大学生英语专八考试全真模拟试题
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The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.
In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices.
He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.
习题
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[B] social recognition
[C] socio-economic status
[D] certain behavioral changes
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.
[A] eleven years old
[B] sixteen years old
[C] twenty-one years old
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
4. Starting from 22, ________.
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
5. According to the passage, it is true that ________.
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
全文翻译
青春期，也就是童年与成年之间的这段时期，可长可短。其长短取决于社会期望值和社会对成熟和成年的定义。原始社会中，青春期通常是相当短的一段时期。而在工业化社会里，由于人们接受教育时间的延长以及反童工法的制定，青春期要长很多，它包含了人生中第二个十年(十岁到二十岁)的大部分时间。另外，在某一社会中，青春期的长度和成年地位的定义可能会随社会经济条件的改变而改变。这种变化譬如：19世纪后期，美国乃至所有由农业化走向工业化的国家里不再存在青春期和成年期的界限。
现代社会中，青春期的各种仪式已不被正式认可，也不再具有象征意义，人们对其“开始仪式”也不再有统一的认识。社会仪式已经被一系列的“阶段”所取代，这些“阶段”将使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业，中学毕业，大学毕业就形成了这样一个系列。每一个“阶段”都意味着某些行为变化和一定的社会认可度，其意义大小则取决于个人的社会经济地位和受教育的目标。青春期的各种仪式也已经被法律意义上的地位、权利、特权、和责任所取代。从12岁生日起到21岁生日这九年之间，逐渐去除了儿童时代受到的保护和限制和较低的社会地位，同时又逐渐被赋予成年人的权利和责任。人到了12岁就不再被看作孩子，乘火车、飞机、或去剧院、电影院时必须买全票。基本上可以这样说，这一年龄的个人失去了儿童的特权，却没有得到明显的成年人权利。16岁的青少年会得到某些成人的权利，通过得到更多的自由和选择而提高社会地位。他可以获得驾照;可以离开公立学校;可以不再受童工法的限制。18岁时，他可以得到法律认可的成人权利和义务;可以参军，可以在不得到父母的允许的情况下结婚。21岁时，他会得到成年人完全的法律权利。他可以投票，可以买酒，可以签署商业合同，可以有权竞选公职。进入成年状态后，就不再因为年龄的增长而享受到更多的权利。所有法律条款都没有决定到底什么年龄算是进入成年，但它们的确表明青春期延长了。
重点句
The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.
该句意义：
该段落通过下定义和作比较的方法，对于青春期做出了相关的说明。这种方法我们可以将青春期这种时间可以转化为其他的'时间，即可以直接应用于写作之中。
该句语法：
(1)英语缩略语：“ i.e.”其为拉丁语“id est“的缩写。其意义为：也就是;即。
(2)非谓语动词做状语： depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. 可翻译为：取决于……
(3)宾语从句：to what constitutes maturity and adulthood.
习题答案
答案:CACCA
1. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because_______.
1. 工业社会中的青春期变长许多的原因是____。
[A] the definition of maturity has changed
[A] 成熟的定义发生了改变
[B] the industrialized society is more developed
[B] 工业化社会更加发达。
[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made
[C] 人们所受的教育增多以及反童工法的制定
[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance
[D] 青春期的各种仪式已不再得到正式承认，且失去了其象征意义。
2. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to_________.
2. 先前用于标志青春期的社会仪式已经被________所取代。
[A] graduations from schools and colleges
[A] 从各类学校毕业
[B] social recognition
[B] 社会认可
[C] socio-economic status
[C] 社会经济地位
[D] certain behavioral changes
[D] 某些行为变化
3. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is_______.
3. 若要享受完全的成年人特权，必须达到________。
[A] eleven years old
[A] 11岁
[B] sixteen years old
[B] 16岁
[C] twenty-one years old
[C] 21岁
[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old
[D]12到21岁之间。
4. Starting from 22, _______.
4. 从22岁开始，_____________。
[A] one will obtain more basic rights
[A] 个人会得到更多的基本权利
[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have
[B] 一个人越老，拥有的基本权利越多
[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21
[C] 个人的基本权利将不会比21岁时有所增加。
[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society
[D] 人们将享有社会赋予的更多的权利
5. According to the passage, it is true that___.
5. 根据文章内容，____________。
[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed
[A] 19世纪晚期，美国已不再有青春期和成年期的划分
[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one
[B] 直到21岁，人们才可以在不得到父母的情况下结婚
[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license
[C] 获得驾照的人就可以算是成人了
[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army
[D] 直到参军后才可以不受反童工法的限制
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