2017年托福考试真题练习
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Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding,courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. As a result,practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" isadapted to enhance their ability to swim.
Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestinglyenough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve theaerodynamics of high-speed aircraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunasand their relatives evolved their "high-tech" designs long ago.
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies aresleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineeringpoint of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery.The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick,transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that alsohelp cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so thatthey lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract theirlanding gear while in flight for the same reason.
Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these toimprove their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helpsthem slip through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.
Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. Although most of theirscales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the headcalled the corselet. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the bodysurface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure). Again, supersonic jets havesimilar features.
Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forcedin and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use tosuck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must alsokeep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swimbladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining ofthese fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna have specialized grooves intheir tongue. It is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth andout the gill slits, thereby reducing water resistance.
There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reducedrag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails with swept-backtips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. Perhapsmost important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use ofswirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slowthem down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and engineers arebeginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsionsystems for ships.
The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature arealso highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature ofover 25°C (77"F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better,but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolvedspecial "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peakperformance of these critical organs.
Paragraph 1: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swimcontinuously. Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while inconstant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of theseswimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.
1. The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Use
○Improve
○Counteract
○Balance
Paragraph 3: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Theirbodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from anengineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smoothand slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also coveredwith a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow,qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves ordepressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.
2. The word they in the passage refers to
○Qualities
○Fins
○Grooves
○Depressions
3. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?
○To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from each other
○To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are
○To provide evidence that airplane engine have studied the design of fish bodies
○To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes
Paragraph 4: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations thanthese to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfishprobably helps them slip through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle atthe nose.
4. The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Complex
○Amazing
○Creative
○Practical
5. According to paragraph4, the long bills of marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably help thesefishes by
○Increasing their ability to defend themselves
○Allowing them to change direction easily
○Increasing their ability to detect odors
○Reducing water resistance as they swim
Paragraph 6: Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths andwater is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles thatother fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim tobreathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely orcompletely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
6. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are inconstant motion?
○They lack a swim bladder.
○They need to suck in more water than other fishes do.
○They have large muscles for breathing.
○They cannot open their mouths unless they are in motion.
Paragraph 7: One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from thestreamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Some species of tuna havespecialized grooves in their tongue. It is thought that these grooves help to channel waterthrough the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing water resistance.
7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage?
Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation,
○These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming.
○The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.
○The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.
○Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes.
8. The word channel in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Reduce
○Remove
○Direct
○Provide
Paragraph 8: There are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as thosethat reduce drag. Again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. Their high, narrow tails withswept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possibleeffort. Perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to senseand make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddiesthat would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientistsand engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing moreefficient propulsion systems for ships.
9. According to the passage, one of the adaptations of fast-swimming fishes that might beused to improve the performance of ships is these fishes' ability to
○Swim directly through eddies
○Make efficient use of water currents
○Cover great distances without stopping
○Gain speed by forcing water past their gills
Paragraph 9: The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm bodytemperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain acore temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only themuscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one stepfurther. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes andbrain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. According to paragraph 9, which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
○Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
○Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
○They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
○They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
Again, supersonic jets have similar features.
Paragraph 6: ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths andwater is forced in and over their gills. ■Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles thatother fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. ■In fact, tunas must swim tobreathe. ■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely orcompletely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.
11. Look at the four squares [■l that indicate where the following sentence can be added tothe passage.
Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water.
Where would the sentence best fit?
12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which features of fishes are associated inthe passage with reducing water resistance and which are associated with increasing thrust.This question is worth 3 points.
REDUCING WATER RESISTANCE INCREASING THRUST
●
●
● ●
●
Features of Fishes
1. The absence of scales from most of the body
2. The ability to take advantage of eddies
3. The ability to feed and reproduce while swimming
4. Eyes that do not protrude
5. Fins that are stiff, narrow, and smooth
6. The habit of swimming with the mouth open
7. A high, narrow tail with swept-back tips
参考答案
1. ○ 2
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is enhance. It is highlighted in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 2, "improve." To enhance something means to "make itbetter." If something has been "improved," it has been made better.
2. ○2
This is a Reference question. The word being tested is they. It is highlighted in the passage.Choice 2, "fins," is the correct answer. This is a simple pronoun-referent item. The word theyrefers to something that lies flush with the body when not in use. This is true only of "fins."
3. ○ 4
This is a Rhetorical Purpose question. It asks why the author mentions that "Airplanes retracttheir landing gear while in flight." The phrase being tested is highlighted in the passage. Thecorrect answer is choice 4, "To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes andairplanes." The paragraph in which the highlighted phrase appears describes how certain fishuse their fins. The highlighted phrase is used to provide a more familiar example (airplanes) ofthe principle involved to help the reader visualize how fins work. The paragraph does notdiscuss airplanes in any other context, so choices 2 and 3 are incorrect. Air and waterresistance are not mentioned in this paragraph, so choice 1 is incorrect.
4. ○ 1
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is sophisticated. It is high lighted in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 1, "complex." If something is sophisticated, it is "notsimple," so it must be "complex."
5. ○ 4
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 4. The correct answer is choice 4, "reducing water resistance as they swim." Theoverall theme of the passage is how certain fish swim so efficiently. Paragraphs 1 and 2make the general statement that "practically every aspect of the body form and function ofthese swimming 'machines' is adapted to enhance their ability to swim. Many of theadaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag)." Paragraph 4 explicitlystates (emphasis added) that "Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticatedadaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, andswordfish probably helps them slip through the water." This is a specific example of oneadaptation that these fish have made to increase their swimming efficiency. None of the otherchoices is mentioned in the paragraph.
6. ○ 1
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 1, "They lack a swim bladder." Paragraph 6 explicitlystates ". . . tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking,since most hale largely or completely lost the swim bladder . . ." The other choices are notsupported by the passage.
7. ○ 4
This is a Sentence Simplification question. As with all of these items, a single sentence in thepassage is highlighted:
One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the
streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.
The correct answer is choice 4. That choice contains all of the essential ideas in the highlightedsentence. It is also the only choice that does not change the meaning of the sentence. It omitsthe fact that this is "a problem” and also "that it detracts from streamlining" because thatinformation is not essential to the meaning.
Choice 1 says that these fish have trouble opening their mouths while swimming, which is nottrue. Choice 2, that streamlining prevents fish from slowing down, may be true, but it is notmentioned in this sentence. The fish are slowed down when they open their mouths, whichreduces streamlining. Choice 3, that streamlining slows the fishes' breathing, is also notmentioned.
8. ○ 3
This is a Vocabulary question. The word being tested is channel. It is highlighted in thepassage. The correct answer is choice 3, "direct." Channel here is used as a verb, meaning to"move" or "push."
9. ○ 2
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can
be found in the passage. The correct answer is choice 2, "make efficient use of
water currents." Paragraph 8 explicitly states: "Perhaps most important of all to
these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and
eddies (circular currents) in the water. They can glide past eddies that would slow
them down and then gain extra thrust by "pushing off" the eddies. Scientists and
engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing
more efficient propulsion systems for ships." The other choices are not mentioned
in connection with the performance of ships.
10. ○ 3
This is a Factual Information question asking for specific information that can be found inparagraph 9. The correct answer is choice 3, "They can swim in waters that are much colderthan their own bodies." That paragraph says, "A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) canmaintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77"F)." So it is clear that choice C is correct.Choice 1 is not stated in the paragraph. Choice 2 is contradicted by the paragraph. Choice 4 istrue of billfish, not bluefin tuna.
11. ○2
This is an Insert Text question. You can see the four black squares in paragraph 6 thatrepresent the possible answer choices here. The last sentence of paragraph 5 is alsoreproduced below.
Again, supersonic jets have similar features. ■Because they are always swimming, tunas simplyhave to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. ■ Accordingly, they havelost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. Infact, tunas must swim to breathe.■They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, sincemost have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most otherfish remain buoyant.
The sentence provided, "Consequently, tunas do not need to suck in water," is best inserted atsquare 2. The sentence provides an explanation for the muscle loss described in the sentencethat follows square 2 and is a result of the fact described in the preceding sentence, which saysthat because the fish are always swimming, they only have to open their mouths to suck inwater. Thus if the provided sentence is inserted at square 2, it provides a logical bridgebetween cause and effect. The sentence makes no logical sense anywhere else.
12. ○Reducing Water Resistance: 1 4 5; Increasing Thrust: 2 7
This is a Fill in a Table question. It is completed correctly below. The correct choices for the"Reducing water resistance" column are 1, 4, and 5. Choices 2 and 7 belong in the "Increasingthrust" column. Choices 3 and 6 should not be used in either column.
金枪鱼，鲭鱼，和长嘴鱼(或者说成是枪鱼、旗鱼和箭鱼)的游动从不停止。它们的进食，求偶，繁殖，甚至“休息”都在不断的运动中进行。事实上，这些游泳“机器”身体结构的每个部位及其功能都有利于它们更好地游行。
为了减少在水中前行的阻力，这类鱼身上产生了很多适应性变化。非常有趣的是，人类为了降低空气阻力加快高速飞机运行速度所进行的设计和这些鱼的适应性变化非常相似。这种设计只是人类工程师的初步尝试，但金枪鱼和他们的同类们已经拥有这种“高科技”设计很久很久。
金枪鱼、鲭鱼和长嘴鱼的流线体型简直就是一件工艺品。他们的身体光滑而坚实。从工程师的角度来看，金枪鱼的体型近乎完美。很多鱼类的绝大多数皮肤上是没有鱼鳞的，特别光滑。它们的眼睛和身体处于同一平面，根本不会凸显出来。身体表面还覆盖着一层光滑透明的外衣，鱼鳍部分坚硬、平稳而狭窄，这些特征都有助于降低前行中的阻力。当鱼儿们不使用鱼鳍时，会将它们折回到特殊的沟槽或者凹陷的地方，与身体保持同一平面，以维持它们平滑的外形。飞机收回起落装置，和这是同样的道理。
和上述特征相比，金枪鱼、鲭鱼和长嘴鱼们拥有更加精明的手段来增加它们在水中的适应性，比如他们的大长嘴。很多超音速飞机的头部就有类似的针状设计。
大多数金枪鱼和长嘴鱼的尾巴附近会长有一串脊骨和小鳍。虽然它们身上大部分地方是无鳞的，但在头部附近还保留着一块较粗的鳞片，叫做(鱼的)胸甲。脊骨、小鳍和胸甲有助于水直接流经鱼体表面，降低阻力(见附图)。同样，超音速飞机的喷头也有类似的特征。
因为金枪鱼的游动从不停止，它们必须张着嘴使水流经它们的腮。而其他鱼类的嘴里都会有一块肌肉，用于吸水和从腮里排水，金枪鱼的这块肌肉已经退化。实际上，它们必须通过游泳来呼吸。大部分金枪鱼很大程度上已经丧失了其他鱼类用于保持漂浮状态的.鱼鳔，或者说已经完全丧失，因此，它们必须保持持续游泳的状态。
一个可能存在的问题在于，金枪鱼张嘴呼吸破坏了它们的流线型体型，有可能会降低它们的游泳速度。为此有的金枪鱼会在舌头上长有特殊的凹槽，以便引导水流通过嘴巴从腮缝流出，从而减少了阻力。
和降低阻力一样，金枪鱼们在游泳动力的加强上也有产生适应性变化。人类工程师在他们面前不得不自叹不如。向后倾斜并且长而狭窄的尾部非常有利于它们用最省力的方式前行。对这些鱼儿以及其他的鱼类游泳健将们来说，要保持在水里快速前行，最重要的可能就是对漩涡和逆流感知及利用的能力。漩涡会降低它们的速度，但它们在流经漩涡时不仅可以轻而易举地滑过而且会通过“推动”漩涡获得额外的动力。科学家和工程师们正在研究鱼的这种能力，以期设计出更高效的轮船推进系统。
这些鱼类的肌肉组织和保温机制也非常高效。一只蓝鳍金枪鱼在7°C (45°F)的温度下可以保持25°C (77°F)以上的体温。温暖的体温可以使得肌肉、大脑和眼睛更好地运转。长嘴鱼更厉害。它们有专门改善肌肉组织的加热器，可以使眼睛和大脑保持一定温度，从而保证自己的重要的器官保持在最好的运行状态中。
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