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2014年自考英语复习指导（超实用）
自考英语复习资料：如何达到段落的连贯
1)段落的连贯性
好的段落不仅要有统一性，而且也要有连贯性。也就是说段落中的每个句子在逻辑上、结构上都与前一句子衔接在一起。要取得段落连贯性，关键在于按照逻辑顺序和使用过渡词语，达到段落连贯性要做到以下两点：
(1) 从逻辑顺序来看，重要的先写，将要的后写，或从次要到主要，后者更符合英美人的习惯。
(2) 常用的几种逻辑顺序如下：
①时间顺序
②空间顺序
③跌降和递进：主题句后面的理由从最重要到不重要排列这种方法叫跌降法。如果从最不重要的到最重要的则称为递进法。这是说明一个观点常用的写作方法。例如：
John likes living in a private house better than in a dormitory for a number of reasons. First, it costs less. For example, he paid $ 130 a month to live in a dorm, but it costs him only $ 90 to live in a private home. Second, he has more privacy in a home. In a dorm, he shared a room with another boy, but in a home, he has a room all to himself. Third, it is easier to study in a private home. A dorm is often too noisy, but a home rarely is. Finally he can keep his car at a house. At campus dorms, there are no parking spaces for student cars. For these reasons, John likes to live off campus.
本段主题句后的四个理由从主到次排列，属跌降法。
④演绎：指文章以概括性的陈述开始，然后接具体的事实、例子、理由等。这种写作方法也是各类英语考试中常用的写作方法。例如：
Man has learned to travel faster and faster throughout the history, when the wheel was invented over a thousand years ago, man learned that it was possible to travel faster on wheels than on foot. With the invention of the steam engine about two hundred years ago, man began to travel at what was called “dangerous” speeds of more than 100 miles an hour. About twenty years ago man began to travel in commercial jet planes at speeds about 500 miles an hour.
该段主题句后面用了具体的事例对主题句作进一步的说明，属于演绎写作方法。
⑤归纳：指文章先提出几个具体的事实，然后归纳出一个结论。例如：
Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them, let them learn patience; do not force it on them. Let them take their own time to grow, do not set rigid time schedules. Most of all do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.
该段先罗列出细节材料，最后作出总结或结论，这种写作方法叫归纳法。
2)正确地使用过渡词语
段落是否连贯主要取决于文章内容是否符合逻辑，但是段落缺乏连贯性并不仅仅是逻辑顺序问题，过渡词语也起着十分重要的作用。
试比较：
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. School was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
该段落中无过渡词，读起来缺少逻辑连贯性，试比较在该段落中加入过渡词语后的效果。
On Thursday I had to decide what I wanted to do over the weekend. For school was starting in two weeks, and I would soon be studying full time. I wanted to go skiing. But I had spent most of my money, so I couldn’t travel out of town. I might go to a movie. Or I might just listen to music. That is what I ended up doing — listening to music.
在该段中加入过渡词语后段落更有连贯性。
自考英语复习资料：结尾段落的写作方式
段落的结尾
写好结尾句的关键在于准确地把握主题句中的主导思想，结论句与主题句应该是遥相呼应的，一般从三个角度来写：复述主题句;总结全段内容;对主题句加以评论，表达自己的观点。常用的结尾承接词有：therefore, in conclusion, in a work, to sum up, in short, to sum up等。结尾句并非必不可少，但它是段落中心思想的总结，能使段落的主题更加突出，故结尾句对读者有益。
结尾句需要与主题句相呼应，引发读者对段落的进一步认识。有时一些段落是没有结尾句的。这要看写作内容或具体情况来决定。
让我们来分析以下这个段落的结构及其结尾的写法。
There are many problems with advertisements. Sometimes, people consider them as a bad thing because many of the goods only sound good. Some advertisements are rather confusing, and often deceive consumers into buying goods of poor quality. The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.
该段主题句为：There are many problems with advertisements.。该段的结尾句是：The solution to these problems is that a necessary law should be worked out, otherwise some advertisements will be harmful to the society.。资本段的结尾句说出了解决的方式以及不加以解决将会产生的不良后果。
段落结尾句是段落的结论，需要简洁有力，并符合主题句的主旨，但是不要简单的重复。因此，在写结尾句时，需要比较好地理解和掌握主题句的关键词。
自考英语复习资料：应用文的写作方法
1. 应用文
应用文主要是指日常应用的公文事务性文体。而应用文用得最多的则是书信。书信大致可以分两大类：事务信件和私人信件。事务信件的文体、语言和格式都较正式，而私人信件则属于非正式信件。
1)写英语书信的基本格式及组成
(1) 信头(Heading)。需按门牌号、街道、城市、州(或省)、邮政编码、国家和日期的顺序排列。
(2) 信内地址(Inside Address)。这是收信人的地址。与发信人的信头一样，也包括具体门牌号、街道、城市、州(或省)、邮政编码及国家。
(3) 称呼(Salutation)。事务书信要比个人书信正式些，称呼后用冒号，而个人书信则用逗号。如：
Dear Mr. Brown:
Dear Ms. Alia:
若发信人不知收信单位的接受人姓名，可直接写：
Dear Sir
Dear Madam:
或Dear Sir/Madam:
在个人信件中可根据收信人称呼：
Dear Mother, Dear Tom, Dear Professor Liu, Dear Aunt Louise and Uncle Alex
此处注意不能省掉名字只写“Dear Aunt and Uncle”。
(4)正文(Body)。事务公函需要简明、直接，要点清楚。写个人信件时也要考虑信件的内容、语气与写法，可参照下面几个方面：
给亲友、熟人写信语气要令人感到轻松、亲切;
可以谈论一些自己的情况;
可告诉朋友一些感兴趣的话题;
询问对方近况。
(5)客套结束语(Closing)。一般事务信件可选用Very truly yours: Yours truly; Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Yours respectfully; Yours faithfully等。
个人信件可选用Sincerely yours; Yours; Yours truly; Your friend; As ever; With love; Yours affectionately; Yours son/nephew等。
结束语应照上面所表达的方式，以大写字母开始，以逗号结束。
(6)署名(Signature)。可用手写也可以打印，如打印常在印刷的姓名上面再亲自签名。
2)写英语信件的要求
(1) 准确：遣词用句要得体，意思要表达得准确。
(2) 简洁：文字要简单明了，直接说明意图，讲清主要事实，提出具体要求即可。
(3) 礼貌：根据写信的对象和目的，掌握好分寸，要注意态度诚恳，使用礼貌用语。
(4) 规范：要按照英语书信格式来写。
范例：
A Letter of Applying for a Place in Graduate School
Biology department
Shandong Nomal University
Jinan City, Shandong Province
P. R. China
May 4th, 2004
Admission Office
Graduate School of Biology
North Carolina State University
U. S. A.
Dear Sir,
I left university as a graduate in biology two years ago. Now I am an assistant and experimenter, working in biology Department of Shandong Normal University. To further my study, I wish to enter Graduate School of North Carolina State University to pursue the degree of Master of Science. I should be grateful to know the conditions under which applicants are admitted. Would you please send me an application form and some related information?
Yours respectfully,
Lee Hua
自考英语复习资料：说明文的写作方法
说明文
说明文就是用说明的或主要用说明的表达方式来对客观事物的形状、构造、性质、原理、成因、关系、功能等进行解说和阐述，是一种给人以知识的文章。解释抽象概念和阐明科学原理及自然现象的科技文章也属于这一文体。
㈠说明文的分类
说明文分三类：1)实体事物说明文，包括文明书、广告、解说词、知识小品、知识注解等。2)事理说明文，包括理论性概念解释、书文简介、教材等。3)文艺性说明文，把说明对象拟人化，进而编成故事对其进行介绍。
㈡常用的说明文方法
(1) 下定义：用简明的语言把这一事物有关于其他事物的本质属性揭示出来，给人一个明确的概念。
(2) 举例：用具体事例说明事物的一般原则、原理、特征等。通过举例可把抽象的事物说得具体易懂。
(3) 运用比喻、比拟的手法：用比喻或比拟使抽象的事物形象化，说明得生动活泼。
(4) 比较：把相近或相反的事物或事物的不同情况放在一起确定其异同。这种方法容易显示事物的特征，提示其本质。
(5) 引用数字：用数字直接说明事物的数量和形状，能够把抽象的事物具体化，读者易于了解和接受。
此外，还有原因说明、分类说明、图表说明、描述说明等。作者可以根据说明的对象、目的，选取一种或多种说明方法。
㈢说明文的要求
(1) 要抓住事物的本质特征，因为只有本质的特征才能给人以深刻的、科学的认识。
(2) 必须掌握说明顺序——空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序和认识顺序，才能把说明文写得条理分明。
(3) 语言要浅显、准确、通俗易懂。
What Causes Waves?
Waves are beautiful to look at, but they can destroy ships at sea, as well as houses and buildings near the shores. What causes waves? Most waves are caused by winds blowing over the surface of the water. The sun heats the earth, causing the air to rise and the winds to blow. The winds blow across the sea, pushing little waves into bigger and bigger ones.
The size of a wave depends on how strong the wind is, how long it blows, and how large the body of water is. In a small bay big waves will never build up. But at sea the wind can build up giant, powerful waves.
A rule says that the height of a wave (in meters) will usually be no more than one-tenth of the wind’s speed (in kilometers). In other words, when the wind is blowing at 120 kilometers per hour, most waves will be about twelve meters. Of course, some waves may combine to form giant waves that are much higher, In 1933 the United States Navy reported the largest measured wave in history. It rose in the Pacific Ocean to a height of thirty-four meters.
解析：本文是说明事理的。用简明的语言说明了风是形成浪的原因;风的大小决定浪的高低;最后一段用具体数字说明风速与浪高的比例，这是一篇阐明自然现象的科学原理的文章。
自考英语复习资料：描写文的写作方法
1. 描写文
描写文就是用生动形象的语言，把人物的状态、动作或景物的性质、特征具体地描绘出来。描写的主要作用是：再现美丽的自然景色，描写人物的外貌和内心世界，交代人物活动的自然环境和社会环境。描写的对象有：人物描写、景物描写和场面描写。
1)常用的描写方法
(1) 速写：抓住描写对象的主要特征，简单几笔，勾勒出一个轮廓来。
(2) 细描：就是一笔一画地精雕细刻，像绘“工笔画”那样形象逼真的描述。
(3) 白描：不设喻，不用修饰的言词，朴实真切地描述出事物的特征。
(4) 间接描写：对某一事物不作直接描写，而是通过描写其他事物对它的印象、感受或者描写它在周围事物中所产生的反应，从侧面间接表现它的特征，这种方法也叫烘托法。
2)描写文的要领
(1) 要有明确的目的，不能为描写而描写。描写应从表现主题，刻画人物出发，切勿随心所欲地堆砌词藻。
(2) 要突出特点。描写要有重点，有特点，要少而精。有重点才能给人留下深刻印象;有特点，才能形象鲜明;少而精，才能简洁生动。
(3) 要抓住事物的特征。事物是千变万化的，要想逼真地描绘出它的形态、状貌、情景、就必须抓住其独具的特征。
The Seasons
The year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.
In spring, nature awakens from her long winter sleep. The trees are filled with new life, the earth is warmed by the rays of the sun, and the weather gets gradually milder. The fields and medows are covered with fresh green grass. The woods and forests are filled with the songs of the birds. The sky is blue and cloudless. At night millions of stars shine in the darkness.
When summer comes, the weather gets warmer still and sometimes it’s verh hot. It’s the farmer’s busy season — he works in his fields from morning till night. The grass must be cut and the hay must be made, while the dry weather lasts. Sometimes the skies are overcast with heavy clouds. There are storms with thunder, lighting and hail.
Autumn brings with the harvest-time, when the crops are gathered in and the fruit is picked in the orchards. The days get shorter and the nights linger. The woods turns yellow and brown, leaves begin to fall from the trees, and the ground is covered with them. The skies are grey, and very often it rains.
When winter comes, we’re obliged to spend more time indoors because out of doors it’s cold. We may get fog, sleet and frost. Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams are frozen, and the roads are sometimes covered with slippery ice or deep snow. The trees are bare. Bitter north winds have stripped them of al their leaves.
这篇文章先提出所要描写的主题——四季，接着用具体的细节描绘了春夏秋冬。主题的发展是以自然规律春夏秋冬为序的。
自考英语复习资料：议论文的写作方法
议论文
议论文就是运用一定的材料通过一定的论证方法来表明自己的立场、观点和态度。一般说来，完整的议论，总是由论点、论据和论证构成的。论点就是对材料进行分析得出来的判断，又叫观点。论据就是用来证明作者论点的材料的根据。论证就是运用论据来说明论点的过程。
1)议论文常用的方法
议论文的方法有：举例论证、分析论证、引证论证、对比论证和类比论证。还有反证法，证明对方论点是错误的，自己的观点是正确的，从而驳倒对方。
2)议论文的要求
(1) 论点要正确、鲜明。在论证中，无论是对正面观点的阐述，还是对反面观点的反驳，自己的论点都必须正确，鲜明，赞成什么，反对什么，必须鲜明地表示出来，不能含糊不清。
(2) 论据要充实可靠。这就要求作者选择论据要典型，要真实可靠。只有充实的论据，文章才有说明力。
(3) 论证要合乎逻辑。这就要求论证时，说理要严谨，推理要合乎逻辑。
最常见的议论文结构是纵贯式，就是按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次，即：开头(引论)→本论(正文)→结尾(结论)，也就是我们常说的“三段式结构”。
Challenge (向…挑战)Old Beliefs(信念,信仰)
There are many things in the world which are accepted as certain when they are not certain, and what an expert(专家) says or thinks must not be accepted or rejected(抛弃) hastily(急忙地). The following example may help to make us less rigid in our beliefs.
When helium(氦) is cooled to very low temperature, it forms an astonishing liquid which does not appear to agree with the laws of gravity. It can go upwards.(向上) If it is put into a bottle which is open at the top, it empties itself out of the bottle; and if an open bottle is stood in this liquid, the liquid will move up the outer (外部的)side of the bottle and run down inside it until the levels outside and inside are the same.
So anyone who is determined(坚决的,有决心的) to advance science must have a capacity(能力,能量) for original thought and for action based on that thought.
本文是三段式结构，用举例的方法进行论证。第一段提出论点，第二段举例加以论证，第三段得出令人信服的结论。本文论点明确，论据科学可靠，由此而得出的结论非常有说明力。
自考英语复习资料：记叙文的写作方式
1.记叙文
记叙文就是记叙人物的经历或事情的发生、发展、变化过程的文章。这种文章也叫叙述文。这类文章通常包括六大要素，即所叙述的事情是什么时间、什么地点、什么事、什么人、什么原因以及结果如何。作者可以用第一人称的口吻来叙述。这样的文章生动自然，能给读者以真实亲切的感觉。也可以以第三人称的口吻叙述，这样写作者就不受“我”或“我们”所见所闻的限制，写起来比较自由、灵活。
1)常见的叙述方式
(1)顺叙：作者按照事情发展顺序进行叙述。(2)倒叙：先叙述事情的结局，然后回过来交代事情的发生和发展。(3)插叙：在叙述过程中，由于某种需要，暂时把叙述的线索中断一下，插入有关的另一叙述。(4)夹叙夹议：一方面叙述一件事情，一方面又对这件事情加以分析或评论。
2)记叙文的写作要领
记叙文总的要求是清楚明白。具体要求有三点：(1)交代明白。要把叙述的六大要素(时间、地点、人物、事情、原因、结果)交代明白。(2)线索清楚。叙述的线索很重要，如果理不清楚，就会使读者看不明白。叙述要抓住主要线索，安排好各个次要线索，这样才能使叙述井井有条。(3)剪裁得当。叙述一件事不可能也没有必要把所有的细节都写出来，必须根据文章的主题和所叙述的中心加以剪裁。凡是能直接表现主题的地方或中心事情的主要情节，就要详写。否则，就要略写或不写，这样就能做到详略适宜、取舍得当，文章主题就会鲜明突出，叙述的轮廓也就会清楚明白。
Follow That Bus!
I jumped off the bus before it stopped and began walking down the street. As I had arrived early, I decided to look at the shop windows before going home. The idea made me quite happy, but at the same time I had the unpleasant feeling that I had forgotten something. I stopped in the middle of the pavement(人行道) and began searching my pockets. All of a sudden I remembered that I was without my briefcase(公事包)! I had left it on the bus and it was full of important papers. The thought was enough to make me start running down the street, though, by now, the bus was out of sight.
这篇文章是以第一人称的口吻，按照事情发生的先后顺序来记叙一件往事的。文字虽少，脉络分明。所记录的上车、下车、发现忘记了公文包去追赶汽车的事令人读起来感到非常生动真实。
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