这样一来人们工作起来就不再觉得累了，我们有时不愿相信取得了进步，乐观的掩盖重要的态势释放令人惊异的设备技术传播，有些知识会在这个方面有效另外一些知识在别的方面有效。
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50. The Earth's Learning Curve[n.曲线] . 人类的学习曲线、
1. Imagine a chart that begins when man first appeared on the planet and tracks[追踪] the economic growth of societies from then forward. It would be a long, flat line until the late 16th or early 17th century, when it would start trending upward. Before then the fruits of productive[adj.有创造性的] labor were limited to a few elites-princes, merchants and priests[(priest):n.教士,牧
For most of humankind life was as the English philosopher[n.师].
Thomas Hobbes famously described it in 1651-"solitary[adj.哲学家]
孤单的], poor, nasty[adj.肮脏的], brutish[adj.粗野的], and short[adj.
But as Hobbes was writing those words, the world around 浅薄的]."
him was changing. Put simply, human beings were getting smarter.
1、想象一下，如果从人类首次在地球上出现开始画一条曲线，追踪在此之后人类社会的经济发展轨迹，那么会发现16世纪晚期或17世纪初期之前，是一条长长的没有多少起伏的线条，之后这条线才开始上扬。在此之前，生产劳动的成果限制在少数上层人士-王子、商人和神职人员-手中。大多数人的生活就像英国哲学家托马斯·霍布斯1651年所作的著名描述那样：“孤独、贫穷、肮脏、粗野、浅保”但是就在霍布斯写下这些的时候，他周围的世界正在发生改变。简而言之，人类正变得越来越聪明。
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单词：track＝追踪； productive=生产性的； elite=精英；
philosopher=哲学家； nasty＝肮脏的；brutish＝粗野的； short＝浅薄的；
2. People have always sought[(seek):vt.探寻] knowledge, of course, but in Western Europe at that time, men like Galileo[n.伽利略], Newton[n.牛顿] and Descartes[n.笛卡儿] began to search systematically[adv.有系统地] for ways to understand and control their environment. The scientific revolution[n.革命], followed by the Enlightenment[n.启蒙运动], marked a fundamental[a.基本的,根本的] shift[改变]. Humans were no longer searching for ways simply to fit into a natural or divine[a.神的] order; they were seeking to change it. Once people found ways to harness[vt.控制] energy-using steam engines-they were able to build machines that harnessed far more power than any human or horse could ever do. And people could work without ever getting tired. The rise of these machines drove the Industrial Revolution, and created a whole new system of life. Today the search for knowledge continues to produce an ongoing[adj.持续不断的] revolution in the health and wealth of humankind.
2、当然，人们一直都在探索知识，但是在当时的西欧，像伽利略、牛顿和笛卡尔这样的人开始系统地寻求了解和支配周围环境的方式。科学革命以及随后出现的启蒙运动标志着一次根本性的转变。人
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类不再只是寻求适应自然法则或神的指示，他们正想方设法改变这一切。人类在找到驾驭能源-使用蒸气机-的方式后，他们便得以制造出机器，而这些机器产生的力量远比任何人或马所产生的力量大。这样一来，人们工作起来就不再觉得累了。这些机器的出现带动了工业革命，创造了一种全新的生活方式。如今，对知识的探寻继续在人类的健康和财富领域带来一场持续不断的革命。
单词：systematically＝有系统地； fundamental＝根本的；shift＝转变； harness＝控制；
3. If the rise of science marks the first great trend in this story, the second is its diffusion[n.传播]. What was happening in Britain during the Industrial Revolution was not an isolated[孤
phenomenon. A succession[n.连续] of visitors to Britain would 立的]
go back to report to their countries on the technological and commercial innovations[(innovation):n.创新] they saw there. Sometimes societies were able to learn extremely[adv.极其；非常] fast, as in the United States. Others, like Germany, benefited from starting late , leapfrogging[跳过] the long-drawn-out[持续很久的] procethat Britain went through.
3、如果科学的兴起是这一历程中第一个伟大的动向，那么第二个伟大的动向就是科学的传播。工业革命期间英国发生的一切并不是孤立的现象。接连不断的到访英国的人回国后描述了他们在那里看到的科技和商业上的创新。有时，某些社会能够以极快的速度学习，正
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如美国那样。另外一些社会-比如德国-因起步晚而受益，因为它们越过了英国所经历的漫长过程。
单词：diffusion＝传播；isolate＝使孤立； succession＝连续； innovation＝创新； extremely＝非常；
4. This diffusion[n.传播] of knowledge accelerated[加快] dramatically[adv.戏剧地] in recent decades[十年]. Over the last 30 years we have watched countries like Japan, Singapore, South Korea and now China grow at a pace that is three times that of Britain or the United States at the peak of the Industrial Revolution. They have been able to do this because of their energies and exertions[(exertion):n.努力,], of course, but also because they cleverly and perhaps luckily adopted[(adopt):v.采纳,采取] certain ideas about development that had worked in the West-reasonably free markets, open trade, a focus on science and technology, among them.
4、近几十年来，知识的传播速度大大加快。在最近30年里，我们目睹了日本、新加坡、韩国以及当今中国取得的飞速发展，其发展速度是英国或美国在工业革命巅峰时发展速度的3倍。它们之所以能够做到这一点，当然是由于它们的能力与努力，不过也是由于它们明智地而且可能也是幸运地采纳了在西方行之有效的一些关于发展的理念-其中包括相当自由的市尝开放的贸易和对科技的关注。
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单词：accelerate＝加快； dramatically＝显著地； decade＝十年， adopt＝采纳；
5. The diffusion[n.传播] of knowledge is the dominant[adj.主导的] trend of our time and goes well beyond the purely scientific. Consider the cases of Turkey[土耳其] and Brazil[n.巴西]. If you had asked an economist[n.经济学家] 20 years ago how to think about these two countries, he would have explained that they were classic basket-case[n.身残], Third World economies, with triple-digit inflation[n.通货膨胀], soaring[(soar):v.升腾,高涨] debt burdens, a weak private sector[私营成分] and snail's-pace growth. Today they are both remarkably[adv.显著地] well managed, with inflation in single digits[(digit):n.数字] and growth above 5 percent. And this shift is happening around the world. From Thailand to South Africa to Slovakia[斯洛伐克] to Mexico, countries are far better managed economically than they have ever been. Even in cases where political constraints[(constraint):n.限制] make it difficult to push far-reaching[a.深远的] reforms[(reform):改革], as in Brazil, Mexico or India, governments still manage their affairs sensibly[ad.聪明地], observing[(observe):v.遵守] the Hippocratic[希波克拉底]oath[n.誓言] not to do any harm.
5、知识的传播是我们这个时代的主流，而且远远超越了单纯的
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科技领域。想想土耳其和巴西的情况。如果你在20年前问一名经济学家如何看待这两个国家，他会说它们是典型的濒临崩溃的国家，第三世界经济体，通货膨胀率达到3位数，债台高筑，经济中的私营部分薄弱，增长速度极为缓慢。如今，它们全都管理有方，通货膨胀率降至1位数，经济增长率则达到了5％以上。而且这种改变在世界各地都在发生。从泰国、南非、斯洛伐克到墨西哥，各国在经济方面的表现远比过去要好。就连像巴西、墨西哥及印度这样的因政治限制难以推行全面改革的国家，政府仍然能够明智地处理事务，恪守着不做任何有害之事的希波克拉底誓。
单词：dominant＝占统治地位的； remarkably＝不同寻常地； inflation＝通货膨胀； constraint＝限制； reform＝改革； sensibly＝聪明地； observe＝遵守；
6. We are sometimes reluctant[a.不情愿的] to believe in progress. But the evidence is unmistakable. The management of major economies has gotten markedly[adv.显著地] better in the last few years. Careful monetary[adj.货币的] policy has tempered the boom-and-bust[n.经济繁荣与萧条] economic cycles of the industrial world, producing milder[缓和的] recessions[(recession):n.衰退,不景气] and fewer shocks[冲击]. Every day one reads of a new study comparing nations in everything from Internet penetration[n.渗透] to inflation[n.通货膨胀]. All these studies and lists are symbols[标志] of a learning procethat is accelerating[v.加快],
reinforcing[(reinforce):v.增强,加强] the lessons[教训] of succeand failure. Call it a best-practice world.
6、我们有时不愿相信取得了进步。但是证据是确凿的。一些重要的经济体在过去几年里管理水平明显提高。谨慎的货币政策缓和了工业世界经济繁荣与萧条循环交替的局面，让经济衰退显得较为和缓，造成较少的冲击。每天，人们都会读到对比各国状况的新的研究结果，对比内容涉及方方面面，从因特网的普及程度到通货膨胀率的高低。这些研究和罗列标志着一种不断加速的学习过程，强化了成功的经验和失败的教训。这是一个崇尚最佳实践方法的世界。
单词：reluctant＝不情愿的；markedly＝显著地； monetary＝货币的； mild＝温和的； recession＝衰退； reinforce＝加强；lesson＝经验，教训；
7. I realize that the world I am describing is the world of the winners. There are billions of people, locked outside global markets, whose lives are still accurately described by Hobbes's cruel[adj.残酷的] phrase. But even here, there is change. The recognition[n.认识] of global inequalities[不平等] is more marked[明显的] today than ever before, and this learning is forcing action. There is more money being spent on vaccines[(vaccine):n.疫苗] and cures[治疗] for diseases in Africa and Asia today than ever before in history. Foreign-aid programs face constant[adj.不断的] scrutiny[n.审查] and analysis[n.分析].
When things don't work, we learn that, too, and it puts a focus either on the aid program or on local governments to improve.
7、我意识到我在描述的这个世界是属于胜利者的世界。还有数以十亿计的人们被挡在全球市场的大门之外，霍布斯的那些残酷用语仍然可以准确地描述他们的生活。但是就连在这样的地方也出现了变化。如今，人们比过去更加清楚地认识到全球不平等状况，而且这种认识正在促使人们采取行动。如今，用在非洲与亚洲注射疫苗和治愈一些疾病上的钱比以往任何时候都要多。外国援助计划经常受到仔细审查与分析。如果采取的措施没有发挥作用，我们会了解到这一点，这让援助计划和地方政府都成为关注的焦点，从而促使它们不断改进。
单词：cruel＝残酷的； recognition＝意识到； inequality＝不平等； constant＝经常的； scrutiny＝审查；analysis＝分析；
8. This may sound overly optimistic[adj.乐观的]. There are losers in every race, but let not the worries over who is winning and losing the knowledge race obscure[掩盖] the more powerful underlying[重要的] dynamic[态势]: knowledge is liberating[释放]. It creates the possibility for change and improvement everywhere. It can create amazing[a.令人惊异的] devices[(device):n.设备] and techniques[技术], save lives, improve living standards and spread[vt.传播] information. Some will do well on one measure, others on another. But on the whole, a knowledge-based world will
be a healthier and richer world.
8、这听起来可能过于乐观了。每场竞赛都有输家，但是不要让对于这场知识竞赛中谁输谁赢的担忧掩盖更为重要的根本态势：知识正在释放出来。它可以创造出令人惊叹的设备和技术，拯救生命，改善生活水准，传播信息。有些知识会在这个方面有效，另外一些知识在别的方面有效。不过总体说来，以知识为基础的世界会是一个更为兴旺和富足的世界。
单词：optimistic＝乐观的； obscure＝掩盖； underlying＝重要的； dynamic＝态势: liberate＝释放；create=创造； amazing＝令人惊异的；
9. The caveat[警告] I would make is not about one or another country's paucity[n.缺乏] of engineers or computers. These problems can be solved. But knowledge is not the same thing as wisdom. Knowledge can produce equally powerful ways to destroy life, intentionally[adv.有意地] and unintentionally[adj.无意地]. It can produce hate and seek destruction[n.毁灭]. Knowledge does not by itself bring any answer to the ancient Greek question "What is a Good Life?" It does not produce good sense, courage, generosity[n.慷慨大方] and tolerance[n.宽容]. And most crucially[(crucial):adj.至关重要的], it does not produce the farsightedness[n.远见] that will allow us all to live together-and grow together-on this world without causing war, chaos[n.混乱] and
catastrophe[n.灾难]. For that we need wisdom.
9、我想给出的告诫不是这个或那个国家缺少工程师或计算机。这样的问题能够解决。但是知识与智慧不是一回事。知识同样能够产生毁灭人类的强大手段，不管这种做法是蓄意的还是无意的。它能产生仇恨，让人们想方设法实施毁灭行为。知识本身并不能回答那个古老的希腊问题：“什么样的生活是好的生活?”它不能产生明智、勇气、慷慨和宽容。最重要的是，它不能产生可以让我们在这个世界上不引发战争、混乱和灾难而共同生活-共同发展-的远见。要想做到这一点，我们需要智慧。
单词：caveat＝告诫；paucity＝缺乏； intentionally＝有意地； unintentionally＝非故意的. destruction＝毁灭； generosity＝慷慨；tolerance＝宽容. crucially＝至关重要的； chaos＝混乱； catastrophe＝灾难；
中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (46)
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47.The natural[adj.自然的，天生的] time sense[n.感觉；意识].
天赋的时间感、（已经作为07年阅读考过）
1. One of the most amazing[a.令人惊异的] of living things, the honeybee, has recently been shown to possess[vt.拥有，具有] still another remarkable[adj.非凡的] skill. It has a built-in alarm clock that goes off exactly every 24 hours.
1、生物中最令人惊奇的东西之一是蜜蜂，在最近的研究里它又显示出它持有的另一种非凡本领。蜜蜂身体里有一个天生的“闹钟”，它准确地每24小时循环一次。
分析：go off＝（钟表）响；
单词：natural＝天生的；sense＝感觉；amazing＝令人惊异的； possess＝拥有；remarkable＝非凡的；
2. Scientists have long known that bees carry a sort of wrist watch inside their bodies. They will return to the same spot, day after day, right to the minute, to feed on sugar-water left for them. To find out how the bees manage[设法] to tell time, an unusual experiment was carried out four years ago. Two young German biologists in Paris trained bees to come out for sugar-water every day at exactly 8:15 p.m. The scientists then set out to baffle[v.使困惑] the bees. When it is 8:15 p.m. in Paris, New York City's Eastern Day-light Saving time is only 3:15 p.m.
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If the hive[n.蜂箱] were flown to New York between feedings, which time would the bees follow-Paris’ or New York's?
2、科学家早已知道，蜜蜂在它的身体里带着某种手表。蜜蜂能够日复一日，精确到同一分钟，返回同一地点去吃为它们准备的糖浆。为了研究蜜蜂如何辨别时间，四年前进行了一项不寻常的实验。在巴黎，两个年轻的德国生物学家训练蜜蜂每天晚上8点15分准时出来喝糖浆。之后，科学家们设法迷惑蜜蜂。当巴黎是晚上8点15分时，美国纽约市的东部夏令时间是下午3点15分。如果蜂箱在两次喂食之间被空运到纽约市，蜜蜂会遵循哪个时间？巴黎的或者纽约的？
分析：feed on：以为食； carry out:进行，执行；carry on:继续进行； set out：开始，着手；
单词：manage＝设法；baffle:使困惑； hive＝蜂箱；
3. So, immediately after a night feeding in Paris, the hive[n.
was sealed[密封] and rushed off on an air liner. In New York, 蜂箱]
scientists from the American Museum of National History placed the hive in a speciallypreparedlaboratory in the museum. At exactly 3:15 p.m. New York time - a precise[a.精确的,准确的] 24 hours after having been fed in Paris - the bees swarmed[(swarm):n.一大群] out of their hive. The experiment proved conclusively[确定性地] that in spite of a 3,500-mile flight and differences in local time, the bees' alarm clocks rang right on their 24-hour schedule.
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3、为此，在巴黎进行了一次晚间喂食后，蜂箱立刻被密封，迅速送上飞往纽约的航班。在纽约，来自于美国国家历史博物馆的科学家们把蜂箱设置在博物馆特别准备好的实验室里。在纽约时间下午3点15分整，也就是在巴黎进食整整24小时之后，蜜蜂涌出它们的蜂箱。实验确切证明，尽管经历了3500英里的飞行，以及不同地方的时间差，蜜蜂的“闹钟”仍精确地依照它的24小时时间表运行。
单词：seal＝密封； precise＝精确的； swarm＝一大群； conclusively＝确定性地；
4. As further proof[n.证明], the experiment was repeated-only this time the same hive of bees had its alarm set in New York and was flown to Paris. There, too. They emerged[(emerge):v.出现] from their hive exactly 24 hours later for their accustomed[adj.习惯的,惯常的] feeding.
4、为了进一步证明，该实验被重复进行，这次，同一只蜂箱的蜜蜂，在纽约设定了进食时间，然后飞往巴黎。这次蜜蜂同样准确地在24小时后，按它们的习惯进食时间涌出蜂箱。
单词：proof＝证明；emerge＝出现；accustomed＝习惯的；
5. Scientists now believe that many, if not all, living things are born with some type of hidden clock. These clocks are sometimes set by the number of hours of light or darknein a day, by the rhythm[n.韵律,节奏] of the tides[潮汐] or by the seasons.
5、科学家们现在相信，即使不是全部，但仍然有很多生物具有
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天生的某种类型的潜藏时钟。这些时钟有时根据一天中白昼或黑夜的小时数目设定，有时根据潮汐的规律或者季节设定。
单词：rhythm＝ 节奏，规律；tide＝潮汐；
6. One of the most remarkable[adj.非凡的] of nature's living clocks belongs to the fiddler crab[n.招潮蟹], that familiar beach-dweller[n.居民] with the overgrown[a.长得太大的] claw[n.爪]. Biologists have long known that the crab's shell is darkest during the day, grows pale[adj.苍白的；灰白的] in late afternoon, then begins to darken again at daybreak[n.黎明]. This daytime darkening[暗色化] is valuable[adj.有价值的] for protection against enemies and sunlight, and for many years it was thought to be a simple response by the crab to the sun-just as if we were to get a tan[棕褐色]during the day and lose it at night.
6、大自然中最非凡的“活钟”之一就属招潮蟹，是人们熟悉的沙滩居民。它有着过分增长的螯，生物学家早就知道招潮蟹的壳在白天是黑暗的，傍晚时变成灰白，然后在破晓的时候又变黑。这种白昼黑化是针对敌人和阳光的有价值的自我保护，很多年以来，它被认为是蟹对于太阳光的一种简单反应，就像我们人类白天皮肤被太阳晒黑，晚上又会白回来。
单词：remarkable＝非凡的；dweller＝居民； overgrown＝长得太大； pale＝灰白的； daybreak＝黎明； valuable＝有价值的； tan＝棕褐色；
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7. But when an enterprising[有胆量的] scientist placed a fiddler crab[n.招潮蟹] in darkness, he was amazed[吃惊的] to find that the color of the crab's shell kept ticking off the time with the same accuracy[n.准确性，精确性].
7、但是，当一个勇于探索的科学家把招潮蟹放在黑暗中，他惊讶的发现蟹壳的颜色依然准确的按时间转变。
单词：enterprising＝有胆量的；amazed＝吃惊的； accuracy＝精确性
8. Yet another startling[令人震惊的] fact was revealed[显示]: the crab's shell reached the darkest color about 50 minutes later each day. There was a second clock inside the crab, for the tides[潮汐] also occur 50 minutes later from day to day. Moreover[adv.而且], even when the crabs were taken from the beach and put back in the dark, they continued their tidal[a.潮汐的] rhythm[n.节奏]. More research disclosed[揭露] that a crab from Cape Cod, Massachusetts[马萨诸塞州], reached its darkest color four hours earlier than the one taken from a beach on a neighboring island. The tides on the nearby island were found to be exactly four hours later than the Cape Cod tides.
8、人们还发现了另一个令人惊愕的事实：蟹壳的颜色变得最深的时间每天推迟50分钟。显然在蟹的身体里存在着第二只钟，因为潮汐进退的时间恰恰也是一天比一天推迟50分钟。而且，即使把蟹从海
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滩上带回来放在黑暗中，它们仍然保持它们的潮汐节奏。更进一步的研究发现，来自马赛诸塞州CAPECOD的蟹达到它最深颜色的时间，比来自于邻岛的蟹早4个小时。同时观察出，邻岛的潮汐极其准确地比CAPECOD的潮汐晚了4个小时。
单词：startling＝震惊； reveal＝展示； tidal＝潮汐的；disclose＝揭露；
9. Ants don't carry calendars around with them any more than fiddler crabs[n.招潮蟹] possess[vt.拥有] real wrist watches. But ants show amazing[a.令人惊异的] accuracy as to the day of the year. Each year, an ant nest sends out winged[带翅膀的], young queens on mating[交配] flights. Hundreds of them may fly out of a single nest in the soil. Last summer, at the crest[n.顶] of my mountain, I watched an ant city prepare young queens. At the precise[a.精确的,准确的] moment that they took wing, a colony[n.群体] of the same species[n.物种] that my wife was watching near the bottom of the mountain, also sent its queen on a wedding flight. There was, of course, no way could the two colonies have checked take-off time with each other.
9、蚂蚁不可能随身携带日历就像招潮蟹不可能带着真正的手表一样。但是蚂蚁对一年中的特定一天有着惊人的精确判断。每年，每一个蚁巢都会送出带翅膀的、年轻的蚁后进行交配飞行。上百个这样的蚁后有可能从土中的同一个蚁巢飞出。去年夏天，在我家的山顶，
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我看到一个蚁巢准备放出它们的年轻蚁后。在它们起飞的同一个精确时刻，由我的妻子负责观察的山脚附近的另一窝同种的蚁族，亦放出它们的蚁后举行飞行婚礼。显然，这两个蚁群根本没有办法校对彼此的起飞时间。
分析：not any more than＝和...一样不； send forth ＝放出； 单词：possess＝拥有； precise＝精确的； colony:群体；species: 物种；
10. Entomologist[n.昆虫学者] Albro T.Gaul once jotted[匆忙记下] down in his notebook that a particular[adj.特定的，特殊的] species[n.物种] of ant in northern Massachusetts[马萨诸塞州] began its wedding flight at a certain day and time. He later learned that another entomologist in New Jersey[新泽西州], 260 miles away, observed a wedding flight by the same species of ant, on the same day, and at exactly the same time! This split-second timing is not always the rule. However, most flights take place within a definite[a.明确的，确切的] period of time.
10、有一次，昆虫学家AlbroT、Gaul先生在他的笔记本里匆匆记下，在马赛诸塞州北部某种蚂蚁开始举行飞行婚礼的准确“日”和“时”。他后来知道，在260英里以外纽泽西州另一个昆虫学家也观察到同一种类蚂蚁举行飞行婚礼的时间，竟和他记录的在同一天、同一个时刻！这种分割到秒的记时并不总是有规律的。总之，绝大多数的飞行婚礼开始时间在一个确定的时间段里。
单词：entomologist＝昆虫学家； jot＝匆匆记下； particular＝特定的，特殊的； species＝种类； definite＝明确的；
11. Birds also have built-in timepieces[时钟] which send them off on fall and spring migrations[迁徙，What the birds really 迁移].
have is a clock-like mechanism[n.机械装置] which allows them to time hours of darkneor light in each day.
11、鸟类也有天生的时间感应器指导它们秋春迁移。鸟类真正具有的是一种“似钟的装置”，使它们能从时间上区分每天黑夜或白昼的小时数。
分析：send off＝派遣；
单词：timepiece＝时钟； migration＝迁徙；
12. But what sends birds northward again in the spring? New research by Dr. Albert Wolfson of Northwestern University seems to indicate[v.指出] that the timing of return flight is extraordinarily[格外的] complex[adj.复杂的]. In the fall of the year the short days and long nights cause the "clocks" in migratory[adj.迁移的] birds to undergo[v.经历,承受] a kind of "winding" in preparation[n.准备] for their spring return and breeding[繁殖]. Then during the late fall and winter as the clock "ticks", certain physiological[a.生理学的;生理的] changes occur in the bird. The length of each day during the winter determines[(determine)
how fast the clock will run, and hence[adv.因此,所以] when the 决定]
"alarm" will ring for the spring migration[n.迁徙]. The clock continues to run through breeding[繁殖] time, then stops-to be re-wound again the next fall.
12、但是，是什么让鸟在春天北飞呢？西北大学AlbertWolfson博士的最新研究似乎指出决定回飞的时间是极其复杂的问题。每年秋季，短暂的白昼和长时间的黑夜令候鸟身体里的“时钟”经历某种转变，为它们春天的返回和繁殖做准备。在之后的深秋和冬天，如同钟的转动一样，特定的生理变化在鸟类的身体上表现出来。在冬天里，每一天白昼的长短决定该时钟的运转快慢，因此“闹铃”将为春天的迁徙响起提示信号。时钟在繁殖期间持续运转，然后停止，再在下一个秋天复苏。
单词：indicate＝指出；extraordinarily＝格外地；complex＝复杂； migratory＝迁移的；undergo＝经历； wind＝上发条； breed＝繁殖； determine＝决定； migration＝迁徙；
13. Scientists are now learning that many of the clocks of nature can be reset[重新安排], speeded up or slowed down-all for our benefit. Pioneering[开拓性的]experiments at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's research center in Beltsville, Maryland[马里兰], have shown that plants can be helped to develop faster in letime. By increasing or lessening the hours of darknein each day, the scientists have been able to turn plant growth off and on like an electric switch[开关].
13、科学家现在知道，从人类的利益出发，很多大自然的钟都可以重置、加速、或者减慢。美国农业部在玛里兰州BELTSVILLE的研究中心进行了开拓性的实验，实验表明人们能帮助植物在较短时间内生长得更快。用增加和减少每天黑暗小时数的方法，科学家已经能够控制植物生长，如同控制一个电器开关。
单词：reset＝重新安排； pioneer＝开拓性；research＝研究； switch＝开关；
14. New knowledge about nature's living clocks has practical applications[应用]. For man, too, seems to follow daily rhythms. The amount of sugar in our blood stream varies with the time of day, as does our temperature. More of the cells in our skin and muscles divide during the night hours than during the day. By tinkering[调整] with the clocks of plants and animals, scientists may learn more about the fascinating[adj.吸引人的,迷人的] way our bodies work.
14、关于大自然的“活钟”的新知识具有实际用途。人类似乎也遵循每天的时间节奏。我们血液中的血糖水平以及体温随一天的时间不同而不同。我们的皮肤和肌肉里的细胞分裂在夜间比在白天要多。通过调整植物和动物的生物钟，科学家们可以更多了解我们身体运作的神秘方式。
分析：as does our temperature＝倒装句；
单词：applications＝应用； tinker ＝修补；
中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (9)
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10.The First Jet[n.喷气式飞机].第一架喷气机
1.It was just noon on that 25th day of April 1945. I had gone through my first minutes of combat[v.与…战斗,与…斗争]. The 456th Bomber[(bomb):n.炸弹]Group, based[(base):n.根据地；基地]in Italy[n.意大利(欧洲)] had ,gone into Austria[n.奥地利]. They had hit the railroad[n.铁路] yards at Linz along the Danube[n.多瑙河] River.
1、事情发生在1945年4月25日的中午。我正在执行我的第一次战斗任务。基地在意大利的第456轰炸机组刚刚飞进奥地利。他们要轰炸多瑙河沿岸位于林滋的铁路工厂。
分析：go through经历；
单词：combat＝战斗； bomber＝轰炸机； base＝基地；railroad＝铁路；yards＝工厂；along＝沿着；
2.My job was to drop chaff[n.谷物的皮壳]. They were the little bundles[(bundle):n.捆,束,包] of tin[n.(英)罐头盒，that confused[(confuse):v.锡]
混淆,弄糊涂] enemy[n.敌人；敌军] radar[n.雷达]. Through the 3-inch-square chaff[n.谷物的皮壳] chute[n.斜道], I could see the enemyshells[(shell):n.炮弹] exploding[(explode):vt.&vi.(使)爆炸] just below us.
2、我的工作是抛撒干扰片。它们是锡制的很小的捆，能够干扰敌人的雷达。透过3平方英寸（抛撒）干扰片斜道，我能看到敌人的炮弹就在我们（飞机肚子）底下爆炸。
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单词：chaff＝金属箔；bundle＝捆；tin＝锡；confuse＝搞乱；enemy＝敌人；radar＝雷达；chute＝斜道；shell＝炮弹；explode＝爆炸；
3.Just after "bombs[(bomb):n.炸弹] away," a sharp[adj.突然的] blow（打击） rocked （震动）our plane. An enemy shell[n.炮弹] had ripped[(rip):v.撕裂或拉破] a hole in the floor of the airplane. It was about a yard from the engineer's feet.
3、刚刚执行投弹完毕命令，一下急速的打击使我们的飞机摇晃起来。敌人的一颗炮弹已经在飞机的地板上撕破一个大洞。它距离工程师的脚不过一码。
单词：bombs away＝投弹完毕；sharp＝ 急速的；blow＝打击； rip＝撕破；
4."Engineer to pilot[n.飞行员]," his voice[n.说话声；said, "we've 嗓音]
been hit."
4、工程师呼叫机长，（耳机中）他的声音说道，我们被击中了。 单词：pilot＝机长；voice＝声音；
5."Bad?"
5、很严重吗？
6."Don’t think so. It missed the control[vt.控制] cables（电缆）-went out through the top."
6、不太严重。它没有击中控制缆，穿过顶棚出去了。
7.No more talk. It was over. But it left a shaky[a.震动的,摇晃的,动摇的] feeling. We knew that the war was almost over. A guy'schances of
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getting home were good.
7、没有更多的交谈。这件事过去了。但是它留下令人震撼的感觉。我们都知道战争几乎结束了。一个军人战后回家的机会很高。
8.Each of us was thinking the sameThree inches[(inch):n.英寸] to the left and it would have cut some cables[(cable):n.电缆]. A tiny[adj.极小的；微小的] instant[n.瞬间,片刻] later, and it would have hit one of us.
8、我们中的每个人都在想同样的事。如果那颗炮弹早半秒击中我们，它可能击中机长。只要偏左3英寸，它将会割断某些控制缆。稍微迟后瞬间，它将击中我们中的一个。
分析：对过去的事的虚拟语气，条件句用过去完成时含有had ＋动词的过去分词；主句用过去将来完成时含有would（should、might）＋have+动词的过去分词
单词： tiny＝稍微；instant ＝瞬间；
9.The bomb run ended. The bomb bay[n.湾；海湾] doors slid[(slide):v.流淌,滑行] shut[vt.&vi.关上；关闭]. Suddenly we were in the clear open sky.
9、一连串的轰炸结束了。弹舱门关上了。刹那间我们冲入晴朗的广阔天空。
10.We let ourselves feel a bit safer now. We had the three-hour flight home. It was acropart of Yugoslavia[n.南斯拉夫]. Then came the voice[n.说话声；嗓音] of our nose gunner[(gun):n.枪手].
10、现在我们使自己感到多了一点安全。我们要用3个小时飞回家。正在横
穿南斯拉夫某地。这时传来我们的前机枪手的声音。
11."Fighter. Eleven o'clock low. Coming in fast."
11、战斗机。11点方向下。逼近得非常快。
12."Whose?" somebody said.
12、谁的？有人问。
13."Not ours," came the answer, forward[adv.前方的]. "Never saw anything like it. it's closing in now..fast..fast..never saw anything so fast."
13、不是我们的，从前方传来回答，从来没有见过像这样的东西。现在它正在接近，太快了，太快了，从来没有见过任何东西这么快。
14."I see him!" the left waist[n.腰,腰部] gunner[(gun):n.枪手] said. It’s a jet-one of those new ME262's!"
14、我看到它了！左腰部机枪手说。它是架喷气机，是新型ME262中的一架！
15."Can't even hold him in the sight[n.视力]," the gunner said.
15、简直不能‘盯’住它，机枪手说。
16.If one of their new jetshits you, just start shooting[n.射击] and hope that you hit him. You won't get a chance[n.机会；可能性] to aim[v.瞄准]. That’s what we had been told. The enemy had a fighter so fast we couldn't even hold a sight on it. It was something we had never heard of. Something they called a "jet."
16、我们曾被告知：如果他们的新型喷气机冲向你，立即扫射，但愿你打中它，你没有瞄准它的机会。敌人有一种战斗机太快，我们甚至不能‘看’住它。
这是我们从没听说过的东西，敌人称之为喷气机。
17.And now the jet came at us! Our nose turret[n.炮塔] turned wildly[(wild)野蛮的] to follow it. The electric[adj.电的；用电的] motors of the turret hummed[(hum):v.发嗡嗡声]. The gunner tried to bring his guns around.
17、现在喷气机冲向我们！我们的前炮塔发疯似地旋转着跟随它。炮塔的电动机嗡嗡叫。机枪手试图带着他的枪转动。
18.Looking over the other waist[n.腰,腰部] gunner's shoulder, I saw the enemyjet. Saw its shining green nose and its high rudder[n.(船的)舵]. It knifed through the spring air toward our plane.
18、从另外一个腰部机枪手的肩上看去，我看到了敌人的喷气机。看到了它的闪亮的绿色鼻子和高高的方向舵。它刀劈般穿过春天的天空接近我们的飞机。
19.In seconds the jet's cannon[n.大炮] would fire. In seconds it would all be over. Our bomber[(bomb):n.炸弹] would fold[vt.&vi.折叠；合拢]. It would streak[v.快速移动] down to smash[vt.打碎,粉碎] in the mountains below.
19、几秒中内喷气机的大炮将开火，几秒钟内一切将结束。我们的轰炸机将折叠成团。它将瞬间下坠粉碎在下面的山上。
20.In seconds..Then I noticed[(notice)v.注意] that it had not yet fired a single shot[(shoot) of us stared. We were ready for the blow. n.射击]. All
But no one fired!
20、几秒钟内……突然，我注意到它没有发射一发子弹。我们所有人都凝视着。我们已经准备着爆炸。但是没有人开火。
21.The jet was in range[n.一系列]. Its shining nose was on us as it closed in for the kill.
21、喷气机确实在射程以内。它闪亮的鼻子对着我们，似乎它要靠近来进行屠杀。
22.Then the unbelievable[adj.惊人的,难以置信的]:the enemy jet leveled[(level):n.水平线；水平] off. It flashed[(flash):n.闪光；转瞬间] below us and was gone.
22、这时令人难以置信的事情发生了，敌人的喷气机与我们的飞机拉成水平。它闪向我们的下面，然后离去。
23."Close!" somebody said. Too close!"
23、太近了！有人说。太近了！
24.Then we went back to the busineof getting home. I guemost of the crew[n.工作人员] forgot about that jet that had us in its sights. But I have never forgotten it.
24、之后，大家重新回到飞回家的事情里。我猜想机组的大多数人现在已经忘掉那架置我们于其视距的喷气机。但是，我从来没有忘掉它。
25.Was the German pilot out of ammunition[n.弹药]? Did his gunsjam at the last second? Or was it more than that? Was he tired of killing?
25、是德国飞行员没有弹药？是最后一秒他的机枪卡壳？或者还有更多隐情？或者是他已经厌倦于杀戮？
26.I'll never be sure. I don't know what held the fire of our own gunners. But the sky changed from a rain of hate to a blue sky of hope.
26、我可能永远不会弄清。我也不知道为什么我们的机枪手没有开火。但是天变了，从一个讨厌的雨天变成我们所希望的蓝天。
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