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考研英语同位语从句和定语从句有哪些区别

时间:2021-12-05 17:51:02 报考指导 我要投稿

考研英语同位语从句和定语从句有哪些区别

  我们在准备考研英语的复习时,需要把同位语从句和定语从句了解清楚,才能进行区分。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语同位语从句和定语从句指导,欢迎大家前来阅读。

考研英语同位语从句和定语从句有哪些区别

  考研英语同位语从句和定语从句的三大区别

  两种从句的区别主要在以下三方面:

  ▶从词类上区别

  同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如: The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。(同位语从句)

  Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)

  ▶从性质上区别

  定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如: The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)

  The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)

  ▶从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别

  有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:

  That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)

  引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般做主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:

  The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)

  The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)

  【真题例句】The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

  【解析】句子可拆分为:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.

  主句为:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主语的结构为: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短语修饰the issue, of 短语较长一般译在后面;that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位语从句,(即evidence的具体内容)。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位语从句,说明suggestions的具体内容。)第一个同位语从句可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。第二个同位语可以放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。

  【参考译文】越来越多的证据表明,这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态水,而且人们对从火星落到地球上的细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论,使火星上是否存在过生命和是否至今仍有生命的问题成为了引人注目的重点。

  考研英语长难句四种结构方式剖析

  一、复合从句

  在考研中,复合从句中的从句最常见的`是定语从句。复合从句可分为简单复合从句和复杂复合从句。本文将分词作状语和定语也归入从句范畴,当作一种更为灵活的从句形式。这种语法处理,并不是从语言学研究角度进行的,而是从教学角度出发做出的从简处理。

  (一)简单复合从句

  简单复合从句可以分为套用从句和并列从句两种。套用从句,其实是最简单的长难句。这类句子就像一根锁链,只要抓住句子的各个连接点,理出句子层次,就完全可以把握住。

  在翻译定语从句时,“这(些/个)”常用来作为拆分句子的必用手段。阅读时,定语从句一般可以跳过,实在不放心可以略读。一般情况下,考研基本上不会在这种从句中有出题点。

  并列从句大致有四种情况:并列从句修饰主语、谓语和宾语。也就是说并列从句一般作定语或状语。其实,并列从句和并列短语在语法功能上完全相同,只不过并列从句一般较长,会使考生在阅读中渐忘句子结构。

  并列从句修饰主语,就是说并列从句作状语。这种句子很简单。翻译时,可以直译,把从句作定语,直接放在主语前面。如果从句很长,可以使用复指代词。另外,翻译从句先行词时,要注意词性的转换,比如hope/suggest之类的词有名动两种译法。考生要切忌拘于词性。

  并列从句修饰谓语就是说这些从句作状语。一般情况下,这些从句都不完整,多为现在分词短语和过去分词短语。事实上,现在分词短语和过去分词短语作状语或者定语,都可以看作是从句的一种更加灵活的表达方式。

  并列从句修饰宾语。宾语有两种,一种是单纯宾语,另一种是介宾结构中的准宾语。单纯宾语指在句中作宾语成分;准宾语指在介词后面的宾语。

  并列从句修饰单纯宾语的句子结构很清晰,阅读难度不大,但翻译有些难度。并列从句修饰准宾语的就比较难了。因为后面有很长的介词短语会使考生在阅读中忘记句子前面的意思。

  (二)复杂复合从句

  复杂复合从句,就是说这些句子不是单纯的复合从句。复杂复合从句主要是因为句子中出现省略,插入和倒装等形式,从而加大了句子的难度。这也是考研英语为了加大难度常用的方式。在复杂复合从句中出现的省略一般主要是语法省略,语用省略一般很少。出现插入语,其实是指这些词或短语的插入,使句子语法成分的联系打断,句子的整体性受到冲击,从而影响了句子的理解。复杂复合从句中出现的插入语一般都是分词形式或者介宾结构。翻译时,一般多可以翻为状语,有时也可以翻为定语。出现倒装时,越短的句子越难。因为可以参考的信息很少。这种句子可以先把从句和先行词用一个代词替换,然后进行语序恢复。

  背诵例句:

  1、Many experts suggest that the child raisedin an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity forappropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

  译文:许多专家认为:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里长大,而这些刺激物能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有得到更好的智力发展。

  2、How well the prediction will be validatedby later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriatenessof the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.

  译文:这些预测在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及解释这些信息的技能。

  3、Immediately the army opened fire, killingfour men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.

  译文:部队突然开了火,打死四人,还有一人受伤。后来此人也因伤势过重死去。

  4、The king, whose power is unlimited, andwhose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, bythe construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessnessof a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.

  译文:那个权力无上、财富无竭的国王,只有通过修筑长城来减轻自己对权力的厌倦和对欢乐的麻木。

  5、Our hope for creative living in this worldhouse that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral endsof our lives.

  译文:我们希望富有创造性地生活在我们继承的这个世界中,这种希望存在于我们重新建立道德标准的能力之中。

  6、To us, a winner is one who respondsauthentically by being trustworthy, responsive,andgenuine,both as an individual and as a member of a society.

  译文:在我们看来,成功者不管作为个人还是社会的一份子,他的真实表现都是可靠、灵敏、和真诚。

  二、成分省略

  语言有个节省性原则。成分省略,主要是为了避免重复。一般的成分省略多为主语省略和谓语省略。这种省略属于语法省略。但考研中一般是语用省略,也就是说是为了某中具体的表达目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和从句相结合,一正一反,使句子变得富有变化和难于把握。但省略句也有一些出现频率很高,因此需要熟记。

  背诵例句:

  1、It is quite unevering not to beable to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learntto talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.

  译文:即使我们适应了打电话这种看不见对方的交谈方式,这种看不见也触摸不到对方的对话还是让人感到很不自在。

  2、To American, being on ones’sown means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capableand willing to make choices.

  译文:对美国人来说,个人的自立就是指这个人在集体中完全独立并且又能发挥作用。他有能力而且也愿意在做出自己的选择。

  3、In their hearts, women think itis men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during theirhunsband‘s live, but, at any rate, after his death.

  译文:女人们从心底认为:挣钱是男人的事情,女人只管话花钱——可能的话丈夫在世时就花;不行的话,那就在丈夫去世后再花。

  4、I can’t accept this fact because I knowthat if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeoncould have either.

  译文:我可以接受这个事实,因为我明白如果我都不能避免出错,那么其他的外科大夫出错也就难免了。

  5、 With strong will, men canmove mountain and fill seas.—and have.

  译文:凭借坚强的意志,人类能够移山填海。而事实上人类已经做到。

  6、The war finally came to an end ,but notbefore hundreds of thousands of people had died.

  译文:战争终于结束,但却是在千万人在战争中丧生之后才结束。

  三、使用插入语

  插入语,是因为分裂了句子的结构而得名的,所以,这个术语主要是从语法功能角度出发提出的,对语法形式没有多大考虑。插入语一般是主谓结构或者介宾结构。使用插入语主要是为了调整语气和增加补充信息,并且更主要目的是为了平衡句子结构,避免头重脚轻。插入语是主谓结构,一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”这种格式,阅读问题不大,翻译时要提到句首。插入语是介宾结构也是如此处理。定语从句和分词做定语时,如果是插在主谓结构之间也可以看作是插入语。考研翻译中出现最多的插入语是用破折号插入的新话题或者补充信息。这种插入标志很明显,只是翻译处理会有些棘手。另外,因为一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置,也可看作是插入现象。只不过这种插入只是句子原有成分间的位子变化,没有新增成分。

  背诵例句:

  1、Science moves forward , they say ,not somuch through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinarythings like improved techniques and tools.

  译文:他们说,科学的进步与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说源于诸如改进的技术 和工具等更为普通的东西。

  2、Those,unaware of what is happening insociety today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers studydeath, happiness and so on.

  译文:那些人不了解当今社会发生的事情,所以发现现在的哲学家很少研究死亡和幸福之类的东西时会感到奇怪。

  3、Most experts see in this aparadox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire toremain apart.

  译文:大多数专家都从中看到一种矛盾,即从众的欲望和试图与众不同的欲望之间的绵延不断的冲突。

  4、Even being good at getting other people tofight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all,is what conquerors and generals have done ——is not being civilized.

  译文:即使善于驱使别人去为自己打仗,并且告诉他们怎样打才最有效——这毕竟是征服者和将军们干过的事——也不能称其为文明行为。

  5、Demonstrations are being staged in thetown. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.

  译文:这个城市不断发生示威**,而且这种反对在河边建造核废料储存厂的呼声日高涨。

  四、改变语序

  改变语序,一般指倒装。倒装分为语法倒装和修辞倒装。考研难点一般在修辞倒装。修辞倒装主要是为了强调,一种是强调句子的表达重心,一种是强调一种表达语气,比如命令语气,假设语气(虚拟语气的倒装属于此类)疑问语气和否定语气。这些倒装常和一些连词或者副词(如nor/so/only/never/until等)密切相关。下文所举例子基本是从这个角度出发选择出来的。

  背诵例句:

  1、So involved with the book do the boybecome that his mother often have to force him to break.

  译文:那男孩对这本书如此着迷,以至于他的母亲不得不总强迫他停下。

  2、Only after studies provided evidence ofthe harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TVprogramming policies.

  译文:除非研究提供证据表明这个节目有不良影响,否则电视节目的播放政策不会改变。

  3、Lonely was seeing his son only once amonth since the divorce.

  译文:离婚后,他每月只能看儿子一次。这使他感到孤独。

  4、Scientists do not know exactly how thevirus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the naturalantibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.

  译文:科学家们迄今未能确定这种病毒破坏免疫系统的机理,他们也不明白旨在破坏这种病毒的天然抗体为什么无效。

  5、And never before has it been so undeniablethat mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vitalglobal necessity.

  译文:过去人们从来没有这么坚信各国互利的国际合作机构是全球不可或缺的要素。

  6、The material destruction of the war wasnot so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a goodpeace been made without delay.

  译文:假若当时立即恢复了和平,战争在物质方面的破坏无论怎样大,到一也能够得到修复了。

  7、He wrote a novel, and no sooner did hehave the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoorsand read it aloud to them.

  译文:他写小说时刚刚构思出剧情轮廓就赶紧邀请一群朋友到野外,然后把剧情梗概大声地念给他们听。

  考研英语语法讲解:就近一致关系

  1.当主语由either...... or. neither...... nor , not only ...... but(also) 或or连接时,谓语动词通常和最临近的那个主语一致。

  例如:Either you or he is to do the work. 不是你就是他来做这件事。

  Not only you but also Tom often comes late to class. 不光是你,汤姆上课也迟到。

  Neither the children nor the teacher knows anything about it.

  孩子们和老师都不知道这件事。

  2.当there be结构后面有并列主语时,谓语也和最临近的那个一致。

  如:There is a dictionary and many books on the table.

  桌子上有一本词典和许多本书。

  There' re ten chairs and a table in the house.

  屋子里有十把椅子和一张桌子。

  Here is a pen, a few envelopes and same paper far you.

  这儿有一支笔,几个信封和一些纸给你。

  这种就近一致的情况在非正式文体中越来越普遍。但在下列情况不提倡模访。

  如:Where is your mother and sisters?

  你妈妈和你姐妹到哪儿去了?

  Is your sister and her husband coming to see you?

  你姐姐和姐夫要来看你吗?

  One in ten are expected to take part in the contest.

  预计每十个人就有一个要来参加这次比赛。

  3.做主语的名词或代词后接with,together with,along with,as well as等短语时,谓语动词一般和前面名词或代词一致。这些短语前后可用可不用逗号。

  如:A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital

  一个妇女抱着个婴儿正向医院走来。

  The girl, as well as the bays , has learned to drive a car.

  这个姑娘和那些那孩子一样也学会了开汽车。

  (四)代词一致

  代词一致是指句子中代词应在数、性、人称等方面彼此保持一致,

  如:One must do one' s best to increase production.

  Everybody talked at the tap of his/their voice.

  If anyone calls, tell him I' 11 be back in a moment. (him也可用him or her代替)

  在写作中,如果表示不定的人,可以用you, we, one等,需要注意的是:同一篇文章中,只用同一个不定代词,而且所有格要与其一致。


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