职称英语考试综合类语法分析
1) 前面讲到："动词不定式"的完成式表示过去时，它常在以下句型中出现：
(主语)+ be said / reported / believed / supposed to have (been) done
(主语)+ seem to have (been) done
(主语)+ be likely to have (been) done
当考试时看到这样的句型出现，首先要考虑是否是"动词不定式"的完成式
2) 注意"动词不定式" to与介词to的区别，即：是to + 动词，还是to + 名词或动名词(-ing)。"第二讲五个基本句型"中已经提到：object to / look forward to / be (get) accustomed (used) to / be subjected to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / agree to等中的to是介词。
当考试时看到这样的表达方式出现，首先要考虑选择-ing形式(一般不会给纯名词形式)
关于on + ing 形式和with (without) + 分词独立主格结构
1)on + ing 形式：一般将介词on + -ing形式理解为"分词"(要有行为主体)而不是"动名词"，意为 "当…时"，"一…就…"，相当于when 或as soon as，例如：
On hearing the news, she burst into tears. (一听到这个消息，她一下子哭了起来。)
错：On arriving in Beijing, it began to rain heavily. (一到北京，就开始下起大雨来了。)
由于句子的主语it并不是arriving的行为主体，该句语法不成立。可以改为：
No sooner had we arrived in Beijing than it began to rain heavily.
2) with (without) + 分词独立主格结构
She fell asleep with the lamp burning. (她开着灯谁着了。)
Almost every day the kids returned home with their hands and faces covered with mud and sweat.(孩子们几乎每天回家时手上脸上都是泥和汗。)
当这样的独立主格结构中的动词为 "be" 动词时，往往省略，例如：
Every day the old teacher entered the classroom, with a poor bag under his arm. (每天，这位老教师夹着个破包走进教室。= with a poor bag being under his arm)
关于-ing和-ed形容词
当一个动词后面加上-ing或-ed就可以是一个形容词，其基本概念还是-ing为主动语态，-ed为被动语态，例如：a sleeping child (一个正在睡觉的孩子)，a wounded soldier (一个受伤的战士) .
一些带有感情色彩的动词，由于人的感情是"被刺激"后产生的，故一般用-ed形式，而外界的刺激物则用-ing形式，例如：I was moved deeply; the film was really moving. (我深受感动;这部电影真是感人。)
the + 形容词(包括-ed形容词)→ 名词(可以是单数，也可以是复数), 例如：
the wounded (伤员)/ the disabled(残疾人)
关于现在分词和动名词
如前所述，现代语法并不强调现在分词和动名词的区别，建议学生"忘掉"动名词，特别是应试。但记住下面的规定：
She regrets ______ idle when (she was) young. (她后悔年轻时无所事事。)
A. to have been
B. her being
C. her having being
D. having been
解题思路：1)regret后一般接ing形式，除非regret to tell / say, 故A不能选;2)当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时，不要再加逻辑主语了，故正确答案为D，比较：Tom insisted on my going with him. (Tom坚持要我和他一起去。)
非谓语动词讲了这么多内容，解题时始终不忘：
1) 分清过去、现在和将来;
2) 分清主动与被动;
3) 动词不定式的完成式表示过去时;
4) 见"for"要用完成式;
5) 否定式not要放在to / -ing / -ed的前面
只要记住以上要点，非谓语动词的解题就不会出大的问题。
二. 动词
从一定意义上讲，英语语法就是动词的语法，因此，掌握动词的特性、变化、句型是学习英语语法的重中之重。为了能更好地理解下面的讲课内容，首先要搞清动词的几个基本概念。
1) be 动词和do动词：be动词也称状态动词，用于说明状态或性质，主要用于构成英语的主系表句型;do动词也称为行为动词，分及物动词和不及物动词;
2) 及物动词和不及物动词：不及物动词后面不跟宾语, 也没有被动语态; 及物动词后面一定要有宾语;
3) 双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)结构和复合宾语(宾语 + 宾语补足语)结构：比较下面两个句子：
My mother made me a cake.(母亲给我做了块蛋糕。)
My father made me a doctor. (父亲把我培养成一名医生。)
第一句是双宾语结构，即 My mother made a cake for me.
第二句是复合宾语结构，其句法功能为：My father made me (to) be a doctor (I am a doctor). 说明复合宾语结构中，宾语和宾语补足语之间有"主谓关系".
4) 情态动词：must, should, ought to, can, may, need, used to 等动词称为情态动词，有三大特征：A. 不受主语人称和数的影响，如：He may go now. / May I go now? 句中may的形式不变;B. 否定时在后面加not, 如：You ought not to have cheated her. C. 与另一动词连用，中间不用 + " to ", 如上举例。
请根据上述原则，(从语法角度)说出以下那种表达方式是对的：
A. She needs to see a doctor.
B. She doesn't need to see a doctor.
C. Does she need to see a doctor?
D. She needs not see a doctor.
E. She needn't see a doctor.
F. She doesn't need see a doctor.
G. She needs see a doctor.