2014年自考英语复习指导（超实用）
自考英语复习资料：如何达到段落的连贯
1)段落的连贯性
好的段落不仅要有统一性，而且也要有连贯性。也就是说段落中的每个句子在逻辑上、结构上都与前一句子衔接在一起。要取得段落连贯性，关键在于按照逻辑顺序和使用过渡词语，达到段落连贯性要做到以下两点：
(1) 从逻辑顺序来看，重要的先写，将要的后写，或从次要到主要，后者更符合英美人的习惯。
(2) 常用的几种逻辑顺序如下：
①时间顺序
②空间顺序
③跌降和递进：主题句后面的理由从最重要到不重要排列这种方法叫跌降法。如果从最不重要的到最重要的则称为递进法。这是说明一个观点常用的写作方法。例如：
John likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. First, it costs less. For example, he paid $ 130 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs him only $ 90 to live in a private home. Second, he has more privacy in a home. In a dorm, he shared a room with another boy, but in a home, he has a room all to himself. Third, it is easier to study in a private home. A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is. Finally he can keep his car at a house. At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for student cars. For these reasons, John likes to live off campus.
本段主题句后的四个理由从主到次排列，属跌降法。
④演绎：指文章以概括性的陈述开始，然后接具体的事实、例子、理由等。这种写作方法也是各类英语考试中常用的写作方法。例如：
Man has learned to travel faster and faster throughout the history, when the wheel was invented over a thousand years ago, man learned that it was possible to travel faster on wheels than on foot. With the invention of the steam engine about two hundred years ago, man began to travel at what was called “dangerous” speeds of more than 100 miles an hour. About twenty years ago man began to travel in commercial jet planes at speeds about 500 miles an hour.
该段主题句后面用了具体的事例对主题句作进一步的说明，属于演绎写作方法。
⑤归纳：指文章先提出几个具体的事实，然后归纳出一个结论。例如：
Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them, let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow, do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.
该段先罗列出细节材料，最后作出总结或结论，这种写作方法叫归纳法。
2)正确地使用过渡词语
段落是否连贯主要取决于文章内容是否符合逻辑，但是段落缺乏连贯性并不仅仅是逻辑顺序问题，过渡词语也起着十分重要的作用。
试比较：
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. School was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
该段落中无过渡词，读起来缺少逻辑连贯性，试比较在该段落中加入过渡词语后的效果。
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. For school was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. But I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
在该段中加入过渡词语后段落更有连贯性。
自考英语复习资料：结尾段落的写作方式
段落的结尾
写好结尾句的关键在于准确地把握主题句中的主导思想，结论句与主题句应该是遥相呼应的，一般从三个角度来写：复述主题句;总结全段内容;对主题句加以评论，表达自己的观点。常用的结尾承接词有：therefore, in conclusion, in a work, to sum up, in short, to sum up等。结尾句并非必不可少，但它是段落中心思想的总结，能使段落的主题更加突出，故结尾句对读者有益。
结尾句需要与主题句相呼应，引发读者对段落的进一步认识。有时一些段落是没有结尾句的。这要看写作内容或具体情况来决定。
让我们来分析以下这个段落的结构及其结尾的写法。
There are many problems with advertisements. Sometimes, people consider them as a bad thing because many of the goods only sound good. Some advertisements are rather confusing, and often deceive consumers into buying goods of poor quality. The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.
该段主题句为：There are many problems with advertisements.。该段的结尾句是：The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.。资本段的结尾句说出了解决的方式以及不加以解决将会产生的不良后果。
段落结尾句是段落的结论，需要简洁有力，并符合主题句的主旨，但是不要简单的重复。因此，在写结尾句时，需要比较好地理解和掌握主题句的关键词。