定语从句和宾语从句

时间:2025-10-23 09:55:27 赛赛 英语 我要投稿
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定语从句和宾语从句

  从句,即从属子句,是复句中具有分属地位的分句,它是一种绝大部分语言都有的语法结构。以下是小编整理的定语从句和宾语从句,欢迎阅读。

  定语从句和宾语从句 1

  定语从句:

  一、定语从句的引导词

  1、一共有9个:who, whom , whose, that, which, when,where, why, as

  与名词从句相比:定从不能由what和how引导;which的含义改变;定从内部的介词可以放引导词前。

  2、引导词的功能有哪些?

  (1)引导定语从句

  (2)代替先行词在定语从句中充当一个成分。(先行词在从句中不再出现)

  二、定语从句的关键

  1、首先,要能判断出该从句是什么从句:

  (1)放句首没有用逗号分开的,一般是主语从句,也有可能是状语从句,但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词,则一定是主语从句。

  (2)放及物动词后,若及物动词不是被动语态,后面一定是宾语从句;若该及物动词是被动语态,后面一般是主语从句(It+ is + adj/n./done+that/whether/when…)或状语从句。

  (3)放be动词后,后面一定是表语从句,但 “It is/was + 从句(被强调成分) + that”是强调句(强调句中“非谓语”)。

  (4)放名词后,一般是定语从句,但若该名词有“内涵/内容”(fact/truth/news/information/ problem/suggestion), 则很可能是同位语从句。

  (5)用逗号分开的从句,一般是状语从句或 as/which引导的定语从句,也要注意用放在句中用逗号分开的“插入语”(however, for example,believe it or not等)。

  2、其次,判断出是定语从句后可以用“三个优先”法做题:

  (1)优先选择含whose的选项,能与空格后的名词构成“某人的某物”搭配,一般就是答案;

  (2)优先选择含介词的选项,然后看该介词与从句中的谓语是否能构成符合逻辑的搭配;

  (3)用逗号分开的定从,优先考虑as和which,若该空能翻译为“一件事”而从句意思是通顺的,则放句首就用as,句末用which(若该空能翻译为“如同”“像…一样”则应用as)

  3、再次,做定语从句题可以用“三问法”来检测是否出错:

  (1)先行词本身是否为特殊的词?

  way+ in which/that/省略

  指物的不定代词:anything, one, some,many, a lot, all, both, that等 + that

  指人的不定代词或数词:one, those, anyone, two等 + who

  既有人又有物: + that

  “抽象的地点”condition, situation,case, point + where

  “抽象的时间”one’s stay/visit + when

  在特定语境中可以作“地点/位置”理解的词:trousers/ sleeves + where

  (2)先行词前面有无特殊的词?

  有不定代词修饰:all/every/little/much+ …+ that

  有最高级/序数词修饰:the best/second … + that

  有just the/ the very/ the only/ the last等修饰:+ that

  有who/which疑问词:+ that(避免重复)

  有the same/ such/ as修饰:一般+ as

  (注意: ①第一个as是否为一个以as结尾的搭配,如regard…as;

  ②区分such…as(定从)与such …that“如此…以至于”)

  (3)先行词在定语从句中充当什么成分?

  注意:从句中spend后的“时间”,以及visit后的“地点”,不是状语,而是宾语,应该用不定代词

  4、只能用that引导定语从句有哪些情况?

  先行词前为all, everything, nothing,something, anything, little, much等不定代词时;

  先行词前有:all, every, no, some, any,little, much, few等不定代词修饰时;

  先行词被序数词修饰时;

  先行词被形容词最高级修饰时;

  先行词前only, just, very, last有等修饰时;

  先行词是表示人和物混杂的两个名词时;

  主句是以who, which,开头的疑问句或先行词是疑问代词时;

  在修饰时间、地点等先行词时,只有用that代替when, where等引导词;

  【例】Ill never forget the Sunday (that) you first arrived.

  Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink ?

  先行词为reason, way (意为“方法”)时,常用that 代替why,which, in which,也可省略。

  引导词在定语从句中作表语时,多用that引导。

  先行词是主句表语时;

  【例】It is a dictionary that will help you a lot.

  当主语以there be 开头时;

  当先行词是数词时;

  同一个复合句里有两个定语从句,一个用which,另一个通常用that。

  5、reason后面用什么引导?way 后面用什么引导?

  reason后面的定语从句用why引导。

  way 后面定语从句用in which 或 that引导that可以省略。

  6、when引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句?

  when引导的定语从句等于介词+ which引导的定语从句。

  7、where 引导的定语从句等于什么引导的定语从句?

  where 引导的定语从句等于介词+which引导的定语从句。

  ★8、one of 和 the (only) one of引导的定语从句在主谓一致问题上应注意什么?

  前者引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数;后者用单数。

  9、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有和区别?

  限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一个部分,缺少后主句意思不完整。非限制性定语从句是对主句的进一步说明,不要从句对主句意义无多大影响;非限制性定语从句前后有逗号隔开。而且非限制性定语从句中不能用that。

  10、as 和which引导的非限制性定语从句在用法上有什么区别?

  as和 which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句.都可以代替主句中的整个内容或某一成分。

  as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句首,并常和know, see, expect等词连用,意为:“正如……”,而which不能位于句首。

  11、as 可以用于哪些结构中引导定语从句?

  such... as; the same... as; so ...as..

  12、the same…as和 the same…that 引导的定语从句如何区别?

  the same…as 引导的定语从句指的是相同事物,强调同类。

  the same…that引导的定语从句指的是同一物。

  13、such…as …和 such…that…如何区分?

  such…as…引导的是定语从句,as必须代替先行词在其引导的从句中充当成分。

  such…that…引导的从句是状语从句,that只是引导从句并不在其引导的从句中充当成分,在选择填空首先看从句中是否缺句子成分,如果缺成分就要考虑是定语从句;如果不缺成分就要考虑是状语成分。

  ★14、whose 引导定语从句有那些注意点?

  whose 作定语,后面跟名词。一般有三种表示形式:

  【例】This is the dictionary whose cover has come off.

  = This is the dictionary the cover of which has come off.

  = This is the dictionary of which the cover has come off.

  ★★★15、 “介词 + 关系词” 开头的定语从句有哪几种情况?

  注意:引导定从的介词后不能加who/that

  (1)先行词在从句中做状语,用来替换when/where/why的:in/on/from/for/in front of + which/whom:

  (2)“of所有格”: the+名词+ of + which/whom; of + which/whom +… the+名词

  (3)“某个范围中的多少”: some/both/the former + of + which/whom; of + which/whom … some…

  (4)偶尔可用“介词+ whose”和“介词+where”

  三、关系代词引导的定语从句

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

  1、who指人,在从句中做主语

  The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

  2、whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

  Mr. Liu is the person (whom)you talked about on the bus.

  【注意】关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

  The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

  3、which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

  Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

  4、that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

  The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

  5、whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语

  He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

  whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替:

  The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

  =The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.

  Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

  =Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

  (注意:the + 名词 + of which/whom常考!)

  四、介词+关系代词whom/which引导的定语从句(重点)

  关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导:

  The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

  =The school in which he once studied is very famous.

  【注意】

  1、含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等

  (1)This is the watch which/that I am lookingfor.(T)

  (2)This is the watch for which I amlooking. (F)

  2、若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose

  (1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)

  (2)The man who/that you talked with is my friend.(F)

  3、“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most,each, few等代词或者数词,构成some of which/whom等类似结构引导的定语从句。(重点:常考!)

  (1)He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.

  (2)In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

  (3)There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

  在特定语境中,可以用“介词+ whose/where”引导定语从句

  The boss in whose department Ms King once worked is a kind man.

  五、关系副词引导的定语从句

  1、when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语

  when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

  (1)I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

  (2)The time when we got together finally came.

  2、where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语

  where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)

  (1)Shanghai is the city where I was born.

  (2)The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

  3、why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,此时先行词常为reason。可变为for which(常考!)

  why=for which

  (1)Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

  (2)I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

  【注意】关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

  (1)The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear.

  (2)From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

  (3)Great changes have taken place in thecity in which/where I was born.

  宾语从句

  1.定义:用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

  2.构成:关联词+简单句。

  3.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类:

  (1)从属连词that.如:

  He told us that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。

  I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。

  注: that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下,that不能省略。

  1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and连接两个宾语从句,that宾语从句放在and的后面时,that不能省略。)

  大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。

  2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时,that不能省略。)

  对他我一无所知,只知道他是南方人。

  3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that从句位于句首时,that不可省略。)

  我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。

  4.We decided,in view of his special circumstances,that we would admit him for a probationary period.(主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语,that不可省略。)

  鉴于他的特殊情况,我们决定应允他一段试用期。

  (2)从属连词if/whether.如:

  I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。

  I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。

  (3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever

  连接副词 where,when,how,why.

  如:

  Who or what he was,Martin never learned.

  他是什么人?他是干什么的?马丁根本不知道。

  I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。

  I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。

  You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。

  1.介词宾语从句

  宾语从句也可用作介词的`宾语。如:

  He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.

  他对那天发生的事感到很不快。

  I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。

  I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。

  Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.

  你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。

  有时介词可以省略。如:

  I don’t care (for)who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。

  Be careful (as to)how you do that.你要注意做这件事的方式。

  解释:

  1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置。如:

  We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.

  我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。

  He has made it clear that he will not give in.

  他已表明他不会屈服。

  2.作介词的宾语:连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:

  He is a good student except that he is careless.

  他是一个好学生,只是有点粗心。

  You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。

  介词宾语不可以用which来引导,而要用what来引导。如:

  Are you sorry for what you’ve done?

  你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗?

  3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句,这类形容词或过去分词有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,连词that可省略。如:

  I am not sure what I ought to do.

  我不能确定我该做什么。

  I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.

  恐怕你没领会我说的意思。

  I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.

  我好奇怪,我以前没看到过。

  Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.

  妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。

  4.连词whether (…or not)或if引导的宾语从句

  if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用,但whether常和or not连用,if一般不与or not连用。如:

  I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。

  用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义,应避免使用if而用wheter.试比较:

  Please let me know if you want to go.

  Please let me know whether you want to go.

  if从句可理解为宾语从句,意为“请告诉我你是否想去”;此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话,请告诉我一声”。

  5.宾语从句的否定转移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句,有时谓语尽管是否定意思,却不用否定形式,而将think等动词变为否定形式。如:

  I don’t think you are right.我认为你错了。

  I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。

  I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是吗?

  6.宾语从句的时态变化规律:

  (1)当主句是一般现在时态时,从句可根据需要用任何时态。

  (2)当主句是一般过去时态时,从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如:

  The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

  老师说地球绕着太阳运行。

  定语从句和宾语从句 2

  宾语从句

  (一) 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语.宾语从句常由that引导,在口语中常省略.当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的 影响,按需要可以使用任何时态.如:She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.她说她从周一至周五上班.(从句是一般现在时) She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.她说她要在他桌子上留个便条.(从句是一般将来时) She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei.她说她从来没有去过峨眉山.(从句是现在完成时) 当主句谓语是过去时态,从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态.如:He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.他说昨天下午没有课.(从句是一般过去时) He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.他说他会去照看这个婴儿.(从句是过去将来时) He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time.他说他们那时正在开会.(从句是过去进行时) 当主句谓语是过去时态,而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理(事实)时,宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时.如:The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人.She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her.她说她父亲比她大二十八岁.He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光传播比声音传播快得多.

  (二) 由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句.引出名词性从句的连词whether和if,在引出宾语从句时,用法和意义相同.但是只能引出宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句,而whether除了引出宾语从句外,还可引出主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句.例如:We dont know whether (if) it is right.我们不知道它是否正确.The question is whether she should do that.问题在于她是否应该做那件事.Whether it is true remains a question.是真是假还是个问题.试比较:当if从句处在主句之后作“是否”讲时,引出的是宾语从句.例如:I dont know if it is true.我不知道这事是否真实.当if从句在主句之前作“如果”讲,则引出状语从句.例如:I shall go there if I have time.如果我有时间,我将到那儿去.

  定语从句

  (Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的'名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出.

  关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等.

  关系副词有:when,where,why等.

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.

  1)who,whom,that

  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

  他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

  他就是我昨天见的那个人.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

  2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:

  They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.

  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书.

  3)which,that

  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

  A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.(which / that在句中作主语)

  The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语)

  关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语.

  1)when,where,why

  关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:

  There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候.

  Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地.

  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

  2)that代替关系副词

  that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:

  His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了.

  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方.

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