托福议论文写作中段落的发展方式

　　议论文是托福考试写作中常考的题型，考生要掌握正确的方式在中段落部分做好发展方法。以下是小编为大家整理了托福议论文写作中段落常用的发展方式，一起来看看吧!

托福议论文写作

　　托福议论文写作中段落的发展技巧

　　在应试型托福议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction- body-conclusion(引言段-主体段-结论段)的“三步曲”。Body(主体)段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇满分的雅思作文(9分)必须“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas”。这里的“fully extended / well supported”，必须通过主体段来体现。

　　1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.

　　(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句)

　　2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.

　　(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)

　　新托福满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的.主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。专家建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。

　　新托福写作的过渡与论证

　　第一，连接词过渡句

　　任何形式的英语文章中都应该具备一定量的连接词，因为它们是有助于读者顺利阅读的“导航坐标”;大多数考生在备考时也的确会准备一系列此类连接词，用于文章每个段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的连接词。但是单纯有段首连接词还不足以支撑全文的结构，因此考生应该同时准备段中连接词，包括“比如说，因为，但是，相对比而言”等，粗略估计，全文完成下来可以达到15个以上的连接词，不仅承接了全文，结构清晰明了，而且也为时间紧张下的写作减轻了不少字数压力。以下为常用连接词：

　　1、第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly

　　2、第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly

　　3、第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly

　　4、一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another

　　5、表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to

　　6、表结果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence

　　7、表举例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate

　　8、表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally

　　9、表转折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless

　　10、表比较对比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary

　　当然，仅仅依靠连接词是不足以表明全文的连贯性的，适当的添加过渡句也是很好的承接手段，让全文更加流畅舒服，朗朗上口。

　　第二，内在论证统一

　　官方指南中也明确在写作部分提到“但要知道，仅仅使用第一，第二这样的连接词并不能保证作文结构的严谨，还要注意让所有的观点与文章的主题相关，紧扣中心思想。换句话说，作文要有统一性，评分原则中提到的统一性，渐进性和连贯性这些都是评估作文结构是否严谨，读者能否比较容易地跟上作者思路的标准。”通过上段叙述，不难发现作文论证统一性的重要性。

　　而事实上这也正是被许多考生所忽略的问题。在拿到试题后，考生们不是先腾出时间构思结构框架，而是急着抓住哪怕是一分钟的时间动笔写作，其实如此的选择是要不得的，强烈建议各位考生在考试时不要舍不得这准备的时间，因为只有当你事先构思好而不是边想边写，你才能真正做到论证内容的一致性，观点与论据的统一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答应对题目的提问，用单边的手段安排整篇文章成5段的总分总思路是十分适用的。

　　新托福写作材料：企业的目标是赚取利润

　　Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.

　　参考：

　　任何企业团体作为社会的组成部分，有责任考虑到整个社会的利益，所以不能为所欲为，强调法制的必要性。

　　Nowadays, merchants tend to strive for remaining in existence by all means due to the extensive competition and burdensome pressures. However, I am always amazed when I hear that it is necessary for businessman to do anything possible to make a profit. It may be as highly laudable and exemplary a thing as it is held to be by those who are addicted to money.

　　Apparently, I strongly object to it due to various factors that weigh heavily against the notion. The foremost reason is that merchants would be rewarded by nothing but distrust and even hatred from the customers if they hardly care about anything but money. It is widely known that nothing can be compared with the good reputation of a company, which attracts more upright and loyal customers. Suppose we are facing the dilemma of which brand of shampoo to purchase. It is of no surprise if you decide to take the one produced by P&G or other reputable large companies. As a result, what assures the buyers most is the credit of the service suppliers?

　　Another subtle explanation for my point of view rests on the fact that various appalling results would in some cases, be caused by the immoral and even illegal businesses. It is decent to make profits and receive the repayment of diligent work and continuous efforts. Nevertheless, producing unqualified or even deleterious commodities, which possibly lead to detriments of people's health or security, is never the sensible method to operate a company. What impressed me most is the tragedy happened several months ago in some part of China. Hundreds of infants died because of the nonnutritive milk powders produced by some merchantmen without ethics. Therefore, it is never too rigid to denounce the immoral and irresponsible behavior. The third point I would like to mention is that the merchants themselves would not be reassured to enjoy the property acquired in improper ways.

　　In most cases, it is the essential satisfaction of benefiting the public, rather than the material items, which inspires people profoundly. What a pleasant thing it would be to receive repayment of your diligent work and continuous efforts! On the contrary, few people would go into rapture even if they possess a mass of wealth earned through indecent ways. Thus, only by obeying commercial disciplines could a businessman obtain supreme success and maximum pleasure.

　　Taking into all the reasons above into account, it is barely too arbitrary to conclude that only by descent and good Intentioned business activities could a company achieve respectable and decent success.

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