2016职称英语b类概括大意与完成句子

2016职称英语b类概括大意与完成句子 | 楼主 | 2017-07-08 09:19:02 共有3个回复
  1. 12016职称英语b类概括大意与完成句子
  2. 22016年职称英语考试理工类C级概括大意与完成句子强化训练
  3. 32016年职称英语概括大意与完成句子

年职称英语考试理工类级考试真题及答案解析。

2016职称英语b类概括大意与完成句子2017-07-08 09:16:57 | #1楼回目录

第一篇FordAbandonsElectricVehicles福特放弃电动汽车TheFordmotorcompany's1abandonmentofelectriccarseffectivelysignalstheendoftheroadforthetechnology,analystssay.GeneralMotors2andHonda3ceasedproductionofbattery-poweredcarsin1999,tofocusonfuelcell4andhybridelectricgasolineengines5,whicharemoreattractivetotheconsumer.Fordhasnowannounceditwilldothesame.Threeyearsago,thecompanyintroducedtheThinkCitytwo-seatercarandagolfcartcalledtheTHINK,orThinkNeighbor6.Ithopedtosell5,000carseachyearand10,000carts.Butalackofdemandmeansonlyabout1,000ofthecarshavebeenproduced,andlethan1,700cartshavebeensoldsofarin2002."Thebottomlineis7wedon'tbelievethatthisisthefutureofenvironmenttransportforthemamarket,"TimHolmesofFordEuropesaidonFriday."Wefeelwehavegivenelectricourbestshot8.”TheThinkCityhasarangeofonlyabout53milesanduptoasix-hourbatteryrechargetime.GeneralMotors'EVIelectricvehiclealsohadalimitedrange,ofabout100miles.Theveryexpensivebatteriesalsomeanelectriccarscostmuchmorethanpetrol-poweredalternatives.AnelectricToyota9RAV4EVvehiclecostsover$42,000intheUS,comparedwithjust$17,000forthepetrolversion.ToyotaandNissan10arenowtheonlymajorautomanufacturerstoproduceelectricvehicles."Thereisafeelingthatbatteryelectrichasbeengivenitschance.Fordnowhastomoveonwithitshybridprogram11,andthatiswhatwewillbejudgingthemon,”RogerHigman,aseniortransportcampaigneratUKFriendsoftheEarth,toldtheEnvironmentNewsService.HybridcarsintroducedbyToyotaandHondainthepastfewyearshavesoldwell.Hybridenginesoffergreatermileagethanpetrol-onlyengines,andthebatteriesrechargethemselves.Fordsaysitthinkssuchvehicleswillhelpitmeetplannednewguidelines12onvehicleemissions13intheUS.However,itisnotyetclearexactlywhatthoseguidelineswillpermit.InJune,GeneralMotorsandDaimlerChrysler14wonacourtinjunction,delayingbytwoyearsCalifornianlegislationrequiringcar-makerstooffer100,000zero-emissionandotherlow-emissionvehiclesinthestateby2003.Carmanufacturershopethelegislationwillberewrittentoallowformorelow-emission,ratherthanzero-emission,vehicles.第二篇WorldCrudeOilProductionMayPeak世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值DecadeEarlierThanSomePredictInafindingthatmayspeedeffortstoconserveoil,scientistsinKuwaitpredictthatworldconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2016.Thispredictionisalmostadecadeearlierthansomeotherpredictions.TheirstudyisinACS'Energy&Fuels1.IbrahimNashawiandcolleaguespointoutthatrapidgrowthinglobaloilconsumptionhassparkedagrowinginterestinpredicting"peakoil".“Peakoil”isthepointwhereoilproductionreachesamaximumandthendeclines.Scientistshavedevelopedseveralmodelstoforecastthispoint,andsomeputthedateat2020orlater.OneofthemostfamousforecastmodelsiscalledtheHubbertmodel2.Itassumesthatglobaloilproductionwillfollowabellshapedcurve3.Arelatedconceptisthat4of"PeakOil.”Theterm“PeakOil”indicatesthemomentinwhichworldwideproductionwillpeak,afterwardstostartonirreversibledecline.TheHubbertmodelaccuratelypredictedthatoilproductionwouldpeakintheUnitedStatesin1970.Themodelhassincegainedinpopularityandhasbeenusedtoforecastoilproductionworldwide.However,recentstudiesshowthatthemodelisinsufficienttoaccountfor5morecomplexoilproductioncyclesofsomecountries.Thosecyclescanbeheavilyinfluencedbytechnologychanges,politics,andotherfactors, http://www.oh100.com ingthenewmodel,thescientistsevaluatedtheoilproductiontrendsof47majoroil-producingcountries5whichsupplymostoftheworld'sconventionalcrudeoil6.Theyestimatedthatworldwideconventionalcrudeoilproductionwillpeakin2016,yearsearlierthananticipated.Thescientistsalsoshowedthattheworld'soilreserves7arebeingreducedatarateof2.1percentayear.Thenewmodelcouldhelpinformenergy-relateddecisionsandpublicpolicydebate,theysuggest.第三篇CitizenScientists公民科学家Understandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoringkeylifecycle1events一flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrogcallsofthespring—allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscan'tbeeverywheresothey'returningtonon-scientists,sometimescalledcitizenscientists,forhelp.Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomanyplacesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststoobserveallofthem,they'reaskingforyourhelpinobservingsignsofclimatechangeacrotheworld.Thecitizenscientistmovementencouragesordinarypeopletoobserveaveryspecificresearchinterest—birds,trees,flowersbudding,etc.—andsendtheirobservationstoagiantdatabasetobeobservedbyprofessionalscientists.Thishelpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountofdatathattheywouldneverbeabletogatherontheirown.Muchlikecitizenjournalistshelpinglargepublicationscoverahyper-localbeat2,citizenscientistsarereadyfortheconditionswheretheylive.Allthat'sneededtobecomeoneisafewminuteseachdayoreachweektogatherdataandsendit3in.AgroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyearcalledtheNationalPhenology4Network."Phenology"iswhatscientistscallthestudyofthetimingofeventsinnature.Oneofthegroup'sfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientistsaliketocollectdataaboutplantfloweringandleafingeveryyear.Theprogram,calledProjectBudBurst,collectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrotheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject—whichisQpentoeveryone一recordtheirobservationsontheProjectBudBurstwebsite."Peopledon'thavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundandseewhat'sintheirneighborhood,"saysJenniferSchwartz,aneducationconsultantwiththeproject."Aswecollectthisdata,we'llbeabletomakeanestimateofhowplantsandcommunities5ofplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges.”第四篇MotoringTechnology汽车技术1.2millionroaddeathsworldwideoccureachyear,plusafurther50millioninjuries.Toreducecarcrashrate,muchresearchnowisfocusedonsafetyandnewfuels—thoughsomeelectricvehicleandbiofuel1researchaimsatgoingfaster.Travellingatspeedhasalwaysbeenrisky.Onecuttingedgearea2ofresearchinmotoringsafetyistheuseofdigitalin-carassistants3.Theycanensureyoudon'tmicrucialroadsignsorfallasleep.Theuseofartificialintelligencesoftwareallowstheseassistantstomonitoryourdrivingandmakessureyourphoneorradiodoesn'tdistractyouatavitalmoment.Mostcrashesresultfromhumanandnotmechanicalfaults.Somesafetydevelopmentsaimtoimproveyourvision.Radarcanspot4obstaclesinfog,whileothertechnology“seesthrough"high-sided5vehiclesblockingyourview6.

Andimprovementstoseatbelts,pedalcontrolsandtyresaremakingdrivingsmootherandsafer.Thecolourofacarhasbeenfoundtobelinkedwithsafety,ashave,lesurprisingly,sizeandshape7.Andalternativestofossil-fuel8basedpetrol,suchasplantoils,areahotareaofresearch.Fuelcells9basedonhydrogenburncleanly,andarethesubjectofaseriousresearcheffort.Butwhateverisinthefueltank,youdon'twantathiefinthedrivingseatandtherehavebeenmanyinnovations,someusingsatellitetrackingandremotecommunications10,tofightagainstcartheft.Thesecommunicationsystemscanalsocomeintoplay11ifyoucrash,automaticallycallingforhelp.Accidentscausemanytrafficjams,buttherearemoresubtleinterplaysbetweenvehiclesthatcancausejamsevenonaclearbutbusyroad.Suchjamscanbeanalysedusingstatisticaltools.Roboticdriverscouldbeprogrammedtomaketrafficflowsmoothlyandwillperhapsonedaybeeveryone'spersonalchauffeur,buttheirlatesteffortssuggestthatwon'tbesoon.第五篇Late-NightDrinking在深夜饮咖啡Coffeeloversbeware.Havingaquick“pick-me-up"cupofcoffee1lateinthedaywillplayhavocwith2yoursleep.Aswellasbeingastimulant,caffeineinterruptstheflowofmelatonin,thebrainhormonethatsendspeopleintoasleep.Melatoninlevelsnormallystarttoriseabouttwohoursbeforebedtime.Levelsthenpeakbetween2amand4am,.beforefallingagain3."It'stheneurohormonethatcontrolsoursleepandtellsourbodywhentosleepandwhentowake,”saysMauriceOhayonoftheStanfordSleepEpidemiologyResearchCenteratStanfordUniversityinCalifornia.ButresearchersinIsraelhavefoundthatcaffeinatedcoffeehalvesthebody'slevelsofthissleephormone.LotanShiloandateamattheSapirMedicalCenterinTelAvivUniversityfoundthatsixvolunteerssleptlewellafteracupofcaffeinatedcoffeethanafterdrinkingthesameamountofdecaf.Onaverage,subjectsslept336minutespernightafterdrinkingcaffeinatedcoffee,comparedwith415minutesafterdecaf.Theyalsotookhalfanhourtodropoff4一twiceaslongasusual一 http://www.oh100.com hesecondphaseoftheexperiment,theresearcherswokethevolunteerseverythreehoursandaskedthemtogiveaurinesample.Shilomeasuredconcentrationsofabreakdownproductofmelatonin.Theresultssuggestthatmelatoninconcentrationsincaffeinedrinkerswerehalfthoseindecafdrinkers.InapaperacceptedforpublicationinSleepMedicine,theresearcherssuggest6thatcaffeineblocksproductionoftheenzymethatdrivesmelatoninproduction.Becauseitcantakemanyhourstoeliminatecaffeinefromthebody,Ohayonrecommendsthatcoffeeloversswitchtodecafafterlunch.六MakingLightofSleep不要太在意睡眠Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclock,yourinternalclockrunsona24-hourcycle.Thiscycle,calledacircadianrhythm,helpscontrolwhenyouwake,whenyoueatandwhenyousleep.Somewherearoundpuberty,somethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward,soadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit'stimeforbed,yourbodymaybepushingyoutostayupforseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater.Thisshiftisnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblems,too.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloudwhentheydon'tgetenoughsleep,saysMaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidence,RI.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn.Butjustlikeyouralarmclock,yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact,itautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.How?Byusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes.Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryears,researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizetheboButrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit'sdayornight.七SugarPowerforCellPhones用糖为手机发电Usingenzymescommonlyfoundinlivingcells,anewtypeoffuelcellproducessmallamountsofelectricityfromsugar.Ifthetechnologyisabletosucceedinmaproduction,youmaysomedayshareyoursweetdrinkswithyourcellphone.Infuelcells,chemicalreactionsgenerateelectricalcurrents.Theproceusuallyreliesonpreciousmetals,suchasplatinum.Inlivingcells,enzymesperformasimilarjob,breakingdownsugarstoobtainelectronsandproduceenergy.Whenresearcherspreviouslyusedenzymesinfuelcells,theyhadtroublekeepingthemactive,saysShelleyD.MinteerofStLouisUniversity.Whereasbiologicalcellscontinuallyproducefreshenzymes,there'snomechanisminfuelcellstoreplaceenzymesastheyquicklydegrade.MinteerandTamaraKlotzbach,alsoofStLouisUniversity,havenowdevelopedpolymersthatwraparoundanenzymeandpreserveitinamicroscopicpocket."Wetailorthesepocketstoprovidetheidealmicroenvironment"fortheenzyme, http://www.oh100.com henewfuelcell,tinypolymerbagsofenzymeareembeddedinamembranethatcoatsoneoftheelectrodes.Whenglucosefromasugaryliquidgetsintoapocket,theenzymeoxidizesit,releasingelectronsandprotons.Theelectronscrothemembraneandenterawirethroughwhichtheytraveltotheotherelectrode,wheretheyreactwithoxygenintheatmospheretoproducewater.Theflowofelectronsthroughthewireconstitutesanelectricalcurrentthatcangeneratepower.Sofar,thenewfuelcellsdon'tproducemuchpower,butthefactthattheyworkatallisexciting,saysPaulKenis,achemicalengineerattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign."Justgettingittowork,"Kenissays,"isamajoraccomplishment."Sugar-eatingfuelcellscouldbeanefficientwaytomakeelectricity.Sugariseasytofind.Andthenewfuelcellsthatrunonitarebiodegradable,sothetechnologywouldn'thurttheenvironment.Thescientistsarenowtryingtousedifferentenzymesthatwillgetmorepowerfromsugar.Theypredictthatpopularproductsmaybeusingthenewtechnologyinaslittleas3years.八EiffelIsanEyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔Some300metersup,neartheEiffelTower'swind-whippedsummittheworldcomestoscribble.Japanese,Brazilians,Americans--theygraffititheirnames,lovesandpoliticsonthecoldiron--transformingthemostFrenchofmonumentsintosymbolofaworldonthemove.WithParislaidoutinminiaturebelow,itseemsstrangethatvisitorswouldratherwastetimemarkingtheirpresencethanadmiringtheview.Butthegraffitialsoraisesaquestion:Why,nearly114yearsafteritwascompleted,anddecadesafteritceasedtobetheworld'stalleststructure,islaTourEiffelstillsopopular?Thereasonsareascomplexastheironworkthatgracesastructuresome90storieshigh.Butpartoftheansweris,nodoubt,itsagelessness.Regularlymaintained,itshouldneverrustaway.Graffitiisregularlypaintedover,butthetowerliveson."EiffelrepresentsParisandParisisFrance.Itisverysymbolic."saysHuguesRichard,a31-year-oldFrenchmanwhoholdstherecordforcyclinguptothetower'ssecondfloor--747stepsin19minutesand4seconds,withouttouchingthefloorwithhisfeet."It'sironlady,it

inspiresus."hesays.Buttowhat?Afterall,thetowerdoesn'thaveapurpose.Itceasedtobetheworld'stallestin1930whentheChryslerBuildingwentupinNewYork.Yes,televisionandradiosignalsarebeamedfromthetop,andGustaveEiffel,afreneticbuilderwhodiedonDecember27,aged91,useditsheightforconductingresearchintoweather,aerodynamicsandradiocommunication.Butinessencethetowerinspiressimplybybeingthere--ablankcanvasforvisitorstomakeofitwhattheywill.Tothetechnicallyminded,it'sanengineeringtriumph.Forlovers,it'sromantic."Thetowerwilloutlastallofus,andbyalongway,"saysIsabelleEsnous,whosecompanymanagesEiffelTower.十YoungFemaleChimpsOutlearnTheirBrothers年轻雌猩猩学习优于她们的弟兄Youngfemalechimpsarefasterandbetterlearnersthanyoungmalechimps,suggestsanewstudy,echoinglearningdifferencesseeninhumangirlsandboys.Whileyoungmalechimpspatheirtinplaying,youngfemalechimpscarefullystudytheirmothers.Asaresult,theylearnhowtofishfortastytermitesnacksovertwoyearsbeforetheboys.ElizabethLonsdorf,nowatLincolnParkZooinChicago,US,andcolleaguesattheUniversityofMinnesota,SaintPaul,spentfouryearswatchinghowyoungchimpanzeesintheGombeNationalParkinTanzanialearned"culturalbehavior".Thesexdifferencesinlearningbehaviorwere"consistentandstrikinglyapparent",saystheteam.Theresearcherspointoutthatsimilardifferencesareseeninhumanchildrenwithregardtoskillssuchaswriting."Asex-basedlearningdifferencesmaythereforedatebackatleasttothelastcommonancestorofchimpanzeesandhumans,"theywriteinthejournalNature.Chimpsmakeflexibletoolsfromvegetationandtheninsertthemintotermitemounds,extractthemandthenmunchthetermitesclingingontothetook.TheresearchersusedVideocamerastorecordthisfeedingbehaviorandfoundthateachchimpmotherhadherowntechnique,suchashowsheusedtoolsofdifferentlengths.Analysisofthesixinfantswhoseageswereknownshowedthatgirlchimpswereanaverageof31monthsoldwhentheysucceededinfishingouttheirtermites,wheretheboychimpswereaged58monthsonaverage.Femaleswerealsomoreskillfulatgettingoutmoretermiteswitheverydip7andusedtechniquessimilartotheirmotherswhilemalesdidnot.Insteadofstudyingtheirmothers,theboychimpsspentasignificantlygreateramountofonefrolickingaroundthetermitemound.Behaviorssuchasplayingorswingingmighthelpthemaleinfantslaterinlifewhentypic.gzpinda.comeimportant,suggesttheresearchers.Lonsdorfaddsthattherearejusttwomainsourcesofanimalproteinforchimps--thetermitesorcolobusmonkeys."Maturemalesoftenhuntmonkeysuptrees,butfemalesarealmostalwayseitherpregnantorburdenedwithaclinginginfants.Thismakeshuntingdifficult."shesays,"Adultfemalesspendmoretimefishingfortermitesthanmales.”Sobecomingproficientattermitefishingcouldmeanadultfemaleseatbetter,"TheycanwatchtheiroffspringatthesameTime.Theyoungofbothsexesseemtopursueactivitiesrelatedtotheiradultsexrolesataveryyoungage.十一WhenOurEyesServeOurStomach我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口Oursensesaren'tjustdeliveringastrictviewofwhat'sgoingonintheworld;they'reaffectedbywhat'sgoingoninourheads.Anewstudyfindsthathungrypeopleseefood-relatedwordsmoreclearlythanpeoPsychologistshaveknownfordecadesthatwhat'sgoingoninsideourheadaffectsoursenses.Forexample,poorerchildrenthinkcoinsarclargerthantheyare,andhungrypeoplethinkpicturesoffoodarcbrighter.RemiRadelofUniversityofNiceSophia-Antipolis,France,wantedtoinvestigatehowthishappens.Docsithappenfightawayasthebrainreceivessignalsfromtheeyesoralittlelaterasthebrain'shigh-levelthinkingprocessesgetinvolved.Radelrecruited42studentswithanormalbodymaindex.Onthedayofhisorhertest,eachstudentwastoldtoarriveatthelabatnoonafterthreeorfourhoursofnoteating.Thentheyweretoldtherewasadelay.Someweretoldtocomebackin10minutes;othersweregivenanhourtogetlunchfirst.SohalfthestudentswerehungrywhentheydidtheexperimentandtheotherhalfhadjusteatenFortheexperiment,theparticipantlookedatacomputerscreen.Onebyone,80wordsflashedonthescreenforabout1/300thofasecondeach.Theyflashedatsosmallasizethatthestudentscouldonlyconsciouslyperceive.Aquarterofthewordswerefood-related.Aftereachword,eachpersonwasaskedhowbrightthewordwasandaskedtochoosewhichoftwowordsthey'dseenafood-relatedwordlikecakeoraneutralwordlikeboat.Eachwordappearedtoobrieflyfortheparticipanttoreallyreadit.Hungrypeoplesawthefood-relatedwordsasbrighterandwerebetteratidentifyingfood-relatedwords.Becausethewordappearedtooquicklyforthemtobereliablyseen,thismeansthatthedifferenceisinperception,notinthinkingprocesses,Radelsays.Thisissomethinggreattome.Humanscanreallyperceivewhattheyneedorwhattheystrivefor.Fromtheexperiment,Iknowthatourbraincanreallybeatthedisposalof6ourmotivesandneeds,"Radelsays.十二FloridaHitbyColdAirMa佛罗里达遭受冷气团袭击InJanuary,2003,theeasterntwo-thirdsoftheUnitedStateswasatthemercyofabitterlycoldairmathathasendangeredFlorida'scitrustrees,chokednorthernharborswithiceandleftbewilderedresidentsofNorthCarolina'sOuterBanksdiggingoutofuptoafootofsnow.TheicechilldeepenedastemperaturesfelltothesingledigitsinmostoftheSouth,withanunfamiliardipbelowthefreezingmarkasfarsouthaspartsofinteriorSouthFlorida.TemperaturesinFloridaplunged,withWestPalmBeachdroppingtoarecordlowof2degrees."Wecouldn'tbelievehowcolditwas,"saidMartinKing,whoarrivedthisweekinOrlandofromEngland."Webroughtshorts,T-shirt,andIhadtogooutandbuyanothercoat."ThetemperatureplungeposedathreattoFlorida'sUS$9.1billion-a-yearcitruscrop,moreofwhichisstillonthetrees.Growerswerehurryingtoharvestasmuchofthefruitaspossiblebeforeitwasdamagedbycold."Timeisoftheessenceingettingfruittotheplant,"saidTomRogers,acitrusgrowerwhoexpectedtoseedamagetoorangesandgrapefruitatthattime.InFlorida,GovernorJebBushsignedanemergencyordertoeliminatetheweightlimitontruckssocitrusgrowerscouldgetasmuchfruittomarketaspossible.CaseyPace,aspokeswomanforFloridaCitrusMutual,saidgrowershadsprayedtreeswithsprinklers,whichcreatedalayeroficeandhelpedmaintainatemperaturenearfreezing.Citrustreesareconsideredindangerofdamageifthetemperaturedropsbelowminus2degreesCelsiusforfourhoursormore.Snowrangingfromadustingtoupto30centimetersblanketedtheCarolinas,TennesseeandpartsofVirginia.十三InvisibilityRing隐形环Scientistscan'tyetmakeaninvisibilitycloakliketheonethatHarryPotteruses.But,forthefirsttime,they'veconstructedasimplecloakingdevicethatmakesitselfandsomethingplacedinsideitinvisibletomicrowaves.Whenaperson"sees"anobject,hisorhereyesensesmanydifferentwavesofvisiblelightastheybounceofftheobject.Theeyeandbrainthenworktogethertoorganizethesesensationsandreconstructtheobject'soriginalshape.So,tomakeanobjectinvisible,scientistshavetokeepwavesfrombouncingoffit.Andtheyhavetomakesuretheobjectcastsnoshadow.Otherwise,theabsenceofInvisibilityisn'tpossibleyetwithwavesoflightthatthehumaneyecansee.Butitisnowpossiblewithmicrowaves.Likevisiblelight,microwavesareaformofradiantenergy.Theyarepartoftheelectromagneticspectrum,whichalsoincludesradiowaves,infraredlight,ultravioletrays,Xrays,andgammarays.Thewavelengthsofmicrowaves

areshorterthanthoseofradiowavesbutlongerthanthoseofvisiblelight.Thescientists'new"invisibilitydevice"isthesizeofadrinkcoasterandshapedlikearing.Theringismadeofaspecialmaterialwithunusualability.Whenmicrowavesstrikethering,veryfewbounceoffit.Instead,theypathroughthering,whichbendsthewavesallthewayarounduntiltheyreachtheoppositeside.Thewavesthenreturntotheiroriginalpaths.Toadetectorsetuptoreceivemicrowavesontheothersideofthering,itlooksasifthewavesneverchangedtheirpaths--asiftherewerenoobjectintheway!So,theringiseffectivelyinvisible.Whentheresearchersputasmallcopperloopinsidethering,it,too,isnearlyinvisible.However,thecloakingdeviceandanythinginsideitdocastapaleshadow.Andthedeviceworksonlyformicrowaves,notforvisiblelightoranykindofelectromagneticradiation.So,HarryPotter'sinvisibilitycloakdoesn'thaveanyrealcompetitionyet.十四JapaneseCarKeepsWatchforDrunkDrivers日本用来监视醉酒司机的新型概念车AconceptcardevelopedbyJapanesecompanyNissanhasabreathalyzer-likedetectionsystemandotherinstrumentsthatcouldhelpkeepdrunkorover-tireddriversofftheroad.Thecar'ssensorscheckodorsinsidethecarandmonitoradriver'ssweatfortracesofalcohol.Anin-carcomputersystemcanissueanalertorevenlockuptheignitionsystemifthedriverseemsover-the-limit.Theairodorsensorsarefixedfirmlyanddeeplyinthedriverandpassengerseats,whileadetectorinthegear-shiftknobmeasuresperspirationfromthedriver'spalm.Othercarmakershavedevelopedsimilardetectionsystems.Forexample,Sweden'sVolvohasdevelopedabreathalyzerattachedtoacar'sseatbeltthatdriversmustblowintobeforetheenginewillstart.Nissan'snewconceptvehiclealsoincludesadashboard-mountedcamerathattracksadriversalertnebymonitoringtheireyes.ItwillsoundanalarmandissueaspokenwarninginJapaneseorEnglishifitjudgesthatthedriverneedstopulloverandrest.Thecartechnologyisstillindevelopment,butgeneralmanagerKazuhiroDoisaysthecombinationofdifferentdetectionsystemsshouldimprovetheoveralleffectiveneofthetechnology."Forexample,ifthegear-shiftsensorwasbypassedbyapassengerusingitinsteadofthedriver,thefacialrecognitionsystemwouldstillbeused,"Doisays.Nissanhasnospecifictimetableformarketingthesystem,butaimstousetechnologytocutthenumberoffatalitiesinvolvingitsvehiclestohalf1995levelsby2016.Thecar'sseatbeltcanalsotightenifdrowsineisdetected,whileanexternalcamerachecksthatthecariskeepingtoitslaneproperly.However,Doiadmitsthatsomeofthetechnology,suchasthealcoholodorsensor,shouldbeimproved."Ifyoudrinkonebeer,it'sgoingtoregister,soweneedtostudywhat'stheappropriatelevelforthesystemtoactivate," http://www.oh100.com heUK,someresearchgroupsareusingsimilaradvancedtechniquestounderstanddriverbehaviorandtheeffectiveneofdifferentroaddesigns.十五WingedRobotLearnstoFly肋生双翅机器人学飞行Learninghowtoflytooknaturemillionsofyearsoftrialanderror--butawingedrobothascrackeditinonlyafewhours,usingthesameevolutionaryprinciples.KristerWolffandPeterNordinofChalmersUniversityofTechnology(CUT)inGothenburg,Sweden,builtawingedrobotandsetabouttestingwhetheritcouldlearntoflybyitself,withoutanypre-programmeddataonwhatflappingisorhowtodoit.Tobeginwith,therobotjusttwitchedandjerkederratically.But,gradually,itmademovementsthatgainedheight.Atfirst,itcheated--simplystandingonitswingtipswasoneearlyshortcut.Afterthreehours,however,therobotabandonedsuchmethodsinfavorofamoreeffectiveflappingtechnique,whereitrotateditswingsthrough90degreesandraisedthembeforetwistingthembacktothehorizontalandpushingdown."Thistellsusthatthiskindofevolutioniscapableofcorningupwithflyingmotion,"saysPeterBentley,whoworksonevolutionaryComputingatUniversityCollegeLondon.Butwhiletherobothadworkedouthowbesttoproducelift,itwasnotabouttotakeoff."There'sonlysomuchthatevolutioncando,"Bentleysays."Thisthingisnevergoingtoflybecausethemotorswillneverhavethestrengthtodoit,"hesays.Therobothadmetre-longwingsmadefrombalsawoodandcoveredwithalightplasticfilm.Smallmotorsontherobotletitmoveitswingsforwardsorbackwards,upordownortwistthemineitherdirection.Theteamattachedtherobottotwoverticalrods,soitcouldslideupanddown.Atthestartofatest,therobotwassuspendedbyanelasticband.Amovementdetectormeasuredhowmuchlift,ifany,therobotproducedforanygivenmovement.Acomputerprogramfedtherobotrandominstructions,attherateof20persecond,totestitsflappingabilities.Eachinstructiontoldtheroboteithertodonothingortomovethewingsslightlyinthevariousdirections.Feedbackfromthemovementdetectorlettheprogramworkoutwhichsetsofinstructionswerebestatproducinglift.ThemostSuccessfuloneswerepairedupand"offspring"setsofinstructionsweregeneratedbyswappinginstructionsrandomlybetweensuccessfulpairs.Thesenext-generationinstructionswerethensenttotherobotandevaluatedbeforebreedinganewgeneration,andtheprocewasrepeated.十六JapaneseDrillingintoCoreofEarth日本人的地心旅行InwhatresemblesajourneytothecenteroftheEarth,Japanesescientistshavelaunchedtheworld'sfirstattempttoboreaholeintothered-hotcoreofavolcanoandunlockthesecretsofdeadlyeruption.A50-meter-highoil-rig-likederrickperchedonthescrubbyslopesofJapan'sMountUnzenwillbegindrillingthroughthevolcano'scrustnextweekinabidtosamplethemagmabubblingbelow.Theaimistostudyhowtheliquefiedrockcausesmenacinggasbuildup,saidteamleaderSetsuyaNakata,oftheUniversityofTokyo'sEarthquakeResearchInstitute.Gassingisimportantbecauseitcontrolstheexplosivityoferuptions,"Nakatasaid,"Theresultscanbeexpandedtoanti-disasterresearch."MountUnzen,awind-swept1,486-meterdomeonthesouthernislandofKyushu,isaperfectmodel.Iteruptedin1991,showeringavalanchesofhotrocksoveranearbytown,killing43peopleandleavingnearly2,300homeless.Another11,000peoplewereevacuatedfromtheareauntil1995,whenthevolcanohadstabilized.TheresultsareparticularlyimportanttoanationlikeJapan,wherethemeteorologicalagencymonitors20dangerouspeaks.PerhapsJapan'smostfamousvolcanoissnowcappedMountFuji,whichlasteruptedin1707andsprinkledTokyowithash.ThedrillingonMountUnzenwillbeginverysoonfromanaltitudeof850metersonitsnorthwestslope.ScientistshopetotapamagmaventaroundsealevelbyAugustandextracta200-meter-longcoresamplebysummer2004.Boringintotheglowingmagmaatthatlevelwouldnormallybeimpossible,becauseofitsfiery700degreeCelsiusheat.Thus,aslurryofwaterwillbepumpedintothedrillshafttoCoolthemagmaandallowthedriNakatasaidthereisnodangeroftriggeringanothereruption.

2016年职称英语考试理工类C级概括大意与完成句子强化训练2017-07-08 09:17:12 | #2楼回目录

2016年职称英语考试理工类(C级)考试真题及答案解析

第3部分:概括大意与完成句子(第23~30题,每题1分,共8分)

下面的短文后有2项测试任务:(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1~4段每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。CellPhones

1.Believeitornot,cellphoneshavebeenaroundforoveraquarterofacentury.ThefirstcommercialcellphonesystemwasdevelopedbytheJapanesein1979.Butcellphoneshavechangedalotsincethattime.Theearlycellphoneswerebigandheavybuttheyhavedevelopedintosmallandlightpalm-sizedmodels.Therehavebeenhugedevelopmentsintheirfunctions,too.Wehavehadcellforwarding,textmessaging,answeringservicesandhands-freeuseforyears,butnowtherearecountlenewfacilities,suchasinstantaccetotheinternetandreceivingandsendingphotos.

2.Cellphoneshavebecomeverycommoninourlives;recentstatisticssuggestasmanyasoneinthreepeopleontheplanetnowhaveacellphone,andmostofthemsaytheycouldn'tlivewithoutone.Cellphonesareusedineveryareaofourlivesandhavebecomeanecessarytool,usedforessentialarrangements,socialcontactandbusiness.Theyhavemadeiteasiertocallforhelponthehighway.Theyhavemadeitpossibletokeepintouchwithpeople"onthemove"whenpeoplearetraveling.

3.Cellphoneshavemadecommunicationeasierandhavereducedtheneedforfamilyarguments.Wecanusecellphonestoletourfamilyknowwe'llbelateorifthere'sachangeofplanoranemergency.Cellphoneshaveeasedtheworriesofmillionsofparentswhentheirteenagersareoutlate,theycannowcontacttheirchildrenatanytime.

4.Thisdoesnotmeanthatcellphonesareallgoodnews.Theyhavebroughtwiththemanumberofnewheadachesfortheirowners:itcostsalottoreplacestolenphones,somethingthatisbecomingafrequentoccurrence,andhaveyoueverseensuchhugephonebills?Moreserious,however,isthepotentialhealthproblemtheybring:therearefearsthatradiationfromthephonesmaycausebraintumor(肿瘤)。Thismaybeatimebombwaitingtohappentoyoungerpeoplewhohavegrownupwithcellphonesthattheysimplycan'tlivewithout.

23.Paragraph1_________________

24.Paragraph2_________________

25.Paragraph3________________

26.Paragraph4_________________

A.Cellphonesandthefamily

B.Commercialcellphonesystems

C.Cellphonesineverydaylife

D.Cellphonesforteenagers

E.Historyofcellphones

F.Problemswithcellphones

27.Nowadayscellphonesareequippedwith_______________

28.Cellphonesarecommoninourlivesandhavebecome________________

29.Wecanusecellphonestocommunicatewithotherswhenwe30.Inspiteofmanybenefits,cellphoneshavebroughtfortheirencounter_________________owners_________________

A.anecessity.

B.anemergency.

C.anumberofnewheadaches.

D.familyarguments.

E.bigandlightpalm-sizedmodels.

http://www.oh100.com untlenewfacilities

2016年全国职称英语理工类(C级)考试参考答案

第3部分:概括大意与完成句子

23.E[解析]第一段开篇就说手机发明到现在几近四分之一个世纪,又对比了手机早期和近期在功能上的不同,可以想见是在叙述手机的历史。

24.C[解析]第二段讲手机在人们的生活中十分普及,许多人离不开手机,用于各个场合,因而意在说明手机存在于每个人的生活中。

25.A[解析]第三段例举了手机对于家人联系上的作用,有助于减少家庭的误会纠纷,有助于父母联系孩子,因而讲的是同家庭的关系。

26.F[解析]最后一段第一句就说明了该段要讲的是手机带来的问题,段中举了青少年的例子,因此D选项有一定的迷惑性,但是纵观全段,还是不局限于只描写青少年,因此选F。

27.F[解析]文中原文:flowtlaerearecountlenewfacilities

28.A[解析]文中原文:cellplnonesaretlseclineveryarea0fourliyesancIllaveIlecomeanecessarytool

29.B[解析]文中原文:wecanusecellphonestoletourfamilyknowwe'llbelateoriftlaere'sasuddenchangeofplanoranemergency

30.C[解析]文中原文:tlleyhavebroughtwithtllemanumberofnewIleaclacIlesfortheirowners

参考译文

手机

无论你信不信,手机的诞生到现在已经近四分之一个世纪了。1979年,日本研发了第一个商业手机系统,当然,现在的手机系统已经更新了好几代了。早期的手机又大又重,而现在它已经变得如巴掌般大小轻巧。且在功能上有了飞跃式的改进。呼叫转接、发短信、答录功能和免提功能,这些早已出现,但现在又有了数不尽的新功能,如即时上网和收发图片。

手机早已在人们的生活中普及,最新的数据显示世界每三个人中就有一个拥有手机,并且很多人说他们离不开手机。生活的各个方面都可能需要用到手机,它已成为一项必备的工具,用于社交和商业场合。如果你的车在高速公路上出现事故,手机能迅捷地为你呼叫帮助。当人们在"四处奔波"时,即旅游的时候,也能够保持联系。

手机使得人们的联系更为便捷并且在一定程度上减少了家人之间的争辩。当我们要迟到、临时变更计划或发生突发紧急事件时,我们可以及时通知家人。手机使得成千上万的父母放下心来,当他们的孩子外出晚归时,他们可以随时保持联系。

但这也并不意味着手机带来的都是好处。它同时也给主人带来了一系列麻烦事:如果你手机遭窃,那么再买一个的成本也不小,这恐怕也是家常便饭的事了。另外,你要为话费账单花很多钱。还有更为潜在的健康问题,人们担心手机的辐射可能会导致脑肿瘤。这对于那些由手机陪伴成长的青少年来说,无疑是一枚定时炸弹。

2016年职称英语概括大意与完成句子2017-07-08 09:18:00 | #3楼回目录

第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory

第二篇ThePaperChase

第三篇EnglishandEnglishCommunity

第四篇Alaska

第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty

第六篇HowWeFormFirstImpression

第七篇HowtoArguewithYourBoss

第八篇ScreenTest

第九篇TransportandTrade

第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage

第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing

第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView

第十三篇WardoffTravelBugs

第十四篇HeartbeatofAmerica

第十五篇SmokeGetsinYourMind

第一篇TheMakingofaSucceStory

1IKEAistheworld'slargestfurnitureretailer,andmanbehinditisIngvarKamprad,oneoftheworld'smostsuccessfulentrepreneurs.BorninSwedenin1926,Kampradwasanaturalbusinessman.Asachild,heenjoyedsellingthingsandmadesmallprofitsfromsellingmatches,seeds,andpencilsinhiscommunity.WhenKampradwas17,hisfathergavehimsomemoneyasarewardforhisgoodgrades.Naturallyheusedittostartupabusiness-IKEA.

2IKEA'snamecomesfromKamprad'sinitials(I.K.)andtheplacewherehegrewup(`E`and`A`).TodayIKEAisknownforitsmodern,minimalistfurniture,butitwasnotafurniturecompanyinthebeginning.Rather,IKEAsoldallkindofmiscellaneousgoods,Kamprad'swareincludedanythingthathecouldsellforprofitsatdiscountedprices,includingwatches,pensandstockings.

3IKEAfirstbegantosellfurniturethroughamail-ordercataloguein1947.ThefurniturewasalldesignedandmadebymanufacturersnearKamprad'shome.Initialsaleswereveryencouraging,soKampradexpandedtheproductline.FurniturewassuchasuccessfulaspectofthebusinethatIKEAbecamesolelyafurniturecompanyin1951.

4In1953IKEAopenditsfirstshowroominAlmhult,Sweden.IKEAisknowntodayforitsspaciousstoreswithfurnitureinattractivesettings,butintheearly1950s,peopleorderedfromcatalogues,Thusresponsetothefirstshowroomwasoverwhelming:peoplelovedbeingabletosee

andtrythefurniturebeforebuyingit.Thisledtoincreasedsalesandthecompanycontinuedtothrive.By1955,IKEAwasdesigningallitsownfurniture.

5In1956Kampradsawamandisassemblingatabletomakeiteasiertotransport.Kampradwasinspired.Themanhadgivenhimagreatidea:flatpackaging.FlatpackagingwouldmeanlowershippingcostsforIKEAandlowerpricesforcustomers.IKEAtrieditandsalessoared.Theproblemwasthatpeoplehadtoassemblefurniturethemselves,butovertime,evemthisgrewintoanadvantageforIKEA.Nowadays,IKEAisoftenseenashavingconnotationsofself-sufficiency.Thisimagehasdonewondersforthecompany,leadingtobettersalesandcontinuedexpansion.

6Todaythereareover200storesin32countries.Amazingly,IngvarKampradhasmanagedtokeepIKEAaprivately-helpcompany.In2004hewasnamedtheworld'srichestman,HecurrentlylivesinSwitzerlandandisretiedfromtheday-to-dayoperationsofIKEA.IKEAitself,though,justkeepsongrowing.

1Paragraph2.TheoriginofIKEA

2Paragraph3Specializationinsellingfurniture

3Paragraph4Succebroughtbytheintroductionofshowrooms

4Paragraph5Flatpackaging–afeatureofIKEA

5Evenwhenhewasonlyachild,IngvarKampradshowedinterestinandtalentfordoingbusiness6IKEAbeganasasmallstoresellingallkindsofcheapthings.andyearslaterbecameabigcompanyspecializedinmanufacturingandsellingoffurniture.

7CustomerslikedtheideaofIKEA‘sshowroomsbecauseheretheycanseeandtrythefurnituretheyaregoingtobuy.

8AsflatpackagingsavesmoneyforbothIKEAandthecustomers,itishighlywelcomedbyboth

第二篇ThePaperChase

1."Runningahouseislotlikerunningabusiness."saysStephanieDenton,aprofessionalorganizerbasedinCincinnati,Ohio,whospecializesinbothresidentialandcommercialpaperworkandrecordkeeping.Togetasuccessfulgriponorganizingdocuments,bills,andothermaterials,Dentonsuggeststhefollowingtips:

2.Createaspaceinwhichyoucanalwaysdoyourpaperwork.Thisisperhapsthemostimportantelementofasuccessfulsystem.Ifyoucan'tdevoteanentiredesktothetask,atleastinvestinarollingfilecarttostoreactivepaperworkandatwo-drawerfilecabinetforfamilyrecords.Storetherollingfilecartwhereveritismostconvenientandcomfortabletodoyourwork.whetherthatisthekitchen,office,orfamilyroom.

3.Whenindoubt,throwitout,thefirststeptoimplementingaworkablefillingsystemistoeliminatepaperyoudon'tuse,don'tneed,orthatyoucouldeasilyacceagainelsewhere.Throwoutduplicatestatements,oldcatalogs,andallofthecoupons,mailings,orofferingsyou'llneverhaveanopportunitytouseorevenread.

4.Setasidetwodaysamonthtopaybills,ifamonthlyduedatedoesn'tfitintoyourcycle,callupthecreditorandsuggestamoreconvenientdate,keeptwomanilafoldersatthefrontofyoursystemforcurrentbills—onetocorrespondwitheachbill-payingday—andfileallincomingbills.Keepalistinthefrontofeachfolderofwhatneedstobepaidincasetheinvoiceneverarrivesorgetsmisplaces.

5.Thinkofyourfillingsystemnotasarigidtool,butasaliving,breathingsystemthatcanaccommodateyourchangingneeds.Agoodfillingsystemisbothmentallyandphysicallyflexible,everyone'sneedsaredifferent,saysDenton,butwhendevisingafillingsystem,askyourself:"WherewouldIlookforthis?"Createmainheadingsforyourfillingsystem,suchasinvestments,Taxes,Children,andsoforth,andfileindividualfoldersunderthemainheadings.Neveroverstuffyourfiles.

1Paragraph2FindaPlacetoWorkon

2Paragraph3GetRidofUnimportantThings

3Paragraph4DealingWithBills

4Paragraph5WhatIsaGoodFilingSystem

5StephanieDentonisexpertinpaperchase

6Youcanputyourfilecartanywhereyoulike,onconditionthatitiseasilyreached

7Couponsshouldbethrownawaybecausetheyareuseless

8"Mentallyflexible"indicatesthefacthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentrequirements

第三篇EnglishandEnglishCommunity

1Thereisnodenyingthat1Englishisausefullanguage.ThepeoplewhospeakEnglishtodaymakeupthelargestspeechcommunityintheworldwiththeexceptionofspeakersofChinese.OriginallytheyweresmalltribesofpeoplefromnorthernEuropewhosettledinEngland.Theirlanguagesbecamemoreandmoresimilartoeachother.Finally,thelanguagehadenoughuniformity2tobeusedbyallspeakersinEngland.Thepeoplewereunitedintoaspeechcommunitythroughtheirsharedlanguage.

2Aspeechcommunityissimilartootherkindsofcommunities.Thepeoplewhomakeuptheconimunityshareacommonlanguage.Oftentheylivesidebyside,astheydoinaneighborhood,avillage,oracity.Moreoftentheyformawholecountry.Nationalboundaries,however,arenotalwaysthesameastheboundariesofaspeechcommunity.Aspeechcommunityisanygroupofpeoplewhospeakthesamelanguagenomatterwheretheyhappentolive.

3WemaysaythatanyonewhospeaksEnglishbelongstotheEnglishspeechcommunity.Forconvenience3,wemayclassifythespeakersintotwogroups:oneinwhichthespeakersuseEnglishastheirnativelanguage,theotherinwhichthespeakerslearnEnglishasasecondlanguageforthepurposeofeducation,commerce,andsoon.

4Englishservesasanalternativelanguageinseveralareasofpublicactivityforthemanynationsoftheworldwhichemployitasaninternationalsecondlanguage.4Englishhasbeen

adoptedasthelanguageofairtraffic,commerce,aswellasinternationaldiplomacy.Moreover,EnglishisthelanguageofthemajorityofpublishedmaterialsintheworldsothateducationhascometorelyheavilyonanunderstandingofEnglish.

5Learningasecondlanguageextendsone'svisionandexpandsthemind.Thehistoryandliteratureofasecondlanguagerecordtherealandfictionallivesofpeopleandtheirculture;5aknowledgeofthemaddstoourabilitytounderstandandtofeelastheyfeel.LearningEnglishasasecondlanguageprovidesanothermeansofcommunicationthroughwhichthewindowoftheentireEnglishspeechcommunitybecomesapartofourheritage.

1Paragraph2TheDefinitionofaSpeechCommunity

2Paragraph3TheCompositionoftheEnglishCommunity

3Paragraph4TheWideUseofEnglish

4Paragraph5TheAdvantagesofLearningaSecondLanguage

5.Onlythroughthesharedlanguagecanaspeechcommunitybeformed

6Theideaofthenationalboundariesisoftendifferentfromthatofaspeechcommunity7Speakersareclassifiedintotwogroupsforthesakeofsimplicity

8.AnunderstandingofEnglishhasplayedanimportantroleinthefieldofeducation

第四篇Alaska

1In1858AmericanswelcomedAlaskaintotheUnionasthe49thstate,symbolizingachangeofattitudethatholdin1867,whenthepeninsulawaspurchasedfromRussia.Then,mostAmericanshadlittleinterestin1,500,000squarekilometers―oficebergsandpolarbear‖-beyondCanadaswesternborders,farfromthesettledareasoftheUnitedStates.

2InthosesectionsofthestatewhichlieabovetheArcticCircle,Alaskastillisalandoficebergsandpolarbear.Iceburiedintheearth,whichispermanentlyfrozentoadepthof90ormoremeters,FromearlyMayuntilearlyAugust,themidnightsunneversetsonthisflat,treeleregion,butthesuncannotmelttheicysoilmorethantwo-thirdsofameterdown.

3AlaskaisAmericaslargeststate,butonlyabout325,000peoplelivethere.Accordingtoestimates,800,000hectaresofitslandareaarefitforplowingbutonlyabout640,000hectaresarebeingcultivated.

4ArcticAlaskahasbeenthehomeofEskimosforcountlecenturies.ItisbelievedthattheEskimosmovedtherefromMongoliaorSiberia,probablycrossingBeringStrait,namedforVitusBering,theDanishseacaptainwhodiscoveredAlaskaonhisvoyageforRussiain1741.TheEskimosarethestatesearliestknowninhabitants.Russianfurtradersestablishedsettlementsbut,bythetimeAlaskawassoldtotheUnitedStates,mostofthetradershaddeparted.

5In1896goldwasdiscoveredneartheKlondikeRiverinCanadajustacrotheAlaskanborder.ThousandofAmericansrushedtotheregionontheirwaytoKlondike;someneverreturned.Alaskawasnevercompletelycutoffagain,althougheventodaytransportationisamajorproblem.ThereareonlytwomotorroutesfromtheU.Smainland,andwithinthestate,

everytownhasitsownairfield.Planesflypassengers,mailandfreighttothemostdistantvillages.

6ThegoldthatchangedlifesosuddenlyforAlaskawassoonended,andalthoughmanystoriesaboutminingcampshavebecomepartofAmericanliterature,thegoldfromAlaskanearthcontributedletoeconomicprogrethanthefishfromAlaskawaters.Thefishcaughtinasingleyearrangeinvaluefrom$80millionto$90million.Fur-bearinganimalsareplentifulintheforestsandstreams,andvaluablefursealsinhabitthewaters.Afterfishing,thestateschiefindustryislumberandtheproductionofwoodpulp.Inrecentyears,Alaskassinglemostimportantresourcehasbecomeoil.Thestatealsohaslargedepositsofcoal,copper,goldandotherminerals.

1.Paragraph3Landandpopulation

2.Paragraph4Thenativesoftheland

3.Paragraph5Transportationproblem

4.Paragraph6Richresourcesofthestate

5.Foraslongasthreemonthsofayear,thesunshinesdayandnightontheice-coveredlandofAlaska.

6.Accordingtostatistics,onlyaverysmallpercentageofthetotalareaofAlaskahasbeenusedforfarming.

7.AlaskawasoriginallypartofRussia,butwasboughtbytheUnitedStatesinthe19thcentury

8.GolddidnotbringtoAlaskaasmuchwealthasfishdoes

第五篇USSignsGlobalTobaccoTreaty

1TheUnitedStateshastakenthefirststeptowardapprovingaglobaltobaccotreatythatpromisestohelpcontrolthedeadlyeffectsoftobaccousethroughouttheworld.HealthandHumanServicesSecretaryTommyThompsonsignedtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)thisweekattheUnitedNations.TheSenatemuststillapprovethetreatybeforetheUScanimplementitsprovisions.

2TheFCTCwasdevelopedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationandapprovedbymembersoftheWorldHealthAssembly,includingtheUnitedStates, http://www.oh100.com untriesthatratifyitwouldberequiredtoenactstricttobaccocontrolpolicies.

3Forinstance,cigarettessoldinthosecountrieswouldhavetohavehealthwarningsonatleast30%ofthefrontandbackofeverypack.Thetreatycallsforhighertobaccotaxes,restrictionsonsmokinginpublicplaces,andmorepromotionoftobaccopreventionandcessationprograms.Italsorequiresbansontobaccoadvertising,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsforcountriesliketheUnitedStates,wheretheConstitutionprohibitssuchanoutrightban.

http://www.oh100.com heUSalone,about440,000peopledieeachyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses;aboutone-thirdofallcancersintheUSarecausedbytobaccouse.Ifcurrenttrendscontinue,WHOestimates,by2025tobaccowillkill10

millionpeopleeachyear.

5Thetreatymustberatifiedbyatleast40countriesbeforeitcantakeeffect.Sofar,109countrieshavesignedit,and12haveratifiedit.

1.Paragraph2USSigningoftheFCTC

2.Paragraph3HowtheFCTCCameintoBeing

3.Paragraph4WhattheFCTCDemands

4.Paragraph5WhattheFCTCWillBringabout

5.SigningtheFCTCisonlythefirststeptowardapprovingit

http://www.oh100.com untriesthatratifytheFCTCwillhaveto,amongotherthings,restrictsmokinginpublicplaces

7.ItishopedthattheFCTCwillgreatlyhelptoreducedeathscausedbytobaccouse

8.MuchmorecountrieshavesignedtheFCTCthanthosethathaveratifiedit

第六篇HowWeFormFirstImpression

1Weallhavefirstimpressionofsomeonewejustmet.Butwhy?Whydoweformanopinionaboutsomeonewithoutreallyknowinganythingabouthimorher—asideperhapsfromafewremarksorreadilyobservabletraits.

2Theanswerisrelatedtohowyourbrain,allowsyoutobeawareoftheworld.Yourbrainissosensitiveinpickingupfacialtraits,evenveryminordifferenceinhowaperson‘seyes,ears,nose,ormouthareplacedinrelationtoeachothermakesyouseehimorherasdifferent1.Infact,yourbraincontinuouslyprocessesincomingsensoryinformation—thesightsandsoundsofyourworld.Theseincoming―signals‖arecomparedagainst2ahostof―memories‖storedinthebrainareascalledthecortexsystemtodeterminewhatthesenewsignals―mean.‖

3Ifyouseesomeoneyouknowandlikeatschool3,yourbrainsays―familiarandsafe.Ifyouseesomeonenew,itsays,―new—potentiallythreatening.‖Thenyourbrainstartstomatchfeaturesofthisstrangerwithother―known‖memories;Theheight,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,andtoneofvoiceareallmatchedup.Themoreunfamiliarthecharacteristics,themoreyourbrainmaysay,―Thisisnew.Idon‘tlikethisperson.‖Orelse,―I‘mintrigued.―Oryourbrainmayperceiveanewfacebutfamiliarclothes,ethnicity,gestures—likeyourotherfriends;soyourbrainsays:―Ilikethisperson.‖Butthesepreliminary―impressions‖canbedeadwrong4.

4Whenwestereotypepeople,weusealematureformofthinking(notunliketheimmaturethinkingofaveryyoungchild)thatmakessimplisticandcategoricalimpressionsofothers.Ratherthanleamaboutthedepthandbreadthofpeople—theirhistory,interest,values,strengths,andtruecharacter—wecategorizethemasjocks,geeks,orfreaks.

5However,ifweresistinitialstereotypicalimpressions,wehaveachancetobeawareofwhatapersonistrulylike.Ifwespendtimewithaperson,hearabouthisorherlife,hopes,dreams,andbecomeawareoftheperson‘scharacter,weuseadifferent,morematurestyleofthinking—andthemostcomplexareasofourcortex,whichallowustobehumane.

1.Paragraph2ComparingIncomingSensoryInformationagainstMemories

2.Paragraph3IllustrationofFirstImpression

3.Paragraph4CommentonFirstImpression

4.Paragraph5WaysofDeparturefromImmatureandSimplisticImpressions

5.Sensoryinformationisonethatisperceivedthroughthesightsandsoundsoftheworld

6.Youinterpretbycomparingitagainstthememoriesalreadystoredinyourbrainthemeaningofincomingsensoryinformation

7.Thewaywestereotypepeopleisalematureformofthinking,whichissimilartotheimmatureformofthinkingofaveryyoungchild

8.Wecanuseourmorematurestyleofthinkingthankstothemostcomplexareasofourcortex第七篇HowtoArguewithYourBoss

1Beforeyouarguewithyourboss,checkwiththeboss'ssecretarytodeterminehismood.Ifheatenailsforbreakfast1,itisnotagoodideatoaskhimforsomething.Evenwithouttheboss'ssecretary,therearekeystotiming2:don'tapproachthebowhenhe'sondeadline3;don'tgoinrightbeforelunch,whenheisapttobedistractedandrushed4;don'tgoinjustbeforeorafterhehastakenavacation.

2Ifyou'remad,thatwillonlymakeyourbomad.Calmdownfirst.Anddon'tletaparticularconcernopenthefloodgatesforallyouraccumulatedfrustration5.Thebowillfeelthatyouthinknegativelyaboutthecompanyanditishopeletryingtochangeyourmind.Then,maybehewilldismiyou.

3Terribledisputescanresultwhenneithertheemployernortheemployeeknowswhatistheproblemtheotherwantstodiscuss.Sometimesthefightwillgoawaywhentheissuesaremadeclear.Theemployeehastogethispointacroclearlyinordertomakethebounderstandit6.

4Yourbohasenoughonhismindwithoutyouraddingmore7.Ifyoucan'tputforwardanimmnediatesolution,atleastsuggesthowtoapproachtheproblem.Peoplewhofrequentlypresentproblemswithoutsolutionstotheirbossesmaysoonfindtheycan'tgetpastthesecretary8.

5Todealeffectivelywithaboss,it'simportanttoconsiderhisgoalsandpressures.Ifyoucanputyourselfinthepositionofbeingapartnertotheboss,thenhewillbenaturallymoreinclinedtoworkwithyoutoachieveyourgoals9.

1.Paragraph2Don'tGoinWhenYouAreAngry

2.Paragraph3MaketheIssueClear

3.Paragraph4ProposeYourSolution

4.Paragraph5PutYourselfintheBoss'sPosition

5.Ifyouwanttoasktheboforanything,itisimportanttofindoutfirsthowheisfeeling

6.Itisnecessarytomakecleartothebowhatyoureallywanttotalktohimabout

7.Itisnotwisetopresentthebowithaproblemwithoutsuggestipg.awaytosolveitthebomayhave

8.Youmustbeconsilerateandthinkofthetroulesthebomayhave

第八篇ScreenTest

1.EveryyearmillionsofwomenarescreenedwithX-raystopickupsignsofbreastcancer.Ifthishappensearlyenough,thediseasecanoftenbetreatedsuccessfully.Accordingtoa,surveypublishedlastyear,21countrieshavescreeningprogrammes.Nineofthem,includingAustralia,Canada,theUSandSpain,screenwomenunder50.

2.Butthemedicalbenefitsofscreeningtheseyoungerwomenarecontroversial,partlybecausetheradiationbringsasmallriskofinducingcancer.Also,youngerwomenmustbegivenhigherdosesofX-raysbecausetheirbreasttissueisdenser.

3.ResearchersatthePolytechnicUniversity1ofValenciaanalysedtheeffectofscreeningmorethan160,000womenat11localclinics.Afterestimatingthewomen‘scumulativedoseofradiation,theyusedtwomodelstocalculatethenumberofextracancersthiswouldcause.

4.ThemathematicalmodelrecommendedbyBritain‘sNationalRadiologicalProtectionBoard(NRPB)predictedthatthescreeningprogrammewouldcause36cancersper100,000women,18ofthemfatal.ThemodelpreferredbytheUNScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiationledtoalowerfigureof20cancers.

5.Theresearchersarguethatthelevelofradiation-inducedcancersis―notverysignificant‖comparedtothefarlargernumberofcancersthatarediscoveredandtreated.TheValenciaprogramme,theysay,detectsbetween300and450casesofbreastcancerinevery100,000womenscreened.

6.Buttheypointoutthattheriskofwomencontractingcancerfromradiationcouldbereducedbybetween40and80percentifscreeningbeganat50insteadof45,becausetheywouldbeexposedtoleradiation.Theresultsoftheirstudy,theysuggest,couldhelp―optimisethetechnique‖forbreastcancerscreening.

7.―Thereisatrade-offbetweenthediagnosticbenefitsofbreastscreeninganditsrisks,‖admitsMichaelClarkoftheNRPB.Buthewarnsthatthestudyshouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.―Onthebasisofthecurrentdata,forevery10cancerssuccessfullydetectedandpreventedthereisariskofcausingonelaterinlife.That‘swhyradiationexposureshouldbeminimisedinanyscreeningprogramme.‖

1.Paragraph2HarmScreeningMayDotoaYoungerWoman

2.Paragraph3InvestigatingtheEffectofScreening

3.Paragraph4EffectsPredictedbyTwoDifferentModels

4.Paragraph5SmallRiskofInducingCancersfromRadiation

5.Earlydiscoveryofbreastcancermaysavealife

6.Advantagesofscreeningwomenunder50arestillopentodebate

http://www.oh100.com layingtheageatwhichscreeningstartsmayreducetheriskofradiationtriggeringacancer

8.Radiationexposureshouldbereducedtotheminimum

第九篇TransportandTrade

1Transportisoneoftheaidstotrade.Bymovinggoodsfromplaceswheretheyareplentifultoplaceswheretheyarescarce,transportaddstotheirvalue.Themoreeasilygoodscanbebroughtoverthedistancethatseparatesproducerandconsumer,thebetterfortrade.Whentherewerenorailways,nogoodroads,nocanals,andonlysmallsailingships,tradewasonasmallscale.

2Thegreatadvancesmadeintransportduringthelasttwohundredyearswereaccompaniedbyabigincreaseintrade.BiggerandfastershipsenabledatradeinmeattodevelopbetweenBritainandNewZealand,forinstance.Quickertransportmakespossiblemass-productionandbigbusiness,drawingsuppliesfrom,andsellinggoodsto,allpartsoftheglobe.Bigfactoriescouldnotexistwithouttransporttocarrythelargenumberofworkerstheyneedtoandfromtheirhomes.Bigcitystorescouldnothavedevelopedunlecustomerscouldtraveleasilyfromthesuburbsandgoodsdeliveredtotheirhomes.Bigcitiescouldnotsurviveunlefoodcouldbebroughtfromadistance.

3Transportalsopreventswaste.Muchofthefishlandedattheportswouldbewastedifitcouldnotbetakenquicklytoinlandtowns.Transporthasgivenusamuchgreatervarietyoffoodsandgoodssincewenolongerhavetoliveonwhatisproducedlocally.Foodswhichatonetimecouldbeobtainedonlyduringapartoftheyearcannowbeobtainedallthroughtheyear.Transporthasraisedthestandardofliving.

4Bymovingfuel,rawmaterials,andevenpower,as,forexample,throughelectriccables,transporthasledtotheestablishmentofindustriesandtradeinareaswheretheywouldhavebeenimpossiblebefore.Districtsandcountriescanconcentrateonmakingthingswhichtheycandobetterandmorecheaplythanothersandcanthenexchangethemwithoneanother.Thecheaperandquickertransportbecomes, http://www.oh100.com untrieswithpoortransporthavealowerstandardofliving.

5Commercerequiresnotonlythemovingofgoodsandpeoplebutalsothecarryingofmessagesandinformation.Meansofcommunication,liketelephones,cablesandradio,sendinformationaboutprices,supplies, http://www.oh100.com hisway,advancedcommunicationsystemsalsohelptodeveloptrade.

1.Paragraph2Importanceoftransportintrade

2.Paragraph3Higherlivingstandard

3.Paragraph4Birthoftransport-relatedindustriesandtrade

4.Paragraph5Roleofinformationintrade

5.Thedevelopmentofmodernmeansoftransporthasgreatlypromotedtrade

6.Onlywhengoodscanbecarriedtoallpartsoftheworldquicklyisitpossibletoproduceonalargescale

7.Transporthasmadeitpossibleforpeopletoeatwhateverfoodtheywantatanytimeduringtheyear

http://www.oh100.com hetradeofmodernsocietythetransmissionofinformationplaysasimportantaroleasthetransportofgoods

第十篇WashoeLearnedAmericanSignLanguage

1Ananimalthatinfluencedscientificthoughthasdied.AchimpanzeenamedWashoeandborninAfricadiedofnaturalcauseslatelastmonthattheageof42ataresearchcenterintheAmericanstateofWashington.Wash0ehadbecomeknowninthescientificcommunity1andaroundtheworldforherabilitytouseAmericanSignLanguage2.Shewassaidtobethefirstnon-humantolearnahumanlanguage.Herskillsalsoledtodebate3aboutprimatesandtheirabilitytounderstandlanguage.

2ResearchscientistsAllenandBeatrixGardnerbeganteachingWashoesignlanguagein1966.In1969,theGardners7describedWashoe'sprogreinascientificreport.ThepeoplewhoexperimentedwithWashoesaidshegrewtounderstand4about250words.Forexample,Washoemadesignstocommunicatewhenitwastimetoeat.Shecouldrequestfoodslikeapplesandbananas.Shealsoaskedquestionslike,"Whoiscomingtoplay?"Once5thenewsaboutWashoespread,manylanguagescientistsbeganstudiesoftheirown6intothisnewandexcitingareaofresearch.Thewholedirectionofprimateresearchchanged.

3However,criticsarguedWashoeonlylearnedtorepeatsignlanguagemovementsfromwatchingherteachers.Theysaidshehadneverdevelopedtruelanguageskills.Evennow,therearesomeresearcherswhosuggestthatprimateslearnsignlanguageonlybymemory,andperformthesignsonlyforprizes.YetWashoe'skeepersdisagree.RogerFoutsisaformerstudentoftheGardners7.HetookWashoetoaresearchcenterinEllensburg,Washington.There,Washoetaughtsignlanguagetothreeyoungerchimpanzees,whicharestillalive.

4ScientistslikeprivateresearcherJaneGoodallbelievesWashoeprovidednewinformationaboutthementalworkingsofchimpanzees8.Today,therearenotasmanyscientistsstudyinglanguageskillswithchimps.Partofthereasonisthatthiskindofresearchtakesaverylongtime.

5Debatecontinuesaboutchimps'understandingofhumancommunication.Yet,onethingissure--Washoechangedpopularideasaboutthepossibilitiesofanimalintelligence.

1.Paragraph1GeneralInformationaboutWashoe

2.Paragraph2ReportaboutWashoe'sProgreinLearningSignLanguage

3.Paragraph3DebateonChimps'Intelligence

4.Paragraph4ReasonWhyNotManyScientistsCarryoutThisResearchNowadays

5.Washoecouldmakesignstocommunicatewhenshewantedtoeat

6.SomescientistsdoubtediftheGardeners'argumentwassound

7.Washoetaughtthreeyoungerchimpssignlanguagewhileshewasataresearchcenterin

Ellensburg

8.TheexperimentersthoughtWashoewasintelligentbecauseshecouldusesignlanguagetoask

forfruits

第十一篇IsThereaWaytoKeeptheBritain'sEconomyGrowing

http://www.oh100.com oday'sknowledgeeconomy,nationssurviveonthethingstheydobest.JapanesedesignelectronicswhileGermensexportengineeringtechniques.TheFrenchservethebestfoodandAmericansmakecomputers.

2.Britainspecializesinthegiftoftalking.Thenationdoesn'tmanufacturemuchofanything.Butithaslawyers,stylistsandbusineconsultantswhoearntheirlivingfromtalk,talkandmoretalk.TheWorldFoundationthinktank1saystheUK'sfouriconicjobstodayarenotscientists,engineers,teachersandnurses.Instead,they'rehairdressers,celebrities,managementconsultantsandmanagers.ButcanallthistalkingkeeptheBritisheconomygoing?TheBritishgovernmentthinksitcan.

3.Althoughthecountry'stradedeficitwasmorethan£60billionin2006,UK'slargestinthepostwarperiod,officialssaythecountryhasnothingtoworryabout.Infact,Britaindoeshaveaworld-clapharmaceuticalindustry,anditstillmakesasmallsumfromsellingarmsabroad.Italsotradesservices—accountancy,insurance,bankingandadvertising.ThegovernmentbelievesBritainisonthecuttingedge2oftheknowledgeeconomy.Afterall,thecountryofShakespeareandWordsworthhasaliterarytraditionofwhichtobeproud.Rock―n‖roll3isanEnglishlanguagemedium,andtherearebillionstobemadebytheircutting-edgebands.Inotherwords,thecreativeeconomyhasplentyofstrengthtocarrytheBritisheconomy.

4.However,creativeindustriesaccountforonlyabout4percentofUK'sexportsofgoodsandservices.Theindustriesarefindingithardtomakeaprofit,accordingtoareportoftheNationalEndowmentforScience,TechnologyandtheArts4.Thereportshowsonly38percentofBritishcompanieswereengagedin"innovationactivities",3percentagepointsbelowtheEUaverageandwellbelowGermany(61percent)andSweden(47percent).

5.Infact,itmightbebettertocallBritaina"servant"economy—thereareatleast4millionpeople"inservice".Themajorityofthepopulationareemployedbytherichtocook,clean,andtakecareoftheirchildren.Manygraduatesareevendoingmenialjobsforwhichtheydonotneedadegree.Mostemploymentgrowthhasbeen,andwillcontinuetobe,atthelow-skillendoftheservicesector—inshops,bars,hotels,domesticserviceandinnursingandcarehomes.

1.Paragraph2GiftofTalking

2.Paragraph3StrengthoftheCreativeEconomy

3.Paragraph4WeakneoftheCreativeEconomy

4.Paragraph5―Servant‖Economy

5.Everycountryhasitsownwaytofeeditspeople

6.TheBritishgovernmentdoesn‘tseemtoworryabouttheBritisheconomy

7.Thecreativeindustriesfinditdifficulttomakeaprofit

8.Manygraduatesareemployedtodolow-skilljobs

第十二篇Intelligence:aChangedView

http://www.oh100.com elligencewasbelievedtobeafixedentity,somefacultyofthemindthatweallposseandwhichdeterminesinsomewaytheextentofourachievements.Itsvaluetherefore,wasasapredictorofchildren'sfuturelearning.Iftheydifferedmarkedlyintheirabilitytolearncomplextasks, http://www.oh100.com elligencetestscouldbeusedforstreamingchildrenaccordingtoabilityatanearlyage;andat11thesetestsweresuperiortomeasuresofattainmentforselectingchildrenfordifferenttypesofsecondaryeducation.

2.Today, http://www.oh100.com helastfewyears,researchhasthrowndoubtontheviewthatinnateintelligencecaneverbemeasuredandontheverynatureofintelligenceitself1.Thereisconsiderableevidencenowwhichshowsthegreatinfluenceofenvironmentbothonachievementandintelligence.Childrenwithpoorhomebackgroundsnotonlydolewellintheirschoolworkandintelligencetestsbuttheirperformancetendstodeteriorategraduallycomparedwiththatoftheirmorefortunateclassmates.

3.Thereareevidencesthatsupporttheviewthatwehavetodistinguishbetweengeneticintelligenceandobservedintelligence.2Anydeficiencyintheappropriategeneswillrestrictdevelopmentnomatterhowstimulatingtheenvironment.Wecannotobserveandmeasureinnateintelligence,whereaswecanobserveandmeasuretheeffectsoftheinteractionofwhateverisinheritedwithwhateverstimulationhasbeenreceivedfromtheenvironment.3Researcheshavebeeninvestigatingwhathappensinthisinteraction.

http://www.oh100.com omajorfindingshaveemergedfromtheseresearches.Firstly,thegreaterpartofthedevelopmentofobservedintelligenceoccursintheearliestyearsoflife.Itisestimatedthat50percentofmeasurableintelligenceatage17isalreadypredictablebytheageoffour.Secondly,themostimportantfactorsintheenvironmentarelanguageandpsychologicalaspectsoftheparent-childrelationship.Muchofthedifferenceinmeasuredintelligencebetween"privileged"and"disadvantaged"children4maybeduetothelatter'slackofappropriateverbalstimulationandthepovertyoftheirperceptualexperiences.5

5.Theseresearchfindingshaveledtoarevisioninourunderstandingofthenatureofintelligence.Insteadofitbeingsomelargelyinheritedfixedpowerofthemind,wenowseeitasasetofdevelopedskillswithwhichapersoncopeswithanyenvironment.Theseskillshavetobelearnedand,indeed,oneofthemislearninghowtolearn.

6.Themodernideasconcerningthenatureofintelligenceareboundtohavesomeeffectonourschoolsystem.Inonerespectachangeisalreadyoccurring.Withthemovetowardcomprehensiveeducationandthedevelopmentofunstrainedclasses6,fewerchildrenwillbegiventhelabel"lowIQ''whichmustinevitablycondemnachildinhisown,ifnotsociety'seyes.Theideathatwecanteachchildrentobeintelligentinthesamewaythatwecanteachthem

readingorarithmeticisacceptedbymoreandmorepeople.

1.Paragraph2EffectofEnvironmentonIntelligence

2.Paragraph4MainResultsofRecentResearches

3.Paragraph5AChangedViewofIntelligence

4.Paragraph6ImpactonSchoolEducation

5.Itwasoncebelievedthatintelligencewassomethingababywasbornwith,andthuswecantellhowsuccessfulhe/shewillbeinthefutureaccordingtohis/herintelligence.

6.Morerecentresearcheshasshownthatintelligenceisonlypartlyinheritedandpartlyhastodowithachild'slivingenvironment

7.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatachildwillhaveabetterchancetodevelophisintelligenceifhehasmoreopportunitiestocommunicatewithothersbymeansoflanguage.

8.Childrenwerenotjustborntobemoreintelligentorleintelligent,buttheycanbetaughttobemoreintelligentatschool.

第十三篇WardoffTravelBugs

1Astheholidayseasonapproaches,sodoestheprospectofjetlag,anupsetstomachorsunburn2.Withcareandsomehelpfromnaturalsources,however,itisquitepossibletoavoidtheseproblems.

2Youcanstarttoprepareacoupleofweeksbeforeyouleave.Foodpoisoningwillmakeanyholidaymiserable,butbytakingsomemedicinesuchaslactobacillusandbifidobacteria3,youcanreducethelikelihoodofsuccumbingto4poisoningbroughton5byfoodorwatertaintedwithunfamiliarbacteria.

3Byimprovingthebacteriabalanceinyourdigestivetract,youcrowdoutthepathogenicbacteriaandstopthemgainingafoothold.6Thebeneficialbacteriaalsoproducegentlebuteffectivenaturalantibioticsinyourgut.

4Inmanyholidaylocationsyouneedtorememberthebasics:drinkbottledwater,avoidundercookedmeatandensurethatfoodhygieneisadequate.Ifyoudosuccumbtofoodpoisoning,drinkplentyofwatertostayhydratedandseeadoctor.However,ifyoudetectdiarrheaearlyenough,youmightliketotrytakingabout10or15pancreaticdigestiveenzymes,whichcandigestthemultiplyingbacteriabeforetheytakeover.

5Takingateaspoonofsilicolgel7canalsohelp.Thislinesthestomachandupperintestinalareaandbindswithbacteriaandviruses,allowingthemtobesafelypassedoutofthegut.Whenyoupack,includegrapefruit-seedextract8,whichisanexcellentall-roundanti-bacterial,anti-parasitic,anti-viralandanti-fungalagent.

6Yourflightcanalsobemademorepleasant.Peppermintoilandgingercapsules9wardoffmotionsickness,butamoredeliciousoptionistonibbleoncrystallizedginger.Ifyoutendtogetearacheontake-offandlanding,youcanusespecialearplugswithfillerthatslowsdowntherateofchangeinairpressure.

7Thegreatestconcernis―economyclasyndrome‖,thepopularnamefordeep-veinthrombosis,whichcanleadtobloodclotstravelingfromthelegstothelungs,heartorbrain.Toreducethis,youneedacoupleofhourstostayhydrated,andavoidalcohol.

8YoucanalsoreducetheseverityofinflammationbytakingadailygramofvitaminCwiththebioflavonoidquercetin10.VitaminCandquercetinalsohelptoreducepricklyheat.

9Finally,ifanyadversesymptomspersistwhileoverseas,youshouldseeadoctor.

1.Paragraph1AvoidingHolidayTroubles

2.Paragraph4BasicsofWhattoEatandDrink

3.Paragraph5MedicineAgainstBacteriaandViruses

4.Paragraph6BasicsofHavingaPleasantFlight

5.Food-poisoningmayposeaproblemwhenyouaretravelling

6.Specialearplugscanmakeyoufeelbetterwhenyourplaneisabouttoland

7.Itisimportanttodrinkalotofwaterwhenyousufferfromfood-poisoning

8.Don‘tforgettobringnecessarymedicinewhenyouarepackingforyourtour

第十四篇HeartbeatofAmerica

1.NewYork—theStatueofLiberty(自由女神),theskyscrapers,thebeautifulshopsonFifthAvenue(第五大街)andthemanytheatersonBroadway(百老汇).ThisisAmerica'sculturalcapital.Itisalsoherbiggestcity,withapopulation(人口居民) http://www.oh100.com hesummeritishot,hot,hotandinthewinteritcanbeverycold.Stilltherearehundredsofthingstodoandseealltheyearround.

2.Manhattan(曼哈顿)istherealcenterofthecity.Whenpeoplesay―NewYorkCity,‖theyusuallymeanManhattan.Mostoftheinterestingshops,buildingsandmuseums(博物馆)arehere.Inaddition,ManhattanisthesceneofNewYork‘sbusynightlife.In1605thefirstEuropeanscametoManhattanfromHolland(荷兰).TheyboughttheislandfromtheNativeAmericansforafewglanecklacesworthabout$26today.

3.WallStreet(华尔街)inManhattanisthefinancial(金融的)heartoftheUSA.Itisalsothemostimportantbankingcenterintheworld.Itisastreetof―skyscrapers.‖Thesearethoseincredible(难以置信的),highbuildings,whichAmericansinvented,andbuiltfasterandhigherthananyoneelse.Perhapsthetwomostspectacular(壮观)skyscrapersinNewYorkarethetwotowersoftheNewYorkWorldTradeCenter.Whenthesunsets,their110floorsshinelikepuregold.

4.Likeeverybigcity,NewYorkhasitsowntraffic(交通)system.Trafficjamscanbeterrible.It'susuallyquickesttogobysubway(地铁).TheNewYorksubwayiseasytouseandquitecheap.ThesubwaygoestoalmosteverycornerofManhattan.Butitisnotsafetotakethesubwaylateanightbecauseinsomeplacesyoucouldgetrobbed(抢劫).NewYorkbusesarealsoeasytouse.Youseemoreifyougobybus.Therearemorethan30,000taxisinNewYork.They

areeasytosee,becausetheyarebrightyellowandcarrylargeTAXIsigns.Taxisdonotgooutsidethecity.However,theywillgototheairports.Inadditiontothetaxifare,peoplegivethetaxidriveratipof15percentofthefare'svalue.

5.CentralParkisabeautifulgreenoasis(绿洲)inthemiddleofNewYork‘sconcrete(水泥)desert.Itissurprisinglybig,withlakesandwoods,aswellasorganizedrecreationareas.NewYorkersloveCentralPark, http://www.oh100.com hewinter,theygoice-skating,andinthesummerroller-skating.Theyplayball,ridehorsesandhavepicnics(野餐).Theygobicyclingandboating.Thereisevenachildren'szoo,withwildbirdsandanimals.

6.AlongtheeastsideofCentralParkrunsFifthAvenue,oncecalled―Millionaire'sRow.(百万富翁之街)‖Inthe19thcentury,therichestmeninAmericabuilttheirmagnificenthomeshere.Itisstillthemostfashionablestreetinthecity,withfamousdepartmentstores.

7.BroadwayisthestreetwhereyouwillfindNewYork'sbest-knowntheaters.ButawayfromthebrightlightsandelegantclothesofBroadwayaremanysmallertheaters.Theirplaysancalled―off-Broad-way‖andareoftenmoreunusualthantheBroadwayshows.Aswellasmanytheaters,NewYorkhasafamousoperahouse.ThisistheMetropolitan,whereinternationalstarssingfromSeptemberuntilApril.CarnegieHallisthecity'smorepopularconcerthall.ButnightlifeinNewYorkoffersmorethanclassicalmusicandtheater.Therearehundredsofnightclubswherepeoplegotoeatanddance.

1.Paragraph3TheFinancialCenterofUSA

2.Paragraph4TheTrafficFacilitiesofNewYork

3.Paragraph5CentralPark—APlaceofRecreationfortheNewYorkers

4.Paragraph6ShoppingCenterfortheRich

5.TheislandofManhattanwasboughtbytheHollandersfromthenativeAmericansforwhatseemstobeaverysmallsumtoday

6.CentralParkisagoodplacewheretheNewYorkerscangoanddowhatevertheylikeforrelaxation.

7.FifthAvenueistheplacewherethewealthypeoplewouldgoshopping

8.Forthoseplay-loverswhoareinterestedinwhatisunusual,thesmalltheatersmightbemoreattractivethantheworldfamousBroadway

第十五篇SmokeGetsinYourMind

1.Lungcancer,hypertension,heartdisease,birthdefects—wearealltoofamiliarwiththedangersofsmoking.Butaddtothatlistafrighteningnewconcern.Mentalillness.Accordingtosomecontroversialnewfindings,ifsmokingdoesnotkillyou,itmay,quitelitter,driveyoutodespair。

2.Thetobaccoindustryopenlypushesitsproductassomethingtoliftyourmoodandsootheanxiety.Buttheshort-termfeel-goodeffectmaymaskthetruth:thatsmokingmayworsenoreventriggeranxietydisorders,panicattacksanddepression,perhapsevenschizophrenia.

3.Cigarettesandmentalillnehavealwaystendedtogotogether.Anestimated1.25billionpeoplesmokeworldwide.Yetpeoplewhoaredepressedoranxiousaretwiceaslikelytosmoke,andupto88percentofthosewithpsychoticdisorderssuchasschizophreniasmokers.ArecentAmericansurveyconcludedthataroundhalfofallcigarettesburninthefingersofthosewithmentalillness.

4.Butthebigquestioniswhy?Theusualstoryisthattheillnecomesfirst.Mentallyillpeopletakeupsmoking,orsmokemoretoalleviatesomeoftheirdistress.Evenwhensmokingseemstostartbeforetheillness,mostdoctorsbelievethatearlybutinvisiblesymptomsofthedisordersparkthedesiretolightup.Butperhapssomethingmoresinisterisgoingon.

5.Agrowingnumberofresearchersclaimthatsmokingisthecause,nottheconsequenceofclinicaldepressionandseveralformsofanxiety.―Weknowalotabouttheeffectsofsmokingonphysicalhealth,andnowwearealsostartingtoseetheadverseeffectsinnewresearchonmentalillness,‖saysNaomiBreslau,directorofresearchattheHenryFordHealthCareSysteminDetroit.

6.Breslauwasoneofthefirsttoconsiderthishereticalpossibility.Thehintcamefromstudies,publishedin1998,whichfollowedagroupofjustover1,000youngadultsforafive-yearperiod.The13percentwhobeganthestudywithmajordepressionwerearoundthreetimesmorelikelytoprogrefrombeinglightsmokerstodailysmokersduringthecourseofthestudy,thoughtherewasnoevidencethatdepressionincreasedthetendencytotakeupsmoking.Butahistoryofdailysmokingbeforethestudycommencedroughlydoubledtheriskofdevelopingmajordepressionduringthefive-yearperiodSmoking,itseems,couldpre-dateillness.

7.AtfirstBreslauconcludedthatwhateverpromptspeopletosmokemightalsomakethemdepressed.Butastheresultsofothermuchlargerstudiesbegantobackthestatisticallink,shebecamemoreconvincedthaneverthatwhatshewasseeingweresignsthatsmoking,perhapsthenicotineitself,couldsomehowaffectthebrainandcausedepression.

8.OneoftheselargerstudieswasledbyGoodman,apediatrician.Shefollowedthehealthoftwogroupsofteenagersforayear.thefirstgroupof8,704adolescentswerenotdepressed,andmightormightnothavebeensmokers,whilethesecondgroupof6,947werehighlydepressedandhadnotbeensmokersinthepastmonth.Afterayearherteamfoundthatalthoughdepressedteenagersweremorelikelytohavebecomeheavysmokers,previousexperimentationwithsmokingwasthestrongestpredictorofsuchbehaviour,notthedepressionitself.Whatismoreimportantisthatteenagerswhostartedoutmentallyfitbutsmokedatleastonepacketperweekduringthestudywerefourtimesmorelikelytodevelopdepressionthantheirnon-smokingpeers.Goodmansaysthatdepressiondoesnotseemtostartbeforecigaretteuseamongteens.―Currentcigaretteuseishowever,apowerfuldeterminantofdevelopinghighdepressivesymptoms(症状).‖

9.Breslau,too,findsthatsmokersareasmuchasfourtimesmorelikelytohaveanisolatedpanicattackandthreetimesmorelikelytodeveloplonger-termpanicdisorderthannon-smokers.It‘sahardmessagetogetacross,becausemanysmokerssaytheybecomeanxiouswhentheyquit,notwhentheysmoke.ButBreslausaysthatthisisashort-livedeffectofwithdrawalwhichmaskstherealitythat,ingeneral,smokershavehigheranxietylevelsthannon-smokersorex-smokers.

1.Paragraph3CloseAssociationBetweenDepressionandSmoking

2.Paragraph4DoubtabouttheUsualBelief

3.Paragraph6EffectofSmokingonmentalHealthInitiallyProved

4.Paragraph8Breslau‘sConclusionSupportedbyAnotherLargerStudy

5.Nowadaysmanydoctorshavebecomeawarethatsmokingisnotonlyahazardtopeople‘sphysicalhealthbuttotheirmentalhealthaswell

6.Thecigaretteadswhichclaimthatsmokingcanhelpsootheanxietyhavebeenprovedtobemisleading

7.Breslau‘sstudyinvolvedfewerpeoplethanGoodman‘sbutlastedlonger.

8.TocontradictBreslau‘sconclusion,manysmokerssaythattheyareleanxiouswhentheysmokebuttheirlevelofanxietyincreaseswhentheyquitesmoking

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