2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷
29. What is the main point of the first paragraph?
A. Great Britain is a highly centralized industrial country.
B. The public services of Britain have widely spread to remote areas of dependency.
C. As a highly-concentrated country, Britain depends heavily on some vital public services.
D. The economy of Britain is frequently confronted with crises.
30. Arguments among unions arise because ___________.
A. different unions fight to win more members
B. some unions are engaged in protecting their own members
C. the printing of newspapers has been suspended for several times
D. some unions pay little attention to the disputes
31. By comparing trade unions with companies, the author suggests _____________________.
A. both companies and trade unions have lots of redundancies
B. both of them are in conflict with workers
C. both of them fail to communicate with the outside
D. neither of them has succeeded in passing on information
32. The issue of trade union power is important in Britain because _________________________.
A. the economy of Britain is an interdependent system
B. there are many disagreements between unions
C. Some unions have difficulties in internal communication
D. The unions’ leader are elected and appointed for life
Passage 4
Many Americans harbour a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the risks surrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at the University of Massachusetts—Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacterially contaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, "the streets would be littered with people lying here and there."
Though the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames, chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that up to 10%of a plant’s weight is made up of natural pesticides. He says: "since plants do not have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare." And many naturally produced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strong carcinogen—a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additive. Declares Christina Stark, a nutritionist at Cornell University: "We’ve got far worse natural chemicals in the food supply than anything man-made."
Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be terrified to sit down at the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvement in food and water safety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new man-made ones. Though most people will withstand the small amount of contaminants generally found in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because of what they eat and drink.
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry modify some long-accepted practices turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
33. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food?
A. They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry.
B. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.
C. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
D. They overestimate the hazards of their food.
34. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because_________________.
A. no food id free from pollution in the environment
B. pesticides are widely used in agriculture
C. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals
D. almost all foods have additives
35. By saying "they employ chemical warfare’’ underlined in paragraph 2, Bruce Ames means "______________".
A. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases
B. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth
C. farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants
D. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases
36. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ____________________.
A. the government B. the consumer
C. the processor D. the grower
Passage 5
A large part of effective leadership is dependent on something called "style". But style is difficult to teach, and what makes one leader great and another mediocre is not easily defined. Leadership always implies power, and a broad definition in this context is that leadership includes the power to influence thoughts and actions of others in such a way that they achieve higher satisfaction and/or performance. Over the past century, there have been three major approaches to understanding leadership.
Identifying leadership traits, or the physical and psychological characteristics of leaders, was the first formal approach, and had a lot of intuitive appeal. It owed its origins to the turn of the century (about 1904) when trait studies began. At this time most American leaders came from certain wealthy families, the vast majority were white males, and there were some social norms about what leaders looked like (tall, square jaw, well groomed etc.). The original assumption that "leaders are born not made" has been discredited, because there were too many exceptions to the trait to give them any credibility. Beginning after World War II, in sharp contrast to the trait approach the behavioral approach looked at what a leader does, what behaviors leaders use that set them apart from others. This approach assumed that leadership could be learned. Virtually all of the studies focused on classifying behaviors according to whether they fed into a process of ‘‘people approach’’ (satisfying individual needs), or a "task approach" (getting the job done). The basis for this classification was in the both these roles in the group for it to be effective. The earliest of these studies began in Ohio State University and the University of Michigan in the late 1940s. Many of the early trait and behavioral writers tries to make their ideas applicable to all leadership situations. The earliest situation approach to leadership was developed in l958. This approach strived to identify characteristics of the situation that allowed one leader to be effective where another was not. The trend later developed toward the third approach, understanding the unique characteristics of a situation and what kind of leadership style best matches with these.
37. The assumption that "leaders are born not made" has lost credibility because _____________.
A. better theories have since been developed
B. it was disproved after World War II
C. it was found not to be the most important factor
D. there are too many exceptions to the rule
38. What was the assumption of the behavioral approach?
A. Leaders are born not made.
B. Leadership could be learned.
C. Leadership could be classified into two functions.
D. Every effective group needs someone to fill each the two roles.
39. What is the foundation for the classification of behaviors in the behavioral approach?
A. An effective group needs both task and process roles fulfilled.
B. Getting the job done h a more important task than satisfying needs.
C. Both could be taught.
D. Both could be applied to all leadership situations.
40. Which of the three approaches tended to later gain most acceptance?
A. Behavioral. B. Trait.
C. Power. D. Situational.
Section Three Cloze Test(10%)
Directions：In the following passage, there are lo blanks representing words that are missing from the context。You are to pot back in each of the blanks the missing word. Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Research has shown that 90% of people naturally use their right hands for most tasks. But hundreds of millions of people use their left hand. 4l why are some people left-handed? Scientists have 42 trying to answer that question for many years. A study 43 in 1992 found that men are more likely to be left-handed than women. 44 also found that Asian or Hispanic people are less likely to be left-handed than white people, black people or North American Indians. Some cultures accept people who do things mostly with their left hands. 45 do not.
Scientists want to know the reasons for left-handedness 46 it is closely linked to mental problems and language difficulties. One idea about the 47 of left—handedness is the genetic theory. It gays that people are right-or left-handed because of 48 passed to them by their parents. For example, it has been shown that the handedness of 49 children is more likely to follow that of their birth parents than their adopted parents. Other evidence of genetic involvement can be found in some families. One famous example is the left-handed 50 of the present British royal family. These include Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles and Prince William.
Section Four Translation(10%)
Directions：There are two short passages in this section. Passage A is for you to translate from English to Chinese and passage B is from Chinese to English. Please write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Passage A
Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we spoke or the belief we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.
Passage B
在中国, 病人常常抱怨在医院得不到令人满意的服务。但是医生和护士也有他们的难言之隐。在接受调查的.4353名医务人员中有60%的人说他们亲眼看到他们同事在正常情况下受到病人及其家属的虐待。接受调查的一大半人表示面对这种待遇他们曾想到不干了, 且反对自己的孩子当医生。
Section Five Writing (20%)
Directions：According to some newspaper, starting from July l this year, all department stores are required not to provide consumers with free plastic bags. What do you think of it? You are asked to write a composition of no less than 200 words to state your idea。
Please write your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.
My Opinion on the Banning of Plastic Bags
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