2014托福词汇语法讲解汇总

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2014托福词汇语法讲解汇总

　　第一讲词类

2014托福词汇语法讲解汇总

　　一、冠词

　　【概念】

　　冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或者名词性短语的前面，表示名词是特指还是泛指。

　　冠词可以分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a / an)。

　　【你来练习】 an 用在元音音素前

　　____ university ____ upward trend ______ European

　　____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour

　　(一) 不定冠词(a / an)的用法

　　1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前

　　1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.

　　2) [一个最近的调查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.

　　2. 表示一类人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with.

　　A dog is a common animal.

　　3. 不定冠词用在事物的“单位”前，如时间、价格等意义的名词前，表示“每一”。

　　1).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周两次]

　　2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]

　　4. 不定冠词用于固定词组中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,

　　quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,

　　a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of

　　1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.

　　2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.

　　5. 用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance?

　　6. 抽象名词具体化，被具体化的名词要加不定冠词

　　a surprise a success a pleasure

　　7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of

　　(二) 定冠词(the)的用法

　　1. 定冠词特指，上文中已经提到过的人或者事物，或双方明确所指的人或物前。

　　1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.

　　2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.

　　2. 定冠词与可数名词单数连用，表示一类人或者物。

　　1) [电脑] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles.

　　2) [吸烟者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.

　　3. 定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或者自然现象名词前

　　the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible

　　4. 定冠词用在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。

　　5. 用在乐器名称前，特别是西洋乐器

　　但中国名族乐器和音乐名词前不用冠词

　　6. 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”

　　7.用在年代，朝代，时代名词前

　　8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峡，山脉，群岛。

　　9. 用在习语中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way

　　【你来翻译】

　　3) 最有效的方式

　　4) 有同样经验的人

　　5) 西游记

　　6) 他是我最不想见的人。

　　(三) 零冠词用法概述

　　1.表示泛指的复数名词前,表示一类人或事物

　　Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.

　　2.在季节、节日、星期、月份及三餐等名词前

　　[吃早饭] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.

　　3. 指职位、头衔的词

　　4. 在表示棋类或球类的名词前

　　第二讲句子结构

　　Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure

　　1.主语：主语是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首，表示句子说的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当。

　　The girl is pretty.

　　He is a volunteer.

　　To see is to believe

　　Reading is useful.

　　What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die.

　　2.谓语：说明主语做什么，是什么或者怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成.谓语在人称和数的方面必须要和主语一致。

　　They are teachers.

　　She looks well.

　　He can speak English.

　　He studies hard.

　　He laughed at his classmates.

　　3.宾语: 是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当.它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后。

　　She plays the piano.

　　He often helps me.

　　I like watching TV.

　　She likes to go to shop this afternoon.

　　I think that he is a good guy.

　　注：直接宾语和间接宾语：英语中，一些及物动词如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以带两个宾语。一个指人，叫间接宾语;一个指物，叫直接宾语。

　　Eg. He gives him the book

　　(间宾) (直宾)

　　4. 表语：说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当.表语位于系动词后面.

　　I am a teacher.

　　She is happy.

　　Everybody is here.

　　They are at home now.

　　My job is to teach English.

　　Seeing is believing.

　　This is what I want

　　5. 定语：是用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。修饰名词或代词。形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语.

　　The black bike is mine. What’s your name?

　　I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack.

　　They made paper flowers. I have something to do.

　　A sleeping boy. A broken vase.

　　The girl who is talking is my sister.

　　注：英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;短语或句子(定语从句)作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语

　　6. 状语：状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度等.一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当.

　　I have a dream today.(时间状语)

　　He did it carefully. (方式状语)

　　I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.(地点状语)

　　7. 宾语补足语：是补充说明宾语的身份，状态，特性或所做的动作的一种句子成分。一般由名词，形容词，不定式，介词短语和分词构成。

　　His parents named him Jim.

　　We found the book very interesting.

　　.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.

　　I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.

　　句子的结构

　　按句子的结构可分三种：

　　1)简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。

　　e.g. He often reads English in the morning.

　　Tom and Mike are American boys.

　　She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.

　　2) 并列句：由并列连词(and, but, for, or, so)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。

　　e.g. You help him and he helps you.

　　The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。

　　3)复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。

　　e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

　　(其中简单句其中二)

　　其中在简单句中英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

　　1. S+V→主语+谓语(不及物动词)(+状语)

　　Class begins.

　　Jim runs in the park.

　　及物动词后可直接加宾语：buy, catch, invent, found, like,

　　注：及物和不及物动词的区别 raise, find, forget

　　不及物动词后面不可直接接宾语，一般要加介词后再接宾语：

　　go, work, listen, look, come

　　eg.Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person.

　　由于世界的工业化和人口的增长，水污染问题加剧了。/ is ge

　　2. S+V+O→主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语

　　He enjoys reading.

　　eg.Children’s extensive exposure to television violence causes greater aggressiveness.

　　Solving these problems cannot depend on the simple rise in the price of petrol.

　　3. S+V+IO+DO→主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语

　　I bought John a birthday present.

　　Please tell me your telephone number.

　　eg. 1.广告给我们提供很多有用的信息。

　　Advertisements supply us much useful information

　　2.家长应该保证孩子接受教育的机会。[guarantee]

　　Parents should guarantee their children the access to f

　　4 .S+V+P→主语+系动词+表语(+状语)

　　He became a scientist.

　　They are honest.

　　eg. 目前，对于许多国家的年轻人来说，高中毕业后从学习中休息一下是非常普遍的。[have a break from]

　　It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after

　　eg.出现在商业广告中的信息有时候是误导性和欺骗性的。

　　The information that appears in the commercial sometimes are che

　　5. S+V+O+C (主+谓+宾+宾补)

　　The war made him a soldier.

　　New methods make the job easy.

　　1.School bullying makes students afraid of going to school.

　　2.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists,

　　【练习】

　　1) 学会与别人合作是一个人职业中的关键因素

　　2) 父母们总是期望他们的孩子出人头地。

　　3) 媒体中的暴力可能会给孩子呈现出不好的范例。

　　旅游者有机会去充分体验完全不同的文化。

　　第三讲时态问题

　　【注意】

　　★ 写作中，常用时态有四种：一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时，一般将来时

　　★ 口语中，注意时态的正确使用，特别是过去时

　　一、写作中常用时态

　　1. 一般现在时：注意第三人称单数

　　【你来翻译】

　　1) 做兼职工作对一个人的将来的事业有深远的影响。[exert profound impacts on]

　　Taking part-time jobs exerts profound impacts on one’s future career.

　　2) 国际旅游业促进经济发展。

　　International tourism promotes the economic development.

　　3) 电子书籍的发展将带来书籍业的重大变化。

　　The development of e-books will bring major changes in the book industry.

　　2. 现在进行时：表示逐渐的过程

　　【常用句型】

　　1) XXX is developing / increasing / advancing rapidly/dramatically/at an amazing rate.

　　2) XXX is becoming increasingly popular / prevalent in the contemporary world.

　　3. 现在完成时：常用来表示变化发展的结果。

　　【时间搭配】 In recent years / In the past decades…

　　1) 最近几十年期间，科技极大的改变了人们的生活。

　　In recent years, technology has reshaped people’s life.

　　2) 最近几年，现代的科技已经被广泛的应用于教育中，这在一定程度上丰富了传统的教学方法。

　　In recent years, modern technology has been widely applied to education in schools, which, to meth.

　　3) Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis.

　　4. 一般将来时：常用来表示对将来一种趋势的预测，

　　【常用句式】 will do (be expected / predicted to do (表示一种预测) )

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