美国人每年抽烟亿支年的统计数字，单词香烟统计数字概略地相等的估计比较，年以来为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究，平均寿命指出暗示出现在阅读的题干中，单词因素有关系的膀胱口腔男性女性的影响呼吸
中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (18)
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19. Smoking and Cancer. 吸烟和癌.
作为阅读文章
1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes[(cigarette):n.纸烟；every year (1970 figures[数字]). 香烟]
This is roughly[(rough):adj.错略的] the equivalent[相等的] of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated[(estimate):v.估计] that 51% of American men smoke compared[(compare):vt.比较] with 34% of American women.
1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计，美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。
分析：comparedwith:与……比较；
单词：cigarette =香烟；figure =统计数字；roughly =.概略地；equivalent=相等的； estimate=估计；compare=比较；
2. Since 1939, numerous[adj.许多的] scientific studies have been conducted[(conduct):vt.进行] to determine[确定] whether smoking is a health hazard[n.危险]. The trend[n.趋向,趋势] of the evidence[n.证据] has been consistent[adj.一致的,符合的] and indicates[(indicate):v.表明，暗示] that there is a serious health risk[n.危险]. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable[adj.合情理的] doubt[n. vi.&vt.怀疑；疑惑] that
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tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] smoking, particularly[(particular):adj.特殊的；特别的] cigarette smoking, is associated[(associate):v.使联系起来] with shortened life expectancy[n.预料,预计,期待].
2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。
分析：have been conducted ：完成时态的被动语态。；life expectancy ＝平均寿命； indicate=指出，暗示；（出现在阅读的题干中）
单词：numerous =许多的； conduct=进行；determine =确定； hazard ＝危险； trend =趋势；evidence=证据；consistent =一致的； doubt=怀疑；reasonable=有道理的； tobacco =烟草；particularly =特别是；cigarette =卷烟；；shorten =缩短； expectancy =预期；
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor[n.因素] in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related[(relate):vi.有关；涉及] to cancer of the bladder[n.膀胱] and the oral cavity[n.腔]. Male cigarette Smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be leaffected because they do
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not breathe[呼吸] in the smoke so deeply.) The majority[n.大多数] of doctors andresearchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction[n.满意] and say, "Give up smoking. If you don't smoke-don't start!"
3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!” 分析：development：事物从无到有的一个发展过程；majority根据后面接的名词来决定谓语的形式；
单词：factor=因素； relate =有关系的；bladder=膀胱；oral cavity=口腔；male =男性； female =女性的；affect =影响； breathe=呼吸； majority=多数；consider =认为； satisfaction =满意；Give up=放弃；
4. Some competent[adj.有能力的] physicians[(physician):n.医生,(尤指)内科医生] and research workers-though their small number is decreased[(decrease):v.减少] even further-are lesure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory[a.呼吸的] diseases and various[adj.各种各样的] forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors[(factor):n.因素] in the complex[adj.;复杂的] human environment-atmospheric
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pollution, increased nervous stress[n.压力,紧张], chemical
substances[(substance):n.物质] in processed[(process):n.加工] food,
or chemical pesticides[(pesticide):n.杀虫剂] that are now being used by farmers in vast[adj.巨大的；广阔的] quantities[(quantity):n.
to destroy insects[(insect):n.昆虫] and small animals. Smokers 量；数量]
who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by
coincidence[n.巧合], live in industrial[adj.工业的] areas, or eat
more canned food. Gradually[adv.逐渐地], however, research is
isolating[(isolate):v.使隔离,使孤立] all other possible
factors[(factor):n.因素] and proving them to be statistically[adv.
统计上的] irrelevant[adj.不相关的].
4、有些精通业务的医生和研究人员-虽然这些人不多，并且人数
在进一步减少-不那么肯定吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸
系统疾病和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外
一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品
中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀
死昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧也住
在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它
因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素是无关的。
分析：are being used ：现在进行时的被动语态；
process:加工； progress：进步； proceed：开始，进行； destroy :瞬间的，彻底的毁坏；pain疼痛；hurt 伤害（肉体的，
精神上）；injure(容貌上的，肉体的，精神上)；harm（是一个长期的损害，）；damage（对事物的损害，无生命的）； are sure of =确信；
单词：competent =有能力的；physician =医师；decrease =减少； consider =认为；increase =增加；respiratory=.呼吸的；various =各种各样的； atmospheric pollution ＝大气污染；nervous =神经紧张的； process=加工； pesticide =杀虫剂； quantity =数量；destroy=消灭；coincidence=巧合； isolate = 使孤立； statistically =统计上地；irrelevant =不相关的；
5. Apart from the scientific statistics[n.统计数字,统计资料], it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco[n.烟草；烟
actually[(actual):a.实际的，现实的] does to the human body. Smoke 叶]
is a mixture of gases[(gas):n.气体], vaporized[(vaporize):v.(使)蒸
chemicals, minute（极小的） particles[(particle):n.微粒] of ash[n.发]
and other solids[(solid):n.固体]. There is also nicotine[n.灰，灰末],
尼古丁], which is a powerful[adj.强大的] poison[n.毒药], and black tar[n.焦油]. As the smoke is breathed[(breathe):vi.呼] in, all these components[(component):n.组成部分] form deposits[(deposit):堆积，沉淀] on the membranes[(membrane):n.膜] of the lungs. One point of concentration[n.集中] is where the air tube, or bronchus[n.支气
divides[(divide):划分]. Most lung cancer begins at this point. 管],
5、除了科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清吸食烟草对人体
的实际影响。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。
分析：apart from＝除之外；
单词：statistics =统计学； tobacco =烟草；actually =事实上；mixture =混合；gas＝气体；vaporize= (使)蒸发；minute ＝微小的；particle =微粒； ash=灰；solid ＝固体；nicotine=尼古丁； poison=毒药；tar=焦油； component=成分；deposit=堆积；membrane =膜； concentration =集中； bronchus =支气管；
6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels[(vessel):n.血管]. It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins[(vein):n.静脉] in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation[n.截肢手术] of limbs[(limb):n.肢]. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.
6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多。
分析：relate to =涉及；lead to＝导致；
单词：blood vessel=血管； disease ＝疾病；narrowing=缩小；vein = 静脉； amputation=切断手术；limb =肢；
7. While all tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] smoking affects life and expectancy[n.预料,预计,期待] and health, cigarette[n.纸烟；香烟] smoking appears[(appear):vi.出现] to have a much greater effect than cigar[n.雪茄烟，叶卷烟] or pipe[n.烟斗] smoking. However, nicotine[n.尼古丁] consumption[n.消费;消耗量] is not diminished[(diminish):v.减少] by the latter[n.后者] forms, and current[adj.当前的;现今的] research indicates[(indicate):v.表明] a causal[adj.具有因果关系的] relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters[(filter):n.过滤嘴] and low tar[n.柏油,焦油] tobacco[n.烟草；烟叶] are claimed[(claim):v.声称] to make smoking to some extent[n.程度,范围] safer, but they can only marginally[(marginal):a.微小的] reduce[vt.减少；缩减], not eliminate[v.消除,排除] the hazards[(hazard):n.危险].
7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全，但是这只能略微减少危害，而不能消除危害。
单词：while =尽管；appear＝看来；cigar =雪茄；pipe=烟斗； consumption =消费；diminish=减少；current=当前的；indicate =显示；causal=原因的； filter=过滤；tar =焦油；claim =声称； marginally=略微；eliminate =排除, 消除；
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18. How Americans Eat and Drink. 美国人的饮食.
1. Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft (non-alcoholic) drink in the world. 165 million "Cokes" are sold every day, from the equator[n.赤道] to the Arctic[n.北极]. But whereas[而] outside the USA Coke tends[(tend):v.倾向于] to be a young person's drink, inside the USA anybody of any age or income[n.收入；所得] can drink it without embarrassment[n.尴尬] on any occasion[n.场合].
1、可口可乐是全世界销路最好的软饮料(不含酒精的饮料)。从赤道到北极，可口可乐每天的销售量为1、65亿瓶。在美国，任何人，不论年龄大孝收入多少，都可以在任何场合饮用可口可乐而不至于有任何不自在的感觉。但在美国之外，可口可乐往往是青年人的饮料。 单词：non-alcoholic=不含酒精的； equator =赤道；arctic =北极的； income =收入；embarrassment =尴尬；
2. Coke is not the only "cola" drink. Pepsi Cola is a well-known rival[n.对手] and has its devotees[(devotee):n.热爱者], for it is not as sweet as Coke. Cola drinks contain[vt.包含；包括] caffeine[n.咖啡因] from the kola nut and are the only soft drinks which are stimulating[
refreshing[(refresh):v.使恢复精神].有刺激性的] as well as
2、可口可乐不是唯一的可乐饮料。百事可乐是它的著名竞争对手并拥有自己的爱好者，因为它不像可口可乐那么甜。可乐饮料含有从可拉果中提取的咖啡因，并且是唯一的既可提神又有刺激性的软饮
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料。
单词：rival =竞争者；devotee =热爱者； caffeine =咖啡因stimulating =有刺激性的； refreshing=提神的；
3. There are excellent wines produced in California which are praised[(praise):赞扬] by European connoisseurs[(connoisseur):n.鉴赏家,行家], but some Americans prefer stronger stuff[酒]. Well-off[手头宽裕的] Americans consume[v.
a lot of alcohol in the form of cocktails-mixtures based 消耗,消费]
on spirits[烈酒] like whisky[n.威士忌酒], gin[n.杜松子酒] and vodka[n.伏特加].
3、加利福尼亚生产的优质葡萄酒得到欧洲的行家们的赞扬，但有些美国人更喜欢烈性酒。很多美国人以喝鸡尾酒的方式消费大量酒精，这种酒是用威士忌、杜松子酒和伏特加之类的烈性酒调制而成的。 分析：resume恢复， presume假定， consume消费；
单词：praise=赞扬； connoisseur=行家；prefer =更喜欢； stuff=
【口语】酒；well-off=手头宽裕的；consume=消费；alcohol=酒精；cocktail=鸡尾酒；mixture =混合物；whisky=威士忌；gin=杜松子酒；vodka=伏特加；
4. Hamburgers and hot dogs are perhaps the best known American foods. Hot dogs-sausages between bread rolls-can be bought in snack bars and from hot dog stands（货摊） on street comers[来者]. And from San Francisco to New York, in cheap or
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medium-priced restaurants, hamburgers will be on all the menus, in company with steaks[(steak):n.牛排], fried chicken and seafood. They come with French fries and crisp[adj.脆的；green salad. 松脆的]
In most cases it is certainly good value for money. For dessert[n.
you will be offered apple pie[n.馅饼], cheese cake, chocolate 甜食]
layer[n.层次] cake, ice cream and ice cream sundaes[(sundae):n.圣代]. No ice cream in the world is more delicious than American ice cream.
4、汉堡包和热狗也许是最著名的美国食品了。热狗-面包卷夹香肠-可以在街角的小吃店和热狗摊上买到。从旧金山到纽约的中小饭馆，所有乏鞘菜单上都有汉堡包，它与牛排、炸鸡和海味并列。它们与炸薯条和新鲜色拉搁在一起出售。在多数情况下，这笔钱当然值得一花。要甜点心的话，你可以点苹果馅饼、乳酪蛋糕、巧克力夹心蛋糕、冰淇淋和冰淇淋圣代。世界上没有哪个地方的冰激淋比美国的更好吃了。
分析：in company with 一起;
单词：snack bar=快餐柜； steak =牛排； crisp =脆的； dessert=餐后甜点；offer=提议； layer=夹心；
5. The American passion[n.激情] for speed has now hit the food business. Many restaurants, in particular the great chain restaurant company, Macdonald's, specialize in fast food", food which is served at the counter ready "to go（外卖）", or "to take
out". The food, cooked and hot, is packed into cardboard[n.厚纸板] and plastic containers[(container):n.容器], and hot drinks go into plastic cups with tight-fitting lids. There are also drive-in[驶进] fast food restaurants, where the customer does not even have to leave his or her car. They first stop at a board[n.牌子] where the menu is displayed, give an order through a microphone[n.麦克风] and then drive another twenty yards, where a gift hands them the meal, ready cooked and packed. People who prefer to eat at a table in the restaurant also receive their food in cardboard[n.厚纸板] or plastic containers[(container):n.容
and the knives, forks and spoons are plastic, too. When they 器],
have finished, customers throw everything except the tray[n.托盘,盘子] into a trash[n.垃圾] can.
5、美国人追求“快”的激情目前已经影响到了饮食业。许多饭馆，尤其是大型连锁饮食公司“麦当劳”，专门做“快餐”，也就是在柜台随时可以买到或带走的食物。饭菜做好了，趁热就装进纸板或塑料制的容器。热饮料则装入盖子盖得很严的塑料杯中。还有服务到车上的“路旁”快餐店，顾客甚至用不着离开小汽车。他们先在一块写有菜单的牌子前停车，通过麦克风订饭菜，然后再往前开20码，就有女服务员递上做好并装在盒里的饭菜。愿意在饭馆里坐在餐桌边进餐的人的饭菜也同样装在纸板或塑料制的容器中，刀、叉、汤匙也都是塑料做的。顾客吃完了，除了盘子以外，其余都扔进垃圾箱。
分析：in particular =特别；specialize in=专营；
单词：passion=激情； chain =连锁； counter=柜台； cardboard =纸板；plastic=塑料的； microphone= 麦克风； tray =盘子；trash can = 垃圾桶；
6. In most cities, large and small, you can eat Mexican or Italian food. And even small towns have a coffee shop serving simple meals, drinks of all kinds-and excellent, freshly-made coffee. You sit at the counter, or are served at a table. Service in restaurants and coffee shops is efficient[效率高的] and friendly. Waiters and waitresses often introducethemselves. "Hi! I am Don (Debbie). What can I get you folks[(folk):各位]?" This friendlineis natural and not entirely[(entire):adj.整个的；全部的] influenced[(influence):n.影响;势力] by the hope of a high tip. In any case, people usually tip15% of the check. One of the pleasantest things about waiters and waitresses is that they refill[n.重新装满] your coffee cup several times for no extra charge!
6、在大多数城市里，无论大城市还是小城市，你都可以吃到墨西哥食品或意大利食品。甚至小镇上也有咖啡馆提供简单的饭菜、各种饮料和非常好的刚煮好的咖啡。你坐在柜台边或桌旁就行。饭店和咖啡馆的服务热情周到，效率很高。男女服务员经常自我介绍：“我是多恩(或德比)。您要点什么?”这种友好毫不做作，也并不完全是
想多得小费。一般，人们常另付账单金额的15％作为小费。男女服务员最讨人喜欢的一点是他们屡次三番把你的咖啡杯重新斟满而不另加收钱！
单词：counter=柜台；efficient= 有效的； Introduce=介绍；entirely=完全地；influence =影响；tip＝小费； check=饭馆的帐单；pleasant=令人愉快的；refill=再装满；
7. Many American families pride[n.自豪] themselves on their cooking, and have deep freezers, where they store food they grow in their gardens or buy in the supermarket. Supermarkets are large self-service stores selling every kind of food-fresh, canned or frozen. So, like the fast-food restaurants, their produce is leexpensive and easier to market. There have been supermarkets in the USA since the 1930s, and they have now spread[vt.延伸；展开；流传] through a large part of the world.
7、许多美国家庭以自己的烹调而自豪。他们有冷藏箱，可以把他们在花园种的或从超级市场买的食物贮藏起来。超级市场是大型自助商店，出售各种食品-新鲜的、罐头装的或冰冻的。因此，像快餐馆一样，他们的商品较便宜，容易销售。美国从1930年代起就有超级市场了，现在超级市场已遍及世界的大部分地区。
分析：pride on ＝为而自豪； take pride in以为傲 单词：spread=散布；
中石油职称英语课文讲稿1-60第01课 (41)
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42.The Versatile[a.多功能的] Lead[铅] Pencil. 万能的铅笔
1. The lead pencil is one of the most used pieces of merchandise[n.商品] in the world. It is the simplest, most convenient[adj.便利的；方便的] and least expensive of all writing instruments[工具].
1、铅笔是这个世界上使用的最多的商品之一。在所有的书写工具中，它最简单，最方便，最便宜。
单词：versatile＝多功能的； merchandise＝商品； convenient＝方便的； instrument＝工具；
2. Perhaps the most surprising thing about the lead pencil is that it is not lead at all. And it is not a pencil. The "lead " is actually graphite[n.石墨] from the Greek word "to write." The word "pencil" is from Latin. The first pencils were fine or stiff[adj.硬的] brushes of hair.
2、可能关于铅笔最让人吃惊的事情是它根本就不是铅做的，而英语PENCIL也不是笔的意思。所谓的铅实际上是石墨，英语的“LEAD”源自希腊语的“写”。英语中的“PENCIL”源自拉丁语，是指用毛制作的细致的硬刷子。
3. American pencil makers turn out their product by the millions. Probably there is no more useful article[n.物品] in the world. As one wise person remarked: “Everything begins with a pencil. Whether it's a pin[别针] or a battleship[n.战舰], it is
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first rendered[呈递] with a pencil."
3、美国的铅笔制造商生产了数以百万计的铅笔。在这个世界上可能没有比铅笔更有用的东西了。因为一个智者曾经这样评述“一切都开始于一支铅笔，无论它是一个别针还是一艘战舰，它的第一个表述都来自一支铅笔。”
分析：turn out＝生产；
单词：article＝物品 ； render＝呈递；
4. There is a pencil for every purpose[n.目的]. In fact, the industry now supplies 370 different types and styles in more than 70 different colors and in 18 degrees of hardness.
4、一支铅笔可以用于不同的书写目的。事实上，工业界现在提供着370种不同种类不同风格、超过70种不同颜色、18种不同硬度的铅笔。
单词：purpose＝目的；
5. Some write clearly on slippery[a.光滑的] surfaces, such as glaand plastic. Surgeons[n.外科医生] use a special pencil for outlining[勾勒] the operation area on the patient's skin, and packing-plants use another type to write identification[鉴定] on sides of beef. There is even a special electric pencil used for tests checked by electronic[a.电子的] machines.
5、某些铅笔可以在光滑的表面诸如玻璃、塑料上清晰书写。外科医生使用一种特殊的铅笔在病人的皮肤上勾勒出手术区域。包装厂
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使用另外一种类型的铅笔在牛肉的侧面写上识别号码。甚至有一种用来协助电子仪器进行测试的特殊的电子笔。
单词：slippery＝光滑的； surgeon＝外科医生； electric＝电的； electronic＝电子的；
6. There are many novelty[n.新颖] pencils. Some have the Ten Commandments[n.戒律], calendars[日历] or the multiplication[n.乘法] table on them. Some are in the shape of umbrellas, canes[手杖], baseball bats and traffic signals. One may be 12 feet long, while others are only 1/2 inch.
6、还有许多新颖的铅笔。有的上面有（基督教的教条的）十诫、日历或者乘法表。有的铅笔被做成雨散手杖、棒球、甚至交通信号灯的样子。有的可能长达12英尺，而另有一些只有半英寸长。
单词：novelty＝新奇； calendar＝日历； multiplication table＝乘法表；
7. One recent novelty is a pencil with paper in it. A small roll of paper fits in the center of the pencil and is drawn out through a slit[n.裂缝] in the side. It’s just the thing for those who are always looking for a scrap[小片] of paper.
7、最近的一种新奇铅笔，里面有一卷纸。小小的一卷纸恰好放在铅笔的中央部分，纸可以通过在铅笔边的缝抽出来。它适用于那些总是需要小纸片的人。
8. A popular idea is that a check, will[遗嘱], or other
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legal[adj.法律(上)的] paper written in pencil is not legal. This is not true. Any legal document which does not specify[指定] otherwise can be legally signed in pencil.
8、一般认为用铅笔签署的支票，遗嘱或其它法律性文件是不合法的。事实并不是这样。任何法律文件只要没有明确指出，都可以用铅笔签署。
单词：will＝遗嘱； legal＝法律的； specify＝指定；
9. By one means or another, man has been writing for thousands of years. The Greeks and Romans used metallic[adj.金
lead for drawing faint[adj.暗淡的] lines. But it was not until 属的]
around 1400 A.D. that graphite[n.石墨], the main part of the modern pencil, first appeared[出现]. And for a long time it was used without any covering.
9、无论怎样，人类数千年来一直在书写。古希腊和古罗马人使用金属铅来画暗淡的线。但是直到公元1400年，现代铅笔的主要部分石墨才被发现，并且在相当长一段时间，都是用没有木头外套的石墨直接书写。
单词：metallic＝金属的； faint＝暗淡的；
10. About a century and a half later, in 1564, a high wind blew over a heavy oak[n.橡树] tree near Cumberland[n.坎伯兰郡], England. The earth revealed[露出] a slab[n.厚片] of black rock which was actually a huge deposit[沉积物] of almost pure[adj.纯的]
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graphite[n.石墨]. Shepherds[(shepherd):n.牧羊人] used it to brand[标记] their sheep. George II controlled the graphite[n.石墨] by declaring[宣布] it a crime[n.罪行] to ship it out of the country.
10、大约一个半世纪之后，也就是1546年，在英国坎伯兰郡附近，一场大风吹倒了一棵大橡树，一层厚厚的黑色岩石在地表显露出来，这实际上是一块巨大的几乎纯净的石墨矿藏。当地的牧羊人用它给自己的羊打标记。乔治二世为了控制石墨开采，宣告用船运石墨出国是一种犯罪。
单词：reveal＝显露； deposit＝沉积物； pure＝纯的； crime＝罪行；
11. This graphite[n.石墨] could be used in its natural state for writing. Seeing the find as a rich prize, merchants[商人] cut it into sticks. They sold it for writing purposes. By present-day standards, however, it was far from satisfactory[adj.令人满意的] for writing. For one thing, the graphite's[石墨] hardnecould not be changed.
11、这种石墨可以在自然状态下用来书写。这个发现被看作财富的奖励，商人们把石墨切割成棒状，当成书写工具来卖。然而，按照今天的标准，它还远未达到书写的要求。比如说当时石墨的硬度是不能改变的。
单词：merchant＝商人； satisfactory＝令人满意的；
12. Grinding[磨碎] low grades of graphite[n.石墨] to remove[vt.
移走] impurities[杂质], pencil makers elsewhere found difficulties. Their problem was to bind[v.捆绑] the black powder[n.粉末] together again so it would be hard enough to serve as a writing instrument.
12、对于各地的铅笔制造者来说，碾磨碎低品质的石墨以去掉里面的杂质，是十分困难的。它们的难题是如何重新组合这些黑色的粉末，使它成为有足够硬度的书写工具。
单词：remove＝移走； impurity＝杂质；
13. Napoleon[n.拿破仑] Bonaparte had a finger in the development of the modern pencil industry. Cut off from English pencils. He was stuck with his own impure[a.不纯的] French graphite[n.石墨]. Never one to accept second best, Napoleon[n.拿破仑] hired[雇用] Nicholas[n.尼古拉斯] Conte to solve the problem.
13、波拿巴·拿破仑影响了现代铅笔工业的发展。由于来自英国的铅笔供应被切断，他被限制只能使用他的不纯净的法国石墨上。他从不接受次好，于是拿破仑雇佣了尼古拉斯·康特来解决这个问题。 单词：impure=不纯的；
14. Conte found the answer in 1795.By mixing refined[提炼的] graphite[n.石墨] powder with clay[泥土], then heating it, he produced a firm[adj.牢固的] hard lead. German researchers later perfected the method. The lead pencil was launched[开始] on its way to general use.
14、1795年，康特找到了问题的答案。把经过精炼的石墨粉末混合以泥土，然后进行加热烧结，他生产出了牢固而坚硬的“铅”。德国的研究员其后又完善了这一方法。铅笔向着通用性发展。
15. William Monroe[门罗], the Concord[康科德城], Massachusetts[马赛诸塞州], cabinet[橱柜]-maker, made the first pencils in the United States. The War of 1812 halted[停止] imports[进口] of pencils. Monroe[门罗] developed machinery[机器] to make wooden slats[板条]. Each one was grooved[开槽] to half the thickneof a pencil lead. Two slats[板条] were glued together with the lead between. The method is still being used today.
15、威廉·门罗，马赛诸塞州康科德城的一个橱柜制造者，在美国生产了第一批铅笔。1812年的战争中断了铅笔的进口。门罗设计了一套机器用来制作木条。每一根木条中开了一条只有铅笔直径一半宽的槽，两个木条用胶粘合在一起，铅笔芯置于两个木条中间。这种方法一直沿用到今天。
16.Monroe's[门罗] first American-made lead pencils-about 30 of them-were sold to a Boston[n.波士顿] hardware[n.五金器具] dealer[商人] in July,1812.But it was not until many years later that American pencils began to sell as well as European brands[牌子,商标].
16、1812年7月，门罗的第一批大约30支铅笔卖给了波士顿市的杂货店中间商。但是直到很多年以后，美国制造的铅笔才开始和欧洲
品牌卖的一样好。
单词：dealer＝经销商；
17. Today the nation's 15-odd pencil manufactures produce about a-billion-and -a-half wooden pencils a year. This amounts to about nine apiece[ad.每人] for each man, woman, and child in the country. At manufacturers[制造商] wholesale[批发的] prices this busineamounted to $35 million in 1957-not including mechanical[adj.机械的] pencils. About nine wooden lead pencils are sold here for every one of all other varieties[种类] of writing tools.
17、今天，这个国家的15个铅笔制造厂，每年生产出大约15亿支木制铅笔。这个数量差不多使这个国家里的每个人平均拥有9支铅笔，包括男人、女人、和孩子。在1957年，按照商品生产商的批发价格计算，铅笔销售总额达到了三千五百万美元，其中还不包括机械自动铅笔。差不多每一支其它种类的书写工具售出，就有9支木制铅笔被售出。
单词：mechanical＝机械的； variety＝种类
18. The modern 7-inch long pencil can draw a line 35 miles in length; it can write an average of 45,000 words, and it can take an average of 17 sharpening. For some strange reason, about 75 percent of all pencil sold for general use are finished in yellow. A carpenter's[木匠] pencil is usually finished in bright
red. The color makes the pencil easy to find in wood shavings[木屑].
18、一支7英寸长的现代铅笔可以画出35英里长的线，它平均可以写出45000个单词，并且平均能够进行17次的削尖。由于某些奇怪的原因，被卖出的铅笔差不多百分之七十五是黄色的。而木匠用铅笔则通常是明亮的红色。这种颜色使得铅笔很容易在木屑中被发现。
19. Judging by the ever-increasing demand[需求] for them, it appears that the lead pencil is here to stay. At least as long as busineand industry, educational[教育的] institutions[机构] and the U.S. Government continue. For they are its three largest consumers[消费者].
19、从对铅笔需求不断增长的情况判断，看来铅笔还会继续存在，至少只要工商业、教育机构、美国政府继续存在，对于铅笔业来说它们是三个最大的客户。
单词：demand需求；consumer＝消费者
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