式做状语,即动作与逻辑主语之间为主动关系时写成v-ing形式、为被动关系是写成V-ed形式。

  Eg1:I climbed the stairs. I took a suitcase.

  I climbed the stairs, taking a suitcase.

  Climbing the stairs, I took a suitcase.

  Eg2:When they are compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.

  Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in several ways.

  Bicycles, compared with cars, are superior in several ways.

  B.两个动作主语一致,但前后发生,则可将先发生的动作写成Having +ved形式。

  Eg1:He had lived in this city for years. He had no difficulty finding the way home.

  Having lived in this city for years, he had no difficulty finding the way home.

  ▶8. 排比结构

  Eg1:Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. (Bacon)

  Eg2:We shall fight on the hills. We shall fight in the streets. We shall fight blood and sweet and tears. (Churchill)

  Eg3:作为一种重要素质,自信带给我们力量、唤起我们对生活的热爱、帮助我们战胜困难。

  As a vital quality, confidence brings us power, arouses our enthusiasm for life, and helps us to conquer difficulties.

  考研英语中应用文写作,通过模板句型,经典的例句完全可以得到比较理想的分数,因为“言简意赅”就是它的特点。而大作文对于语言表达上的要求要高几个level,只是模式化的文字已经不足以打动考官,需要在原有的结构上进一步创新,让考官看的跌宕起伏,还是昏昏欲睡才是高低分的关键所在。

  考研英语复习的思维

  思维一:完形填空——结合上下文,结合技巧

  完形填空应该是考研比较难的一部分,但是完形填空也不是没有技巧方法可循, 从历年的平均分可看出,每年平均分都在5分左右,低于及格分。又由于完形填空所占分值不高,许多同学都选择避开,复习阅读时顺带复习完形,或者干脆不管考试时“蒙一水”。这种做法有一定道理,毕竟完型较难,分值不多,就算投入大量时间和精力也不一定能保证多几分。

  完形填空做题技巧历来都受同学厚爱,完形填空答题不能死板,不需要每个句型,每个单词的意思都要领悟到,建议考生答题时结合上下文对句子和填空部分进行分析,运用技巧思维进行解答。

  A、完形填空的第一句话作为文章的开篇,告诉我们文章的主题,下面的内容都是围绕它展开,因此第一句都是完整的,我们也要紧抓第一句话,自己所做的选择都应与第一句的'意思相一致。另外注意完形填空选的是最佳答案,而不是正确答案

  B、同义原则:在四个选项中,当两个或三个实词互为同义词时,答案往往在其中。当两个或三个虚词互为同义词时,往往都不选。当四个选项都有一个共同意思时,该意思往往不能入选。更多的技巧和原则可参见李老师授课内容。

  C、学会利用红花绿叶原则做题。完形词汇分为红花词和绿叶词。红花词就是每次出现在真题里都会选;绿叶词就是屡次出现屡次不选。比如说however、although、yet、because等属于红花词。Since、nowthat、what、if only、in case等都属于绿叶词。根据往年经验,利用红花绿叶原则做题能做对2-5题,但同时也有失手可能,失手也是有原因的,因为和后面提到的原则矛盾了。

  特别注意完形填空答案的规律

  根据我们对历年完形填空真题答案的整理和总结,得到答案分布是有规律可循的:A、四个选项都是4-6个之间,四个答案是均匀分布的。B、一般而言,A答案较多(至少五个)C、没有连续三个答案都是一样的情况。D、在五个一组的答案里,至少要出现三个字母。

  思维二: 阅读理解——得方法者得天下

  阅读理解是考研的重头戏,所占分值最大,并且在考研英语复习中,阅读理解获得高分就会有更大的可能性,重要的是讲究做题方法,得方法者得天下。

  (1)、扫描题干、划出关键词。拿到阅读的第一步是先看题干,这样可以建立目标感,对文章主要内容和脉络有个大致了解。

  (2)、通读全文、抓住中心。通读时要把握两个重点,一是文章首段;二是其余各段的转折和首尾句。另外通读时要思考三个问题:文章叙述的主要内容、文章有无提到核心概念、作者大致态度。

  (3)、仔细审题,返回原文:关键词定位法,由题干出发,寻找关键信息。

  (4)、重叠选项,得出答案:遇到难的文章可采用看一题读一段的解题方式。

  思维三:英语写作——四步训练

  首先要规划写作的进程,这一项要在平时训练里完成。建议考生在动笔之前花5分钟左右的时间构思并写出提纲;然后用大约30分钟的时间把短文写好;如果你习惯于打草稿的话,可以用20分钟的时间写草稿,然后再用10分钟左右的时间把草稿抄写在试卷上,最后我们还要留出大约5分钟的时间来检查。这一项需要考生在平时考研英语复习训练中就严格要求自己,并养成习惯。

  第二步就是审题。审题过程中考生要完成两个任务:一是分清题型,二是揣摩题意。审题时,考生首先应该分析题目是议论文、说明文、记叙文还是书信通知类的文体,因为不同的题型需要采用不同的写作方法和不同的语言风格。定下文章的文体之后,接下来考生要根据题中给出的词语、图画等信息,确定文章的主题,限定写作的范围。

  第三步构思文章的写作内容。写英语作文的时候,可能很多考研学生会遇到这样的问题:确定了文章的主题和写作范围,但文章的内容却无从下手。不过我感觉有两个方法还挺有用处的。一是联想法,根据题目提供的信息,尽可能快速尽可能多地联想到和信息有关的材料,并把所有的材料一一记录下来,这些材料可以是一个单词,一个句子,一段话,也可以是一个事件,一个故事。二是提问法,考生可以从这六方面│who│what│ where│when│why│how│展开提问,并做相应回答,同时考生也可以围绕这些问题搜集相关材料,拓展写作的思路。当材料收集完成后,考生就要对所有材料进行分析筛选,选出适合的材料作为写作的重点。

  第四步拟写大纲。当写作的主题、范围、材料都收集完成后,接下来考生要写个作文提纲,好的提纲是写作过程中好的助手。它可以帮我们确定作文的主题和结构、有序地组织自己的观点、合理地安排材料。写大纲的时候,我们可以使用完整的句子,也可以使用单词或短语。使用完整的句子写大纲比较详细,而且有些主题句在最后写成文的时候直接可以使用。而如果使用单词或短语来写大纲的话则会更快、更简洁。至于选择哪种方法,考生要根据自身情况决定。

  思维四:考研真题——正确对待历年英语真题

  暑假同学们需要熟悉一下真题的风格和难度。这有利于寻找与真题接近的模拟题。做模拟题的时间最好是按照考试正常时间进行,严格要求。因为接近于真题的模拟题都属于市面上模拟题中的精品,因此要好好珍惜,首先,同学们要对近10年的真题进行分析和把握,可先在规定时间内做历年真题,然后认真分析出错的题目,仔细找出原因,如:单词不认识、句子读不懂、语法结构不熟悉等等。同学们可以将陌生的单词和句式摘抄下来,以便随时记忆。其次,同学们要有意识地扩大阅读量。建议同学们每周看一至两份《中国日报》或《英语学习》等英语刊物,以积累阅读量。同学们最好能在假期内读四五份报纸,四五本杂志。下面是做真题的步骤。

  1.先不用词典,按考试时的方式在规定的时间内(都说考研的文章15分钟一篇就行)读完,不认识的单词就猜(刚开始的时候估计会比较痛苦,越到后面就越轻松,推荐从97年的开始,我记得那年的题些文章短、生词也相对少),把答案记下来,这时千万别对答案。

  2.重新再读一遍,可以用词典,不认识的词就查出来记在别处(一定不要图方便记在单词旁边,真题是要反复看的东西,记在旁边,下次再检验的时候,就要受影响。对了,答案也最好不要写在题旁边),这次阅读时不要看对难句的分析,做完后记下答案,这时也最好别对答案。

  3.把记下的不认识单词进行记忆(就算是词汇学习了,真题的阅读已经基本涵盖了考研的重点词汇),这样至少在短期内,这篇文章对你没有生词。这样再进行最后的精读,参阅注解对难句进行分析,时间可以用得长些,确保对文章的每个部分都充分理解,这时再做一遍题,记下答案。


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