高考阅读理解文体及结构知识
阅读理解是高考的重头戏，能否顺利通过此关影响高考全局。那么他有什么技巧了?以下是小编为大家整理的高考阅读理解文体及结构知识。希望对大家的学习能有所帮助!
高考阅读理解文体及结构知识
高考中的英语阅读短文的文件一般有 4 种，即记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文。在写法上它们都有各自的写作方法和结构特点。
1. 记叙文：
记叙文又分为 3 类：记事文、记人文和景物描写文。记事文。这类文章首先一般要交代一件事情发生的时间(when)、地点(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)，然后再进行分析这件事情发生的原因(why)及发生的过程(how)。因此，对于这类文章，我们只要抓住了这五个“W”和一个“H”就行了。记人文，即人物传记。这类文章一般是采用倒述的写作方法，即首先用几句话来简单介绍这个人，接着介绍这个人的出生、成长过程，然后再记述他(她)所干的一两件主要的事情或业绩，来反映他(她)的思想、品德和情操，最后是作者对他(她)的评论，从而表达作者对他(她)的感情。景物描写文。一般用来记述在某时、某地所见的事物及心里面的感受。这类文章一般按照时间或空间的顺序来记述，并且有时还夹插作者心里面的想法和感受。它好似我们中文中的散文，从表面上来看，没有中心或主题，只有通读全文后，仔细思考、归纳总结才会找出主题或中心来，从而进一步看清作者的目的、意图及心情。
2. 说明文：
说明文通常是用来对事物的情况进行描绘或对某种观点、理论进行解释，从而使人们明白事理或掌握某种方法技巧。在文章中，作者一般是首先提出一个要说明的对象，然后从时间先后、空间顺序、用途、方法、手段、事例或进行的步骤等各方面进行描绘或解释。
3. 议论文：
议论文就是用来对人或事物的好坏、是非发表意见和看法。作者总是先提出一个论点，接着对这个论点进行正反分析，逻辑推理或列举事例加以论证，然后得出结论。它一般分为立论和驳论两种，在立论中，摆事实、讲道理，论证其观点的可行性、正确性;在驳论中，作者首先提出一个不正确的论点，然后用事实、道理对它逐点进行驳斥，来证明它是错误的、行不通的，再得出正确的结论。
4. 应用文：
应用文是日常生活中用来传播信息的一种文体。这类文章除用文字外，有的用图形，有的用表格。如：通知、广告、海报、书信、启事、便条、收据、借条和物品说明书等。这类文章有 3 个显著的特点：一是词汇较偏僻;二是语言也不规范;三是句子结构不完整，阅读起来的确困难。但是，它们一般属于应用文，告诉人们消息、方法、途径等内容。
扩展：
高考阅读理解快速解题策略
一、快读
快读的目的是了解文章的大意和主题思想，并对文章的结构有个总的概念。快读时，应特别注意文章的开始段、结束段、文章中每段的首句和尾句以及篇章连接手段和行文中的信息词，因为它们往往是对文章内容的最精简概括，是左右文章大意的关键。
二、跳读
即根据问题信息跳跃性地阅读文章的某些段落或某些句子。跳读可以加强阅读的针对性、节约阅读时间和提高阅读效率。许多阅读理解的事实细节题均可用跳读法在原文中找到相关的.依据，从而迅速做出选择。
三、细读
找到文章中的有关范围以后，即在该范围内逐句阅读，特别对关键词句要仔细琢磨，以便对其有较深刻、较准确的理解和掌握。不仅要理解其字面意思，而且要通过推理、判断，弄清文章字里行间的潜在意思。在细读时，对没有学过的生词，可根据上下文或自己的背景知识等来推测其意思;对难以看懂的长句，可借助语法手段，对其加以分析，以达到透彻理解。
四、实例
下面请看一篇阅读实例(湖南省高考英语阅读试题)：
The private automobile(私家车) has long played an important role in the United States. In fact, it has become a necessary and important part of the American way of life. In 1986, sixty-nine percent of American families owned at least one car, and thirty-eight percent had more than one. By giving workers rapid transportation, the automobile has freed them from having to live near their place of work. This has encouraged the growth of the cities, but it has also led to traffic problems.
For farm families the automobile is very helpful. It has made it possible for them to travel to town very often for business and for pleasure, and also to transport their children to distant schools.
Family life has been affected(影响) in various ways. The car helps to keep them to travel to keep families together when it is used for picnics, outings, and other shared experiences. however, when teenage children have the use of the car, their parents can’t keep an eye on them. There is a great danger if the driver has been drinking alcohol or taking drugs — or is “showing off” by speeding or breaking other traffic laws. Mothers of victims(受害者) of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving). These women want to prevent further tragedies(悲剧). They have worked to encourage the government to limit the youngest drinking age. Students have formed a similar organization, SADD(Students Against Drunk Driving) and are spreading the same message among their friends.
For many Americans the automobile is a necessity. But for some, it is also a mark of social position and for young people, a sign of becoming an adult. Altogether, cars mean very much to Americans.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?
A. Cars have encouraged the growth of the cities.
B. Cars can bring families together when they go for picnics.
C. Cars have enabled people to live far from their place of work.
D. Cars help city families to transport their children to faraway schools.
2. What has been done to deal with the problem of drunk driving?
A. Parents have paid more attention to their children.
B. Some organizations have been set up against drunk driving.
C. Mothers have tried to persuade their children not to drink alcohol.
D. University students have asked the government to solve the problem.
3. We can infer from the text that _______ in America.
A. it will be more difficult for people to get new cars
B. parents will not allow their children to have their own cars
C. the government will encourage people to use public transportation
D. cars will still be popular though they have caused many problems
●“快读”短文：可知本文主要介绍美国的私家车情况及私家车对美国人的影响。
●“跳读”短文：根据文章第2段的内容可知，汽车是使 farm families transport their children to distant (=faraway) schools。故第1小题选D。
●“细读”短文：文章说，为了解决 the problem of drunk driving，有关人士成立了不同的组织，如母亲们成立了 MADD，学生们成立了 SADD，等等。故第2题选B。再根据文章第1段说美国在1986年就有69%的家庭至少拥有1辆汽车，38%的家庭拥有1辆以上的汽车，而文章最后一段又说 For many Americans the automobile is a necessity。由此可知第3题选D最佳。
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