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定语从句是什么?

时间:2022-01-27 15:21:53 英语 我要投稿

定语从句是什么?

  英语的学习有人说难有人说易,众说纷纭。但我们还是要学习好英语,才能让我们的未来多一个选择。下面就由小编给大家介绍介绍定语从句是什么,希望对大家有帮助。

  定语从句基本概念

  在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

  引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

  被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

  一、定语从句的引导词

  1、一共有9个:who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as

  与名词从句相比:定从不能由what和how引导;which的含义改变;定从内部的介词可以放引导词前。

  2、引导词的功能有哪些?

  (1)引导定语从句

  (2)代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。(先行词在从句中不再出现)

  二、定语从句的关键

  1、首先,要能判断出该从句是什么从句:

  (1)放句首没有用逗号分开的,一般是主语从句,也有可能是状语从句,但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词,则一定是主语从句。

  (2)放及物动词后,若及物动词不是被动语态,后面一定是宾语从句;若该及物动词是被动语态,后面一般是主语从句(It+ is + adj/n./done+that/whether/when…)或状语从句。

  (3)放be动词后,后面一定是表语从句,但 “It is/was + 从句(被强调成分) + that”是强调句(强调句中“非谓语”)。

  (4)放名词后,一般是定语从句,但若该名词有“内涵/内容”(fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion), 则很可能是同位语从句。

  (5)用逗号分开的从句,一般是状语从句或 as/which引导的定语从句,也要注意用放在句中用逗号分开的“插入语”(however, for example,believe it or not等)。

  2、其次,判断出是定语从句后可以用“三个优先”法做题:

  (1)优先选择含whose的选项,能与空格后的名词构成“某人的某物”搭配,一般就是答案;

  (2)优先选择含介词的选项,然后看该介词与从句中的谓语是否能构成符合逻辑的搭配;

  (3)用逗号分开的定从,优先考虑as和which,若该空能翻译为“一件事”而从句意思是通顺的,则放句首就用as,句末用which(若该空能翻译为“如同”“像…一样”则应用as)

  3、再次,做定语从句题可以用“三问法”来检测是否出错:

  (1)先行词本身是否为特殊的词?

  way+ in which/that/省略

  指物的不定代词:anything, one, some,many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that

  指人的不定代词或数词:one, those, anyone, two等 + who

  既有人又有物: + that

  “抽象的地点”condition, situation,case, point + where

  “抽象的时间”one’s stay/visit + when

  在特定语境中可以作“地点/位置”理解的词:trousers/ sleeves + where

  (2)先行词前面有无特殊的词?

  有不定代词修饰:all/every/little/much+ …+ that

  有最高级/序数词修饰:the best/second … + that

  有just the/ the very/ the only/ the last等修饰:+ that

  有who/which疑问词:+ that(避免重复)

  有the same/ such/ as修饰:一般+ as

  (注意: ①第一个as是否为一个以as结尾的搭配,如regard…as;

  ②区分such…as(定从)与such …that“如此…以至于”)

  (3)先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分?

  注意:从句中spend后的“时间”,以及visit后的“地点”,不是状语,而是宾语,应该用不定代词

  4、只能用that引导定语从句有哪些情况?

  先行词前为all, everything, nothing,something, anything, little, much等不定代词时;

  先行词前有:all, every, no, some, any,little, much, few等不定代词修饰时;

  先行词被序数词修饰时;

  先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;

  先行词前only, just, very, last有等修饰时;

  先行词是表示人和物混杂的两个名词时;

  主句是以who, which,开头的疑问句或先行词是疑问代词时;

  在修饰时间、地点等先行词时,只有用that代替when, where等引导词;

  【例】I'll never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.

  Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?

  先行词为reason, way (意为“方法”)时,常用that 代替why,which, in which,也可省略。

  引导词在定语从句中作表语时,多用that引导。

  先行词是主句表语时;

  【例】It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.

  当主语以there be 开头时;

  当先行词是数词时;

  同一个复合句里有两个定语从句,一个用which,另一个通常用that。

  5、reason后面用什么引导?way 后面用什么引导?

  reason后面的定语从句用why引导。

  way 后面定语从句用in which 或 that引导that可以省略。

  6、when引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句?

  when引导的定语从句等于介词+ which引导的定语从句。

  7、where 引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句?

  where 引导的定语从句等于介词+which引导的定语从句。

  ★8、one of 和 the (only) one of引导的定语从句在主谓一致问题上应注意什么?

  前者引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数;后者用单数。

  9、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有和区别?

  限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一个部分,缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定语从句是对主句的进一步说明,不要从句对主句意义无多大影响;非限制性定语从句前后有逗号隔开。而且非限制性定语从句中不能用that。

  10、as 和which引导的非限制性定语从句在用法上有什么区别?

  as和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句.都可以代替主句中的'整个内容或某一成分。

  as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句首,并常和know, see, expect等词连用,意为:“正如……”,而which不能位于句首。

  11、as 可以用于哪些结构中引导定语从句?

  such... as; the same... as; so ...as..

  12、the same…as和 the same…that 引导的定语从句如何区别?

  the same…as 引导的定语从句指的是相同事物,强调同类。

  the same…that引导的定语从句指的是同一物。

  13、such…as …和 such…that…如何区分?

  such…as…引导的是定语从句,as必须代替先行词在其引导的从句中充当成分。

  such…that…引导的从句是状语从句,that只是引导从句并不在其引导的从句中充当成分,在选择填空首先看从句中是否缺句子成分,如果缺成分就要考虑是定语从句;如果不缺成分就要考虑是状语成分。

  ★14、whose 引导定语从句有那些注意点?

  whose 作定语,后面跟名词。一般有三种表示形式:

  【例】This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.

  = This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.

  = This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.

  ★★★15、 “介词 + 关系词” 开头的定语从句有哪几种情况?

  注意:引导定从的介词后不能加who/that

  (1)先行词在从句中做状语,用来替换when/where/why的:in/on/from/for/in front of + which/whom:

  (2)“of所有格”: the+名词+ of + which/whom; of + which/whom +… the+名词

  (3)“某个范围中的多少”: some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom … some…

  (4)偶尔可用“介词+ whose”和“介词+where”

  三、关系代词引导的定语从句

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

  1、who指人,在从句中做主语

  The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

  2、whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

  Mr. Liu is the person (whom)you talked about on the bus.

  【注意】关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

  The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

  3、which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

  Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

  4、that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

  The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

  5、whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语

  He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

  whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替:

  The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

  =The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.

  Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

  =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

  (注意:the + 名词 + of which/whom常考!)

  四、介词+关系代词whom/which引导的定语从句(重点)

  关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导:

  The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

  =The school in which he once studied is very famous.

  【注意】

  1、含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等

  (1)This is the watch which/that I am lookingfor.(T)

  (2)This is the watch for which I amlooking. (F)

  2、若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose

  (1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

  (2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)

  3、“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,each, few等代词或者数词,构成some of which/whom等类似结构引导的定语从句。(重点:常考!)

  (1)He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.

  (2)In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

  (3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

  在特定语境中,可以用“介词+ whose/where”引导定语从句

  The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.

  五、关系副词引导的定语从句

  1、when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语

  when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

  (1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

  (2)The time when we got together finally came.

  2、where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语

  where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

  (1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.

  (2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

  3、why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,此时先行词常为reason。可变为for which(常考!)

  why=for which

  (1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

  (2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

  【注意】关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

  (1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.

  (2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

  (3)Great changes have taken place in thecity in which/where I was born.

  复杂式定语从句

  所谓复杂的定语从句,是指一个句子带有两个或两个以上定语从句的结构。这类定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂,有如下几种形式:

  1.自由式定语从句

  自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式,在句中充当不同的句子成分,故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看,其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句,因此,其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。如:

  Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital

  from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification

  as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests

  were completed.

  人们开始理由充分地认为,阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团;伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。

  该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句,分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs

  和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique,翻译时一个被译成并列句,一个被译成定语。

  2.嵌套式定语从句

  嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似,拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句,只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。因此,其翻译也与简单的定语从句相同。

  3.并列式定语从句

  并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称,指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。笔者刊登在《中国翻译》(96.1)上的《英语并列成分中定语从句的汉译》一文曾作过介绍。这里再补充一点,这类定语从句也可译成状语从句,即先把主句译出,再把定语从句译成两个表示并列或转折关系的状语从句。

  This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French,

  who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and

  also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually

  clashed in the Balkans.

  这是一个防御性的盟约,旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击,保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击;因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区,而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。

  4.一主二仆式定语从句

  一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。该结构中的定语从句比较规范,均修饰一个先行词,在翻译时,虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法,但还有其独特的地方。归纳起来,有如下几种情况:

  1)译成定语 可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语,也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词,或分别修饰重复的先行词。

  … and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques,

  by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts

  with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional

  human or animal power

  ……古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战;这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易,而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。(并列的定语)

  Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed

  at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn

  of history.

  近代史开始时,世界拥有的每一项重大成就,已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。(分开的定语)

  And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin

  or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited

  ony by the Western Europeans.

  它有助于说明,为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明,只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。(分开的定语修饰重复的先行词)

  2)译成并列句 可以把两个定语从句简单地译成一个并列句,也可以把它们译成两个分开的并列句,用来表示并列、转折或先后顺序等关系:

  Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by

  serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a

  hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.

  因而,采邑是靠农奴经营的自足自给予的村庄;农奴不能随便离开,并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。(一个并列句)

  Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society … where

  poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control;

  and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana

  with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.

  我们的目的是在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会……在这里,贫困和文盲不再存在,疾病得到控制;在这里,我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。(两个并列句,表示并列关系)

  This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan's grandson,

  Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.

  成吉思汗的孙子旭烈兀所取得的伟大胜利,助长了这一希望。旭烈兀信佛教,而他的妻子信基督。(两个并列句,表示转折关系)

  3)其他译法 这类定语从句除上述两种正规、固定的翻译方法外,还有其他几种比较灵活的译法。我们可以把翻译简单定语从句的方法融会贯通,运用其中,如译成定语+句子成分,即把一个从句译成定语,另一个从句译成句子成分;或译成并列句(或句子成分)+状语从句,即把一个从句译成并列句或句子成分,另一个从句译成状语从句等。

  Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH< !(&)< THAt a major attack

  had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic

  weapons and who inflilcted "many" Portuguese casualties.

  即使如此,里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承认,配备迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已发动了一次大规模的进攻,使葡萄牙人蒙受"重大"伤亡。(定语+句子成分)

  At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive

  and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.

  处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西,在那里,种族混合十分广泛,而且正在继续进行,因此,种族歧视较少。(并列句+状语从句)

  He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian

  jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority

  with the "nationalist" Hungarian Communists.

  他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者,曾在两次世界大战之间的时期内在匈牙利监狱呆了16年,因而这时不愿与"民族主义的"匈牙利共产党人分享权力。(句子成分+状语从句)

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