职称英语卫生C概括大意历年考题解析
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Ebola Outbreak
1 You are likely aware that several countries in West Africa are batting an Ebola Outbreak.
Ebola is a dangerous and often lethal viral infection. Scientists believe that humans contacted the virus by eating the meat of rare animals. It is now believed that bats are the primary carriers of the virus.
2 To date, there are only three major countries in West Africa experiencing a major outbreak:
Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. However, other countries such as Nigeria have reported confirmed cases of Ebola within their borders.
3 Unless you recently visited one of the three affected West countries, your risk of contacting the virus is virtually zero. Unlike other recent airborne virus outbreaks like SARS, the Ebola virus can only be spread through direct contact with an infected person. Spbcifically, Ebola is spread through contact with body fluids. Though, the virus is transmittable, only an infected person exhibiting symptoms is communicable.
4 The signs and symptoms of Ebola are non-specific and patients typically exhibit them after a week of contacting the virus. Symptoms may appear as early as two days or as late as three weeks after initial infection. Symptoms include disgust, weakness and stomach pain. More uncommon symptoms include chest pain, bleeding and sore throat.
5 Ebola is devastating because of its ability to attack and replicate in every organ of the body.This causes an over-stimulation of the body's inflammatory response, causing the flu-like symptoms. The virus also causes bleeding and impairs the body's normal clotting mechanism(凝血机制), making bleeding even more severe. Loss of blood volume and decreased organ perfusion (器官灌注), ultimately lead to organ failure and death.
6 The current outbreak is the deadliest viral outbreak in over 35 years. While diseases such as the malaria (疟疾) are far more communicable, Ebola is one of the world's most fatal viral infections. Ebola's fatality rate exceeds that of SARS.
23. Paragraph 2 __________
24. Paragraph 3 __________
25. Paragraph 4 __________
26. Paragraph 5 __________
A. Am I at risk of contacting the virus?
B. Is the current outbreak the deadlines?
C. How do I know ifI have contacted the virus?
D. What areas are currently affected?
E. What exactly does Ebola do to the body?
F. What caused the Ebola outbreak?
27. The initial Ebola outbreak was found in
28. The difference between SARS and Ebola viruses lies in__________.
29. The symptoms of the patients after being infected may first appear __________.
30. The Ebola virus transmits by contact with __________.
A. infected body fluids
B. against the outbreak severity
C. the mode of transmission
D. the initial days of being infected
E. three countries in West Africa
F. within a wide range of days
Eye Problems
1 Our eyes are under a great deal of strain these days as computer work, television viewing, night driving, and even sunshine are making exceptional demands. Sunlight, especially in the summer,is now regarded as one cause of cataracts ( 白内障).
2 The thinning of the ozone (臭氧) layer means more short-wave ultraviolet (UV) rays (紫外线)are reaching the earth, and these are the biggest risk factor for clouding the lens of the eye.
Ultraviolet rays increase the risk of changes to the cornea (角膜) causing clouded vision andeventually cataracts. The rays can be shielded only by anti-UV lenses. However, our eyes are not sufficiently protected by fashion sunglasses.
3 “Poor night vision and eye fatigue are noticeably more common, and there has been a big increase in minor eye complaints in the over-40s," says Dr. M/re/lle Bonnet, who took part in recent research. She says that the six muscles controlling each eye move more than100,000 times a day and that everyone should learn to exercise their eye muscles and allow them to rest.
4 It was traditionally thought that near-or far-sightedness were inherited from our parents and could not be influenced by environmental factors, but new research is challenging this assumption.
5 Recent studies suggest that up to 80 percent of schoolchildren in the United States and western Europe are nearsighted. Years of focusing on close, two-dimensional work causes most children to become at least slightly nearsighted by the age of 10, say the researchers.
6 Problems with night vision, which affect around 25 percent of people, are also on the increase because of computer use. Using computer screens means the eye must operate in electromagnetic fields (电磁场) that make it work harder. It is estimated that 25 to 30 percent of people have eye conditions, such as difficulty with night vision, which results from staring at a screen.
23. Paragraph 2 __________
24. Paragraph 3 __________
25. Paragraph 5 __________
26. Paragraph 6 __________
A. The development of poor night vision
B. The greatest threat to the eyes
C. The function of sunglasses
D. The reason for children's nearsightedness
E. The effects of computer on the eyes
F. The ways to reduce eve comolaints
27. Sunlight in the summer is believed to be one cause of__________.
28. We can wear anti-UV glasses to protect ___________.
29. We used to believe that near-or far-sightedness were inherited from __________.
30. Over 25% of people are estimated to have difficulty with night vision due to __________.
A. our parents
B. clouded vision
C. eye muscles
D. our eyes
E. computer use
F. eye move
Traffic Jams--No End in Sight
1 Traffic congestion (拥堵) affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U. S., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available,most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.
2 The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centres thanks to congestion pricing.
3 Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staffto telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars offthe road altogether.
4 Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded "city streets. But such techniques do not really keep cars offthe road; they only accommodate more of them.
Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the$50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.
23. Paragraph 1 __________
24. Paragraph 2__________
25. Paragraph 3 ___________
26. Paragraph 4 __________
A. Paying to get in
B. Changing work practice
C. Not doing enough
D. A solution which is no solution
E. Closing city centres to traffic
F. A global problem
27. Most American drivers think it convenient to __________.
28. If charged high enough, some drivers may __________to enter certain parts of town.
29. Building more roads is not an effective way to __________.
30. The U. S. government has planned to __________updating public-transport systems.
A. reduce traffic jams
B. drive around
C. go by bus
D. spend more money
E. travel regularly
F. encourage more private cars
答案与解析
2015年真题
23.D。从第二段的首尾句来看，第一句讲的是三个主要发生埃博拉疫情的国家，尾句说的是其他发生埃博拉病例的国家，故D(哪些地区目前受到疫情影响)是正确答案。
【备考助手】段落大意一般是段落的首旬和尾句，很少的时候是在中间的句子，特别是中间的句子带有“yet，but，however”等转折关系的时候。如果段落之中没有明显的主题句，则需要根据大意或者高频词汇进行判断。
24.A。第三段首句是主题句，“如果你没有去过三个疫情感染的国家，那么你感染埃博拉病毒的风险为零”，即讨论的是埃博拉病毒的感染，故A(我有没有感染埃博拉病毒的风险?)是正确答案。
25.C。第四段的主题句是首句，埃博拉病毒的症状不是很具体，病人一般在病毒感染一周之后才会出现典型的症状，所以该段主要谈论埃博拉病毒的症状。因而D(我如何知道自己是否感染了埃博拉病毒?)是正确答案。
26.E。第五段的主题句是首句，埃博拉病毒具有破坏性是因为它会在人体的`任何器官内进行攻击和复制，故E(埃博拉病毒对身体到底有何影响?)是正确答案。
27.E。题干：最早埃博拉病毒爆发是在__________发现的。利用出题顺序与段落顺序一致的原则，利用题干关键词the initial Ebola outbreak可以定位到第二段的首句，“即到目前为止，只有西非的三个国家正在经历埃博拉病毒的大爆发”，所以答案为E(西非的三个国家)
28.C。题干：SARS和埃博拉病毒的不同之处在于__________。利用题干关键词difference，SARS和Ebola可以定位到第三段第二句，可知与其他在空气中传播的病毒如SARS不同，埃博拉病毒只能通过直接与感染人群接触而传播，故选C(传播方式)。
29.F。题干：病人感染埃博拉病毒的症状最初出现 __________ 。利用题干关键词symptoms和firstappear可以定位到第四段的前两句，可知埃博拉病毒的症状不具体，通常在感染一周之后才有明显症状，症状最早出现时感染两天后，最晚是感染三周之后，所答案为E(在好多天的范围之内)。
30.A。题干：埃博拉病毒通过与__________的接触进行传播。利用题干关键词Ebola virus，transmits和contact可以定位到第三段的第二句和第三句，可知与其他在空气中传播的病毒如SARS不同，埃博拉病毒只能通过直接与感染人群接触而传播，具体来说，埃博拉通过与体液的接触进行传播。因此该题答案选A(受感染的体液)。
2014年真题
23.B。第二段的主题句为第一句，即臭氧层的稀薄意味着更多的紫外线到达地球，而这些紫外线是视线模糊的最大危险因素，所以选项B(眼镜的最大威胁)为正确答案。
24.F。第三段没有明显主题句，该段主要讲40岁以上的人群中很多都有小的眼睛问题，往往是因为用眼过度造成的，因而要学会锻炼眼部肌肉并使其得到休息，所以选项F(减少眼病的方法)为正确答案。
25.D。第五段没有明显的主题句，该段讲到美国和欧洲有80%的孩子都患有近视眼，而长期盯着平面的东西是主要原因，所以选项D(孩子患近视眼的原因)为正确答案。
26.E。第六段的主题句为第一句，即“在地表之下有很大的天然气储存”，所以选项E(电脑对眼镜的影响)为正确答案。
27.B。题干：夏天的阳光被认为是__________的原因。利用题干关键词sunlight in summer可以定位到第一段“Sunlight，especially in the summer,is now regarded as one cause of cataracts”。由此可知，夏天的阳光容易引起白内障，再定位cataracts可以定位到第二段“…the comea causing clouded vision and eventually cataracts”，由此可知选项B(模糊的视觉)为正确答案。
28.D。题干：我们可以戴防紫外线的太阳镜来保护__________。利用题干关键词anti.uV可以定位到第二段“The rays can be shielded only by anti-UV lenses.However,OUr eyes are not sufficiently protected by fashion sunglasses”，意为“紫外线可以通过防紫外线的眼镜得到防御。但是，我们的眼睛并未从那些时尚的太阳镜得到充分的保护”，所以选项D(我们的眼睛)为正确答案。
29.A。题干：我们过去常常认为近视眼或远视眼是遗传于__________。利用题干关键词near-or far-eyesight和inherit可以定位第四段“It was traditionally thought that near-or far-sightedness were inherited from our parents”，意为“传统上认为近视或者远视是从父母那里遗传来的”，所有选项A(我们的父母)为正确答案。
30.E。题干：超过25%的人有夜晚视觉的问题，因为__________。利用题干关键词23%可以定位到最后一段“Problems with night vision，which affect around 25 percent of people,are also on the increase because of computer use”，意为“夜晚视觉的问题，
影响了约25%的人群，因为电脑的使用数量还在增加”，所以选项E(电脑的使用)为正确答案。
2013年真题
23.F。第一段首句是主题句，交通拥挤影响到了全世界的人，故F(全球问题)是正确答案。
24。A。第二段首旬是主题句，最有希望减少城市拥挤的技术被称为拥堵收费，即车辆在一天的特定时段进入城里的特定区域是要收费的。故A(付费进入)是正确答案。
25.B。第三段首句是主题旬，另一种缓解交通高峰期的方法是雇主实行弹性工作时间，这可以让员工在非高峰期往返工作，以避开上下班的高峰，因而B(改变上下班惯例)是正确答案。
26.D。第四段没有主题句，通过本段可知很多人认为缓解交通压力最好的办法是多修路，但作者认为这种办法并不能真正解决问题。故D(一个不能解决问题的解决方案)是正确答案。
27.B。题干：大部分美国人认为__________很方便。利用关键词convenient可以定位，根据第一段最后一句“most people still choose their CarS because they are looking for convenience，comfort and privacy”可知，很多人选择开车是为了舒适、方便和隐私。因而答案为B。
28.C。题干：如果收费足够高，许多司机可能__________进入城镇的特定区域。利用题干关键词charge可以定位，根据第二段“In theory，ifthe toll is high enough，some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train.”可知，“理论上，如果收费足够高，有些司机将会取消他们的行程或者乘坐公交或火车”，所以C(坐公交)为正确答案。
29.A。题干：建设更多的路不是__________的有效方法。利用题干关键词building roads等可以定位，根据第四段可知，有些城市规划者认为缓解交通拥挤的最好办法是建更多的路，但是并不能真的让车远离道路，而只会容纳更多的车。因而修路并不是缓解拥堵的好办法，所以A(缓解交通拥挤)为正确答案。
30.D。题干：美国政府计划通过__________来升级公共交通系统。利用题干关键词government和public.transport system等可以定位，根据第五段倒数第二句可知，美国政府决定花费70亿美元来提高公共交通系统的通行量，并使用更有效的技术对其进行升级，所以D(花费更多钱)为正确答案。
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