2017年雅思听力试题辅导练习
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As we saw in the last lecture,
在上一堂课我们已经看到了，
a major cause of climate change is the rapid rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over the last century.
导致气候变化的一个主要原因就是自上个世纪以来，大气中二氧化碳含量迅速增加。
If we could reduce the amount of CO2, perhaps the rate of climate change could also be slowed down.
如果我们能减少CO2的含量，也许气候变化的速度就也能有所减缓。
One potential method involves enhancing the role of the soil that plants grow in, with regard to absorbing CO2.
一个可能的措施是加强培育植物的土壤在吸收二氧化碳方面的作用。
Rattan Lal, a soil scientist from Ohio State University, in the USA,
来自美国俄亥俄州立大学的土壤学家Rattan Lal声称，
claims that the world's agricultural soils could potentially absorb 13 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
全世界的农业土壤可能一共能够吸收大气中百分之十三的二氧化碳，
the equivalent of the amount released in the last 30 years.
这一数字相当于过去三十年里释放的二氧化碳总量。
And research is going on into how this might be achieved.
研究还在继续进行，以探究怎样才能做到这一点。
Lal first came to the idea that soil might be valuable in this way not through an interest in climate change,
Lal最初产生土壤也许在方面非常重要这个想法，并不是通过对气候变化的兴趣，
but rather out of concern for the land itself and the people dependent on it.
而是出于对土壤本身以及靠它生存的人们的关心。
Carbon-rich soil is dark, crumbly and fertile, and retains some water.
碳质丰富的.土壤颜色很深，易碎且肥沃，而且还能留住一些水分。
But erosion can occur if soil is dry, which is a likely effect if it contains inadequate amounts of carbon.
但是如果土壤中所含碳质不足，可能就会很干，而这也许会导致侵蚀。
Erosion is of course bad for people trying to grow crops or breed animals on that terrain.
对想要在那块地上种植庄稼或者放牧动物的人来说，土壤侵蚀当然是件坏事。
In the 1970s and 80s, LaI was studying soils in Africa so devoid of organic matter
二十世纪七八十年代时，Lal正在非洲研究土壤，那里的土壤有机物质十分匮乏，
that the ground had become extremely hard, like cement.
以至于地面变得极其坚硬，就像水泥一样。
There he met a pioneer in the study of global warming,
他在那儿遇见了一位研究全球变暖的先驱，
who suggested that carbon from the soil had moved into the atmosphere.
这位研究人员提出，土壤中的碳质都挥发进大气里了。
This is now looking increasingly likely.
现在看来这一说法越来越可信。
Let me explain. For millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been regulated,
我来解释一下，数百万年以来，大气中的二氧化碳水平都被控制着，
in part, by a natural partnership between plants and microbes — tiny organisms in the soil.
部分是由植物和土壤中的微小生物——细菌之间的天然合作关系控制的。
Plans absorb CO2 from the air and transform it into sugars and other carbon-based substances.
植物从空气中吸收CO2，并把它转化成糖分和其他碳基物质。
While a proportion of these carbon products remain in the plant,
这些碳产品中一部分会留在植物中，
some transfer from the roots to fungi and soil microbes, which store the carbon in the soil.
另一些会从植物根部转移到真菌和土壤细菌中，它们会将碳保留在土壤里。
The invention of agriculture some 10,000 years ago
大约一万年前，农业的发明
disrupted these ancient soil-building processes and led to the loss of carbon from the soil.
打乱了这些古老的土壤构成程序，导致了碳质从泥土中流失。
When humans started draining the natural topsoil,
当人类耗尽自然表层土并开始为了耕种而犁田时，
and ploughing it up for planting, they exposed the buried carbon to oxygen.
他们就把土壤中掩藏的碳质暴露在了氧气中。
This created carbon dioxide and released it into the air.
这一行为制造了二氧化碳并将其释放进了空气中。
And in some places, grazing by domesticated animals has removed all vegetation, releasing carbon into the air.
在某些地方，家养牲畜将地表所有的植被都啃噬殆尽了，碳质也因此进入了空气里。
Tons of carbon have been stripped from the world's soils — where it's needed — and pumped into the atmosphere.
大量的碳都被从地球土壤中剥离了出来，灌进了大气中，但是土壤才是需要碳质的地方。
So what can be done?
那么我们能做些什么呢?
Researchers are now coming up with evidence
研究人员现在正在拿出证据证明，
that even modest changes to farming can significantly help to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.
即使是耕种方法中的微小变化，也能在很大程度上帮助减少大气中的碳含量。
Some growers have already started using an approach known as regenerative agriculture.
一些农民已经开始使用一种叫做再生农业的方法。
This aims to boost the fertility of soil and keep it moist through established practices.
这种方法目的在于通过既有的惯常做法，增加土壤的肥力，保持土壤湿度。
These include keeping fields planted all year round, and increasing the variety of plants being grown.
包括保证土地上全年都有植物生长，并且增加种植的植物的多样性。
Strategies like these can significantly increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil,
像这样的策略能够大量增加土壤中保留的碳含量，
so agricultural researchers are now building a case for their use in combating climate change.
所以农业研究人员现在正在建立一个他们能用来对抗气候变化的案例。
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