初中英语作文写作手法
在英文写作中,单调的句式、多次重复的用词往往使文章枯燥乏味，所以就要学会灵活运用英语的一些写作手法，来增加英语作文的亮点，下面由yjbys小编整理的初中英语作文的写作手法说明。有兴趣的朋友可以阅读参考一下哦!
【初中英语作文写作手法】
一、引言
写作过程是一种综合能力训练，它最能反映一个人综合运用语言的能力，并直接体现写作者的语言水平。写好一篇高质量的作文，除了词句的使用、语法的掌握、语感的培养等，写作技巧和写作方法的掌握也起着重要作用。
段落(Paragraph)是构成文章的基本单位，写出高水平文章要从写好段落开始。要想写好段落，可以从段落结构布局、段落组织与展开、词句运用等几个方面着手。
段落既是全文的组成部分，又自成一体，有相对独立的主题思想。为了阐明主题思想，段落往往用一个句子概括主题，并置于段首，这就是主题句。段落中的其他句子都围绕主题句展开，对其进行叙述、说明或论证，这些就是支撑句。在段落结尾处，常需要对段落的主题作进一步说明、强调或总结的句子，这就是结论句。主题句是整个段落的核心，支撑句是整个段落的主体。段落的基本结构是“主题句+支撑句+结论句”。段落写作首先是主题句、支撑句和结论句的写作，这是英语段落写作中的最基本要素。
段落的内容要完整，主题要统一，逻辑要连贯，这是段落的三个基本特征。段落内容要用细节阐明主题思想，以加强对主题信息的支撑，这就要展开段落。展开段落时要用一定的逻辑次序组织段落的内容，以保证段落的连贯性。
在英文写作中，单调的句式、多次重复的用词往往使文章枯燥乏味。为了体现文章的活力，展现句美、词美的感觉，灵活多变的句式、贴切的用词是达到这一目标的写作手法。
二、主题句、支撑句、结论句的写作
段落是一组句子的集合。段落必须表达完整的意思：如描写事物，争论某件事，驳斥某观点，对某事提出疑问、提出要求或者给事物下定义。典型的段落由三部分组成：主题句、支撑句和结论句(May, 2009)。以下是一个典型的段落：
[段落示例1]The students in the class come from many different parts of the world.(主题句) Some are from European countries such as France, Spain and Italy. Others are from Middle Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia and Israel. Still other students were born in Asian countries including Japan and Korea. The largest number of students are from Latin American countries like Mexico, Venezuela, and Peru.(支撑句) The class is an interesting mixture of people from many different countries.(结论句)
该段的主题句、支撑句、结论句在文中用下划线标识。主题句用来阐明段落的主要思想，指出谈论的话题是什么，所有支持主题句的细节和描述都与这一主要思想有关。支撑句用原因或事例等细节对主题句予以解释和说明，是段落的展开。结论句则可以用不同的措辞再次强调主题思想或回答主题句的隐含问题，有着首尾呼应的作用和画龙点睛的效果(Driscoll & Brizee)。
1. 主题句的写作方法
主题句一般居于段首，通常在提供信息或解释观点的段落中使用。读者通过浏览主题句就可以了解段落的概要。主题句应是合乎语法规则的完整句子，以肯定句为主，同时需要限制词对主题加以限定或约束。为了准确表达观点，好的主题句需要使用关键词或词组。主题需要有可写性，不能太笼统，也不能太具体。例如：
The three causes of the American Financial Crisis.
分析：该句不完整，缺少成分，不合乎语法规则，不能作主题句。
There were three causes that led to the American Financial Crisis.
分析：该句完整，成分齐全，是很好的主题句。
Riding in a bus is more convenient than driving a car for at least three reasons.
分析：这个段落主题要求写 riding in a bus(topic)，要把 driving a car(aspect)和riding in a bus(aspect)作比较，陈述原因(reasons)。由此可见，作者在aspect(方面)和reason(原因)两方面来限制主题。
In the story Soldier's Home, Krebs tells his mother he wants no part of God's Kingdom.
分析：这个主题句过于具体，无法展开段落。
In the story Soldier's Home, Krebs is a lonely, cynical veteran.
分析：这个句子可作为主题句，接下来可以围绕 lonely和cynical展开段落。
Let me tell you something about overpopulation.
分析：这个句子作为一个段落的主题句过于笼统。
Why has the world's population been increasing rapidly in the last decades?
分析：这个句子是个很好的主题句，作者从cause和time两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内展开论述。
2. 支撑句的写作方法
段落写作的第一步是写主题句，第二步是写支撑句。例如，针对“陈述你将生活在郊区的理由”这样的写作命题，第一步是写出主题句，如：There are several reasons why I will live in the suburbs next year. 第二步则列举数个理由展开主题。
[段落示例2]
① There are two main reasons why I have decided to live in the suburbs next year. ②First of all，there is a transportation problem. ③My company will move to the suburbs. Because there are fewer public transportation lines connecting to the suburbs, I have to live near my office. ④Since my car was damaged, and I do not have money to buy a new one to commute to work, it is very inconvenient for me to live in the city. ⑤The second reason is that the suburbs are an amazing place to reside in, ⑥because there are fewer people there and it is quieter and not as crowded. ⑦The air there is not polluted and fresher, which is beneficial to my health.
主题句：two main reasons(句①)
理由1：transportation problem(句②)
● office move(句③)
● no car(句④)
理由2：an amazing place(句⑤)
● fewer people and not crowded(句⑥)
● fresher and cleaner(句⑦)
作者就两个主要理由用更具体的细节支持主题句。可见，段落的展开依赖于支持主题句的细节。如何展开段落在本文第四部分有详细论述。
3. 结论句的写作方法
结论句通常与主题句一样包含段落中心思想，然而所用措辞和表达方式与主题句不同。
在段落示例1中，主题句是：The students in the class come from many different parts of the world. 结论句是：The class is an interesting mixture of people from many different countries. 主题句和结论句在关键措辞和表达方式上进行了转换，但表达的实质意思是一样的。
在写结论句时，首先要把握主题句的关键词。例如，在段落示例1中，中心思想是the students come from different parts of the world，关键词是students、different parts、world。其次要总结细节，回答主题句中隐含的问题。在有些段落中，主题句隐含某些问题，隐含的问题通过支撑句论述或说明，结论句就是总结细节，回答隐含问题。最后要用与主题句不同的措辞表达同一中心思想。
在段落示例1中，主题句的关键词是students、different parts 和world;而在结论句中，关键词是people、mixture、different countries，将students用people替代，different parts of the world用different countries替代，但表达的中心思想一致。
[段落示例3]
My hometown has changed greatly. When I last visited here, about half the houses had been torn down to make way for a highway. The remaining buildings were plastered with billboards and surrounded by traffic signs and litter. Now it has become dirty, noisy and full of cars.
主题句：My hometown has changed greatly.
主题句关键词：changed
主题句隐含的问题：How has the hometown changed?
细节：
(1)a highway built — noisy and full of cars
(2)full of billboards，traffic signs and litter — dirty
结论句：Now it has become dirty，noisy and full of cars.
结论句关键词：dirty, noisy, full of cars
本段落中的结论句总结了细节，并回答了主题句中隐含的问题。
三、如何把握段落的基本特征
主题句、支撑句、结论句是段落写作的最基本要素。此外，还要在宏观层面上保证段落内容的完整性、主题的统一性、逻辑的连贯性，把握好段落的这三个基本特征(Driscoll & Brizee)。如果抓住了段落的三个基本特征，段落成文之后就会骨架优美，形象清晰，整体感强烈。
1. 段落的完整性
段落的完整性指的是段落展开充分。主题句一旦确定，就应该展开论述，细节越充足越好，可以使用给出数字、列举例子、进行描绘等方法来展开段落。
[段落示例4]
Ever since the advent of a computer, it has played an important role in people's lives. The computer used in the Manhattan Project led to the successful creation of the atomic bomb ①in the 1940s. Computers were also applied to the process control of products and scientific calculation ②from the 1950s to 1970s. Scientists employed a number of computers in the simulation of power plants and weather forecasts ③at the beginning of the 1980s. ④Nowadays, computers have become a moving office along with the Internet and phones so people can work using them anywhere, anytime.
主题句：Ever since the advent of a computer, it has played an important role in people's lives.
细节：① in the 1940s ② from the 1950s to 1970s ③ at the beginning of the 1980s ④ nowadays
本段按照时间顺序提供细节，举例说明计算机在人类生活的各个时期发挥的重要作用。
2. 段落的统一性
段落的统一性是指主题思想贯穿整个段落。段落中的每个细节都应支持主题句。为了支持主题句，要尽可能多地提供细节，但要避免滥用细节。
[段落示例5]
① The capital city of a country is usually a very important city. ②Government offices are located in the capital city and political leaders often live there or nearby. ③There are many different types of governments in the world. ④The capital may also be the center of culture. There are always museums, libraries, and universities in the capital. ⑤Finally, the capital city can serve as a center of trade, industry and commerce, so it is often the financial center of the country.
主题句：The capital city of a country is usually a very important city.(句①)
细节：
(1)Government offices are located in the capital and political leaders often live there or nearby.(句②)
(2)The capital may also be the center of culture.(句④)
(3)... it is often the financial center of the country.(句⑤)
无关细节：There are many different types of governments in the world.(句③)
显然在这个段落中包含了一个无关细节，没有支持主题句，应该将其删去。
3. 段落的连贯性
段落的连贯性是指段落中的句子以清晰、符合逻辑的顺序连接。连贯性能保证各个观点之间以及观点与主题句之间形成联系。连贯性通过一致的时态、统一的逻辑顺序以及连接成分得以保证。
(1)时态的一致性：在段落中，句子的时态要一致，如果随意变换时态，段落就不可能取得连贯性。对于一般类型文体，时态使用有章可循，如传记通常用过去时，描述类文章通常用现在时。选用哪一种时态取决于作者处理材料的方式。
(2)逻辑顺序的一致性：段落内容的展开和组织都需要有逻辑性。组织段落常用的逻辑顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、重要性顺序和熟悉度顺序等。
① 时间顺序法是段落组织中最简单和最常见的方法，通常在叙述和过程分析类文章中使用。
在叙述和分析过程时，对发生、记录的事件或步骤按照时间顺序叙述。在确定写作目的后，写出主题句，再使用first、then、next等把细节连接起来。
② 空间顺序法主要用于描述景物、场面、建筑等。对于按空间顺序组织段落的作文，要事先确定描述场面的方式，如从左到右、从上到下、从远到近、从背景到前景、顺时针、逆时针等空间顺序。在描写某次参观时，可同时运用空间顺序和时间顺序，以增强段落内部的连贯性。
③ 重要性顺序法就是使用先主后次或先次后主的段落组织方法，前者先强调重要的观点，然后列举次要观点;后者先列举次要观点，把重要的留到末尾。
④ 熟悉度顺序法是按照读者对细节的熟悉程度排列细节，展开段落。通常先谈论读者比较熟悉的、具体的细节，后谈论读者不大熟悉的细节。
在具体写作段落的过程中，使用哪一种顺序取决于作者的写作目的和读者对主题的'熟悉程度。下面仅对以时间和空间顺序组织段落的方法予以说明。
[段落示例6]
We enjoyed our visit to Dr Hassan's house, which is perched high up on a hill. Walking up the long driveway，we approached the huge bronze door. A butler was standing in the open doorway, ushering guests into the house. Going in, we passed the oak-panelled library and the formal dining room before we arrived at the ballroom, where the reception was being held. Under three sparkling chandeliers，more than a hundred people were enjoying champagne, hors d'oeuvres and good conversation.
该段落采用时间和空间顺序写作手法，按照参观时间和空间顺序描写所见所闻，其时空顺序为：driveway→door→house→library→dining room→ballroom。
(3)巧用连接成分：巧用连接词，重复某些关键词，可以增加段落的连贯性。连接词和关键词可以起粘着物的作用，把各部分连接起来，使句子间的关系更加清楚。连接成分主要有连接词、代词、重复的关键词语。
[段落示例7]
①Until recently daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time. ② Or it was considered an unhealthy escape from real life and its duties. ③But now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming. ④And it may be that more people are suffering from a lack of daydreaming ⑤than are suffering from too much of it.
在段落示例7中，连接词包括：①until recently ②or ③but ④and ⑤than。段落中重复的关键词是daydreaming。②中的it和⑤中的it都代替的是daydreaming。
四、段落展开策略