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四六级作文习作纲要
无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家都写过作文吧,作文是一种言语活动,具有高度的综合性和创造性。作文的注意事项有许多,你确定会写吗?以下是小编帮大家整理的四六级作文习作纲要,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。

一、审题立意
大学英语四六级作文的题型一般是标题作文、主题句作文或情景、图表作文等等,去年四级作文考试有书信和记叙文,但基本都属于命题作文范畴。对于命题作文,审题立意是写好作文至关重要的一步。所谓审题,就是要看清题意,确定文章的中心思想和主题,并围绕中心思想组织材料。也就是通过分析作文题给出的标题、主题旬或情景,找出关键词或中心词,明确写作要求,是写哪方面的内容,既包括题材上的要求,也包括体裁上的要求.如果不审题就随便下笔,想一句写一句,内容离题,即使再好的再华丽的再精心构思的词句表达也无济于事.另一方面,四六级写作的目的是测试学生用英语书面表达思想的初步能力,并不是测试你母语创作能力,而且为了便于作文评卷有一尽量统一的标准,出题方式无论怎样变化,四六级作文都可以归纳为三段式,有的甚至给出三段的段首句。其目的就是让学生们在统一主题下的写作要点、思维和方式尽可能地同一化和统一化。鉴于此,我们应清楚四六级写作没有太大的自由发挥空间。在构思段落之前一定要仔细斟酌标题、主题句和段首字,找出关键词从而确定写作的方向和范围,而且还应记住要尽量缩小这个范围,不能脱离要求任意展开,那样属于跑题。
二、段落构思
文章的段落,是文章的基本组成部分,一篇好的文章需要精心的段落构思和合理的段落安排,根据不同的题材确定不同的段落写作顺序.四六级作文从结构上看,一般由三部分组成:引言部分;展开部分;结尾部分,而且每段往往只有一个主题,段中各支持句围绕明确的主题,层层展开论证并服务于主题句。整篇文章也是层层推进,环环相扣,条理分明,完整统一。下面进一步说明每一部分的具体写作技巧与要求:首先,引言部分,文章开头很重要,关系到全篇文章,一定要认真考虑好如何写好第一句。一般紧扣主题,开门见山,直接入题。如果已给出段首句,则要考虑如何跟开头连接好.在实际写作中,主要有以下几种开头方式。定义法。即用一句话或几句话来解放说明题中的关键词,给出关键词的定义。多用于给出一简单题目的标题作文。直接切入主题。也就是直截了当地揭示文章的主题或写作原由,如已给出每一段的中文提示,可直接翻译提示中每一段的中心思想,作为开头.提问法。用疑问句或设问句开头,紧接着提出自己对这个问题的看法或直接点明主题,这种方法如果使用得当,能够激起读者往下读的兴趣,以便找出答案.以故事背景开头,交待时间、地点、人物及背景,然后在这个背景下引出正文.这种方法多用于记叙文,使读者一开始就产生鲜明视觉形象。引用法.即引用名人名言或谚语等作为文章的开头,指出阅读的内容范围。
其次,主题部分,篇章写作不仅应层次清楚,而且主次也要分明。任何文章都有主体部分,即文章的精华部分,写主体段应注意以下几点要求。
要紧扣开头段提出的主题思想,突出中心.围绕主题句用一组意思连贯而且完整的句子展开文章,切记各展开句是能起到说明、支持或阐述主题的句子并服务于主题,全文保持统一性,也就是我们通常所说的“切题”。主体段取材必须精练典型,系统而完整。根据内容需要和字数的规定,确定要点的详与略后,选择正确的、典型的、具有说服力的事实、例子、数据和论据等说明解释并扩充主题.主体段要与开头段和结尾段有内在的必然归宿,要顺其自然地过渡,使用好承上启下的连接词或句子,防止突然转折.另外,主体段的句与句之间也要逐步展开,通顺连贯,符合一定的逻辑关系。
最后,结尾部分
文章如何结尾关系到写作的成败。好的结尾不仅在形式上起到面龙点睛的效果,而且在内容上读者明其宗旨,解其寓意.一般结尾段的写法有以下几种;
总结式,即在上文所述事实和论据的基础上,对全文进行归纳、总结得出结论,使读者对文章的主题或作者的观点有个更完整而清晰的理解。首尾呼应式,即对引言段所提出的同题给出解决方案,作到首尾呼应,主题突出,结构匀称,使读者对提出的问题有了明确的答案.提问式,这种结尾形式可以引起读者的思考。并起到强调主题的作用.展望式,也就是要提出作者的希望、号召或表示信心和决心,使读者受鼓舞.引语式,引用名人名言,谚语俗语做文章的结尾,使文章更具说服力.
三、语言表达
四六级作文评分的原则之一就是要从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判.内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。
(一)词法层次
英语词汇一词多义和同义词现象非常普遍,外延相同而内涵不同的词数量很多.许多学生只知其表面意思,不了解词语的深层的文化以及感情色彩等,出现用词不当的错误.比如: “1 was grieved to hear that your father kicked thebucket”.这个句子中的“kick the bucket”虽然指死亡,但它是一个贬义词,用在此旬不合适,应改为。pass away”。单词拼写错误较多,漏用词语以及搭配有误现象比比皆是。如一学生想要表达这样一句话:一流的旅馆对旅游者不可抗拒的吸引力。他这样写到:
The first--rate hotels give people an irresistible attraction.
The first—rate hotels have an irresistible attraction fortourists.
(二)句法层次
句子中语法错误太多,包括时态、语态、语气以及主谓一致等,如果这些成份的一致关系弄错会使句子逻辑混乱,意义含糊不清.例如:
In college,students should learn tO analyze and solveproblems on their own.Try to help them to acquire this ability.应改为:In college,students should learn to analyze andsolve problems on their own.The teacher should help themto acquire this ability.
句式单一不变.这是目前一般大学生写作中出现的普遍问题,整篇文章都是一连串简单句的罗列,句型没有变化.如果能恰如其分地变化旬式,长短句交错使用,互相补充会增加语言的表现力。比较下面两个句子,就会发现改过的B句式不仅仅句式复杂,而且表达要生动有力得多。
A)Many liberal arts graduates are unwilling to acceptwork outside their major interest.If SO they will have diffi—culty finding employment.
B)Unless they are willing to accept work outside theirmajor interest,many liberal arts graduates will have difficul—ty finding employment.
(三)语言的连贯性
文字连贯,语言流畅是写好作文的基本要求,会给人以美的享受.而内容充实,意思完整是文章连贯流畅的基础,达到这一目标要求学生有较强的语感和语言功底,需要一个长期积累和大量实践的过程.通过对以上写作方法与技巧的探讨,我们不仅了解到其重要性,更应付诸实践。尤其是教师在实际教学中,要加强学生的语言基本功的训练,将阅读教学与写作培养相结合.因为写作是一种语言的输出,阅读是一种输入,只有大量的输入才会有输出。同时也要强调写作技能的训练和实践,采用多种方法调动学生的写作积极性。
七类段落
1. 记叙一件事 When and where who did what?
A few days ago, I bought an English-Chinese dictionary at Xinhua bookstore in the downtown area of Xinjiekou. When I went back to look up some new words in the dictionary, I found pages 101 to 150 were missing. So on that afternoon, I returned to the bookstore where I had purchased it and filed a complaint directly to the general manager about the problem.
一次活动的安排,旅游的行程都可以套用记叙文模式,注意时间的推进,可用明确的时间几点几分,也可用大致的时间如early in the morning/at noon/in the afternoon/evening/at night, 还可用First…Then…At last…如果是发生过的事,一定要用一般过去时,如果是活动安排,须用将来时。
2. 描述一个社会现象,如不诚实、盗版、校园浪费等等,要充分利用例证
Dishonesty has been prevalent in our society in recent years. For example, many students cheat to obtain high scores on various exams such as CET for Band 4 or 6. Or businesses and companies produce fake goods or products of inferior quality to reap illegal profits. What is worse, some government officials and corporate leaders are involved in criminal cases of bribery and corruption, abusing the power in their hands. The flood of dishonest phenomena has brought about a harmful effect on our society.
将例子说清楚,尽量用完整句。
3. 分析现象的成因,至少要列出两个方面的原因:学生选择任课老师时所考虑的因素、住房产权变化的原因、国人喜欢过西方节日的原因,可用列举法。另外,后果或影响类的段落可用同样的方式处理。
The popularity of Western festivals in China may be attributed to several factors. On one hand, with China’s opening up to the outside world, many people, young people in particular, have been exposed to foreign cultures, an important part of which are holidays and festivals. On the other hand, business people take advantage of the occasion of celebrating western festivals to promote sales of their products to make much more money than usual. A case in point is Christmas shopping every year.
There are several factors/reasons for …First of all(For one thing)…Secondly(For another)…Lastly(In addition)
4. 提出解决问题的方案,要注意照顾到问题所涉及的方方面面:应该怎么做?
To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. The food industry should modify some long accepted practices or turn to less hazardous alternatives. Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle and cook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food supply chain, from fields to processing plants to kitchens.
在上面这段关于食品、饮用水安全的文章中,提到了政府、相关产业以及消费者三个方面,而谓语动词分别用了need to do sth.//should do sth.//will have to do a better job of doing sth.可以借鉴,此外还可 It is necessary/imperative/important for sb. to do sth.// It is high time that sb. did 等句型。
5. 描述图表/变化/趋势,一定要将变化清楚地表达出来,考过的作文有产权变化、出国旅游人数的增加、饮食结构的变化等。
As is shown in the chart/diagram/picture, there has been a rapid/slow/slight/steady/tremendous/dramatic increase/rise/decrease/fall/drop in the number of tourists traveling abroad in the past decade/from 1995 to 2005. In 1995, only about 10,000 people in X city went to foreign countries. However,//But in 2005, the number had soared to more than XXX, which is X times as much as that of the year XXXX.
From the table/graph/statistics it can be seen/concluded/estimated that the consumption of dairy products and eggs has been/is on the rise. On the contrary/By contrast, the consumption of rice and flour has been/is on the fall/decline. In other words, the diet of urban residents is more balanced and nutritious than ever before.
Those who choose to study overseas account for X percent of the total of high school graduates.
另外,注意增加/减少百分之几,英文表达是increase/decrease by X percent, 介词by 不可或缺。
6. 观点阐述属于议论文写作,通常以介词On或情态动词should 的题目出现,而在给出的提纲中,则通常出现“有些人认为”、“在我看来”或“你的看法”这些词语,要求考生就某个问题发表见解,阐明观点。考生在论证的过程中,要区分论点和论据,注意逻辑性。近两年的作文题有一种复归趋势,考生要特别注意。
As the inheritor and distributor of our civilization, we college students should(观点)be fully aware the important role played by the classics in broadening our horizon and shaping our world outlook. Therefore(因果), we should start reading the repertoire of the classics which the greatest minds of all ages have left behind so that(目的) we can have a correct perspective on the world and understand the true meaning of life. In one word(总结), it is imperative for us to attach great importance to the reading of the classics.
还可用条件、比较、对比、正反论述、例证、解释等方式展开段落。
Some suggest/argue that the Spring Festival Gala on CCTV should be canceled because the viewers have had a lot of other means of relaxation which are more colorful and full of more fun. For example, they can take advantage of the holiday to go traveling to some scenic or historic resorts together with the family.
As we all know, it pays to be honest. If we are honest with others, we will win trust and respect from them. But if we deceive others for our own benefits, we will be found out sooner or later and lose our credit and trustworthiness, thereby incurring disrepute and disgrace in the long run.
7. 应用文写作:近些年考过的题目有书信、导游词、倡议书、招募书、竞选演说等等,非常灵活,不一而足。实际上,应用文并不难写,只要注意相对固定的格式和一些常用的套话即可。如07年6月份的四级题Welcome to our Club,第一段说明社团的活动内容,第二段列出参加社团的好处有哪些,第三段说明加入社团的方式,不难看出主体上这是一篇说明文。再如05年六级的作文题Help Needed要求简单介绍病人的病情和家境、目前所面临的困难,给出捐助的联系方式,几乎与前者如出一辙。考生只要能熟练掌握上面所列出的六种展开段落的方式,就可以决战考场、应付如裕!
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