雅思阅读判断题三个常用高分技巧

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雅思阅读判断题三个常用高分技巧

　　雅思阅读判断题主要有两大类题型：一种是TRUE / FALSE/ NOT GIVEN，另一种是YES/ NO/ NOT GIVEN。两者的出题方法和指令有所不同。下面是小编给大家整理的关于雅思阅读判断题三个常用高分技巧，欢迎阅读！

雅思阅读判断题三个常用高分技巧

　　雅思阅读判断题三个高分技巧 1

　　第一、同义转换

　　和所有的雅思阅读细节题一样，判断题的题目都是基于原文，与原文形成同义转换(paraphrasing)的关系。同义转换包括同义句型转换和同义词转换两种类别。

　　第二、只考细节

　　判断题属于细节题，因此几乎不需要考生对上下文的理解并进行推断，同时必须提醒考生不能根据自己的背景知识直接判断。简单地说来，考生解题的关键不是对文章大意的把握，而是找到与题目相关的原文，根据原文的信息进行解题。

　　第三、顺序原则

　　从剑桥真题以及考生的实际考试体验，几乎所有的判断题都是严格遵守“顺序原则”的，也就是说题目的顺序与文章的顺序是一致的。

　　雅思阅读是非无判断题应试技巧：

　　1. 关于“False”和“Not Given”的解释 (An Explanation of “False” and “Not Given”)

　　Students generally find this type of exercise rather difficult. One reason is that they are used to doing true and false exercises where the false covers false and not given. Then when they come to do true, false or not given, they cannot make the distinction between the three different types of contradiction and not given. It is therefore important that students are able to understand what false means in true, false and not given. There are three types of contradictions:

　　学生通常发现这种题型很难。其中的原因之一是这些学生习惯于做true和false题目，其中的false涵盖了false和not given两种情况。所以当学生在做true, false和 not given的题目时他们无法区分三个不同种类的矛盾对立状况和”not given”的区别。因此，学生要理解”false”的含义。总共有三种矛盾对立状况：

　　statements which are the opposite of the original text.

　　命题与原文内容对立(相反)。

　　statements which are the opposite of the original text, because they are negative.

　　命题与原文对立(相反)，因为命题否定原文内容。

　　statements where the information is not the opposite or negative, but the information in the statement contradicts that given in the text.

　　命题信息既不对立(相反)也不否定，但是和原文内容矛盾。

　　Look at the examples below relating to the text and exercises:

　　Example 1

　　原文：Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles per hour.

　　题目：Hurricanes are winds with the speed of up to 74 miles per hour.

　　分析：由于原文中的核心内容是“at least 74 miles per hour”，而题目中是“up to 74 miles per hour”。因此，这就是False的第一种情况：命题与原文内容对立(相反)。

　　Example 2

　　原文：As forecasting improved communities were no longer surprised by hurricanes and could take measures to evacuate ahead of the storm. While destruction still continues, the number of deaths in hurricanes has dropped significantly.

　　题目：The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased due to improvements in forecasting.

　　分析：原文的核心内容是“While destruction still continues”，而题目中的内容是“The destruction caused by hurricanes has ceased”。因此，这就是False的第二种情况：命题否定原文内容。

　　Example 3

　　原文：In 1609, a fleet of ships carrying settlers from England to Virginia USA was struck by a hurricane. Some of the ships were damaged and part of the fleet grounded on Bermuda, an isolated nation in the Atlantic. These passengers became the first people to live on Bermuda.

　　题目：The first people to live on Bermuda were settlers who chose to live there as alternative to England.

　　分析：通过原文和题目比较我们发现：没有明显的对立和否定的词汇出现。而是通过句式结构的转换产生了题目和文章信息的矛盾。因此，这就是False的第三种情况。

　　那么，not given是如何判断呢?我们再来看一个例子：

　　Example 4

　　原文：The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone coast-line.

　　题目：The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes.

　　分析：尽管题目和原文中有对应的词出现：The Mayans和major settlements，但是题目中的因果关系在文章中并没有体现。也没于出现有关“lost”的相应表述。因此我们可以判断此题为not given。

　　2. What is the keyword? 什么是关键词

　　Select ONE keyword from each of the following:

　　从以下的句子中划出一个关键词：

　　Networking is not a modern idea.

　　People fall into two basic categories.

　　All teachers are cynics.

　　The first piece of Hesse’s art has little effect on visitors to the gallery.

　　The New Forest has already been made into a National Park.

　　Suggested answers:

　　参考答案：

　　not

　　two

　　all

　　little or perhaps first

　　already

　　The suggested answers I’ve given may not seem that obvious to the students who would possibly consider keywords such as 'modern' or 'New Forest' as more significant. However, the keywords shown have a greater significance in terms of the meaning of the whole statement and illustrate a number of traps in the test. For instance:

　　我所给出的参考答案又有可能对学生来说不是那么明显。学生有可能认为诸如”modern”或”New Forest” 这一类关键词更重要一些。但是，根据整个题目的意义来说，参考答案所给出的关键词更加重要，而且体现了考试出题的陷阱。请看以下例子的分析:

　　'not' makes the statement negative as opposed to possibly being positive in the text

　　'two' determines a specific number of categories which may differ in the text.

　　'all' determines that every teacher is a cynic and not a proportion of.

　　'little' has a negative connotation as opposed to 'a little' another one to watch out for is 'few' and 'a few'

　　'already' shows that the New Forest was made into a National Park in the past and is not a future proposal i.e. an indication of past, present or future time.

　　These examples hence illustrate the importance of looking out for: negativity, a specific number, the whole or a proportion of, positive and negative connotation and reference to time. Other ones to watch out for include:

　　这些例子搜寻以下关键词的重要性：否定词，具体的数字，限定范围的词，具有肯定或否定意义的词和时间指示词。其他的需要搜寻的关键词包括：

　　l　Modals e.g. words like must, should, have to (varying degrees of obligation or certainty)

　　情态动词(表示不同程度的义务和确定性)

　　l　Adverbs of frequency e.g. sometimes, always

　　频率副词，如sometimes, always

　　l　Words such as most, some, all

　　诸如most, some, all等限定词

　　3. 同义转换能力 (Paraphrasing Ability)

　　A paraphrase is a restatement of a paragraph, sentence, or word.

　　我们通过对一道TRUE/YES考题的分析来掌握同义转换能力。

　　EXAMPLE

　　The original sentence (文章原句):

　　“Until recently, criminologists could not afford to analyze DNA evidence for all homicide cases.”

　　An effective paraphrase of this sentence(题目中的同义转换):

　　“Crime labs now can use DNA for all murder cases.”

　　NOTE: This paraphrase utilizes synonyms to replace key words. Some are very close (DNA vs. DNA evidence and homicide vs. murder), while others take more liberties (criminologists vs. crime labs and could not vs. now can). The essential meaning has been retained, however, despite these significant changes.

　　通过上述的分析，总结出以下四种同义词转换技巧：

　　◆ replace a Phrase with a Word (or a Word with a Phrase) 单词词组转换

　　Until recently转换成了now，criminologists转换成了Crime labs

　　◆ Start the Sentence Differently 句型结构转换

　　原句采用了Until recently……criminologists could not的结构, 而在题目中的运用了Crime labs now can……的结构

　　◆ Replace a Word with a Synonym 同义词转换

　　同义词转换包含了词汇转换的内容，但更注重的是对于单词本身的替换。

　　上面例子中最明显的同义词替换就是homicide和murder。另外analyze和use的替换也属于这种情况。

　　◆ Change Passive into Active Voice/Negative Slant to Positive 主动被动转换/ 否定肯定转换

　　这种转换方式和句型结构的转换有相似的地方，但更注重表达方式的理解。如”until recently……could not afford to analyze……” 转换成了”……now can use……”

　　雅思阅读判断题三个高分技巧 2

　　一、真亦假时假亦真

　　Truth is always attended by a bodyguard of lies.

　　真亦假时假亦真，无为有处有还无。

　　在雅思阅读TFNG题中，FALSE(or NO)它的模样又是什么?怎样迅速有效的识别他?又怎样一眼看穿它的“虚伪”(falsehood)呢? 那么让我们由此开始三讲关于FALSE的判断依据的学习。

　　FALSE的第一种情况：题目与原文直接相反。(通常使用反义词、not加同义词及反义结构。)

　　原文：Biologically, a species becomes extinct when its last

　　individual dies.

　　题目：In biological terms, a species is said to be extinct when

　　only one individual exists.

　　解答：FALSE可以看出题目与原文是反义结构。原文说一个物种死光光(连最后一个活口也不留)，才叫灭绝，而题目说还有一个个体存活，就叫灭绝，题目与原文直接相反，所以答案应为FALSE。

　　FALSE的第二种情况：原文是多个条件并列，题目只是其中一个条件(出现must或only)。或者，原文是两个或多个情形都可以，常有both…and, and, or及also等词，题目只是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况，也出现了must或only或only one。

　　原文：Since the start of Winter Games, 45 out of 46 gold

　　medals in men's Nordic skiing event have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union.

　　题目：Only Russians have won gold medals in the men's

　　winter Olympics.

　　解答：FALSE 原文是北欧人和前苏联的选手获得了金牌，而且是获得了46中的45块，还有1块不知道被谁获得。题目是只有(only)苏联人获得了所有金牌。所以答案应为FALSE。

　　原文：Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all our

　　agencies are subject to demand. In special circumstances, long-distance bus tickets can also be purchased from the driver.

　　题目：Tickets must be bought in advance from any one of our

　　authorized agents.

　　解答：FALSE 原文是说提前预定、直接向司机购买都可以，是多个条件的并列。题目说是必须提前预定(must)，只是其中一个情况。所以答案应为FALSE。

　　大家不难发现，FALSE的第二种情况常常出现诸如must, only, merely, only one这类“把话说死了的”的表示程度的副词。我们不妨称之为“绝对考点词”，出现这些词的判断题三成中有两成是FALSE，因为我们只要找出一个反例就可以充分的否定它。我们不妨先记下这个技巧，在之后的练习中检验它是真是假(TRUE or FALSE)。

　　二、实践是检验真理的唯一标准

　　Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.

　　实践是检验真理的唯一标准。

　　1978年的这一句口号给我们带来了改革开放和小康生活，也使出国留学和雅思考试成为可能。那么在雅思阅读中，什么是检验判断题的TRUE(or YES)的标准呢?让我们由此开始“似是而非”的第二讲，继续我们关于雅思“真理——TRUE”的讨论。

　　TRUE的第一种情况：题目是原文的同义表达

　　原文：Few rabbits in the wildness are more than five years

　　old.

　　题目：Most wild rabbits are less than five years old.

　　解答：TRUE few…are more than five…“几乎没有多于5年”即most…are less than five…”绝大多数少于5年”的标准同义表达。

　　这是我们简单复习上一讲TRUE的第一种判断依据——“同义表达”，下面我们迅速进入TRUE的第二种判断依据——“对原文的合理归纳”。

　　原文：It has been proved that a rapid response leads to a

　　great likelihood of arrest only if it is 1-2 minutes after a call is received by police. When the response time increases to 3-4 minutes, the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.

　　题目：A delay of 1-2 minutes in response may have

　　substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.

　　解答：TRUE 从原文的两句话可以推断出：1-2分钟，抓住罪犯的可能性很大，3-4分钟，可能性就实质性的降低。所以做一个最简单的减法，1-2分钟的反应延迟会对嫌疑犯是否被抓住产生实质性的影响，答案应为TRUE。

　　既然题目需要根据原文中的几句话做出推断或归纳，不推断不行，但有时同学要防止走入另一个极端，即自行推理或过度推理。

　　让我们来看一个反例:

　　原文：Counting the cost of electricity, a 25-watt E-lamp

　　could give out the same amount of light comparable to a 100-watt incandescent lamp.

　　题目：A 50-watt E-lamp can give the same amount of light

　　that is given by a 200-watt incandescent.

　　解答：NOT GIVEN 的确如原文，25瓦的新型E-lamp发光量等于100瓦的传统白炽灯(incandescent)。那是否50瓦的E-lamp发光量等于200瓦的incandescent? 姑且不论雅思中是否需要我们做乘法，退一步讲，即使我们认为公式一(25 watt E-lamp= 100 watt incandescent)成立，两盏25瓦的E-lamp也不一定等于一盏50瓦E-lamp的发光量，两者之间不一定存在这样一个正比的关系。

　　所以选TRUE的同学这里犯了过度推理的错误。

　　“千里之行始于足下”(He would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom)。还是让我们牢记TRUE的两大判断原则，高举“同义表达”和“合理归纳”的两面旗帜，勤加练习、认真总结，向其发起新的一轮冲击。

　　三、FALSE的判断依据

　　有哲人说过，成功者的必备素质包含眼光(vision)，果敢(courage and resolution)和取舍的智慧(wisdom of making compromise)。而在雅思考试中，笔者认为烤鸭你的“眼光”在于快速定位，“果敢”体现在正确做出判断，而最后对不确定题目的大胆猜测正是“取舍之间彰显智慧”。但猜测有风险，所以本讲我们继续对FALSE的判断依据的学习，希望籍此合理控制风险，取得最大收益(minimize the risk and maximize the profit)。

　　记得上一讲我们详述了FALSE的前两种判断依据：原文直接相反和去除并列条件，本讲我们继续。

　　FALSE的第三种情况：原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的副词。

　　请大家先看范例：

　　原文：Without a qualification from a reputable school or university, it is unlikely to find a good job.

　　题目: It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.

　　解答：FALSE原文和题目都出现了qualification(资质，这里指文凭)，而a reputable school和a respected institution都指“名校”，所以考点必然在表示程度的副词上。

　　原文中有unlikely，强调是“不太可能”。题目中有impossible，强调是“完全不可能”。所以答案应为FALSE。

　　以下情况都可归纳为副词使用的不一致：原文中使用many(很多)、sometimes(有时)及unlikely(不太可能)等词。而相应的题目中使用all(全部)、usually(通常)及always(总是)。

　　FALSE的第四种情况：原文为人们对于某样事物的理论或感觉，题目则上升为客观事实或已被证明的理论。即由“理论(theory)”拔高到“事实(fact)”。

　　原文：Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are melting polar ice caps.

　　题目：It is a fact that the melting of ice caps in both south and north poles are worsened by worldwide increase in temperature.

　　解答：FALSE对于同一件事，极地冰帽的融化(melting of polar ice caps)原文中是theory，强调是“理论”，而题目中为fact，强调是“事实”。所以答案应为FALSE。

　　除了“theory”到“fact”的错误表达，在该种FALSE的情况下还会出现的语法结构有：原文为“data are absent”或“evidence is missing”，题目为“it is well-documented that…”。换汤不换药，请大家慧眼识别。

　　FALSE的第五种情况：原文中包含条件状语，如if、unless或if not, 或使用介词短语来表示条件状语如but for或except for。题目中断然去掉了这些表示条件状语的成份。

　　原文：The Internet has often been criticized by the international society as a newly-emerging dangerous tool in the hands of terrorists.

　　题目：The international society has often criticized the Internet because it is not safe.

　　解答：FALSE比较原文和题目，都提到Internet因为危险被国际社会(international society)所抨击(criticize)。但是原文中有表示条件状语的介词短语in the hands of terrorists，在题目中被去掉了。所以答案应为 FALSE。

　　FALSE的所有5种情况我们就介绍到这里为止。阿甘把生活比作什锦巧克力，说过，“life is like a box of chocolate, you never know what you’re going to get”。但笔者觉得烤鸭们应理解为“If you take the sweetness first, one day you would be bitter from the sweet.”

　　苦口良药(good for health, bitter for your mouth)。希望大家对学习持之以恒。

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