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2017职称英语《卫生A》阅读理解专项试题与答案
阅读理解
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U.S. to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January
A study that will cost $3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 U.S. children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January, U. S. health officials said on Friday.
Officials from the U. S. government's National Institutes of Health said they hope the study, to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States, can help identify early-life influences that affect later development, with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.
The study will examine hereditary and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.
Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air, water, dust and materials used to construct their residences, the NIH said.
Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost $3.2 billion.
"We anticipate that in the long term, what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation's health care costs," Dr. Duane Alexander, who heads the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, told reporters.
The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.
Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth, which has become more common in recent years, according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH, who heads the study.
The people taking part will be from rural, urban and suburban areas, from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups, the NIH said.
1.The aim of the study is to find new ways to __________.
A. conduct research
B. track public health
C. prevent or treat illness
D. speed up development
2.Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT __________.
A. genetic samples from people in the study
B. biological samples from people in the study
C. samples from the homes of the women and their babies
D. samples of air and water from hospitals
3.It is expected that through the study the nation's health care costs __________.
A. will be lowered in the long run
B. will be significantly increased
C. will be more than $200 million
D. will reach $3.2 billion
4.The babies of the participants will be followed__________.
A. throughout their lives
B. for more than two decades
C. from birth to 21 months
D. until they get married
5.Which is NOT true of the people in the study?
A. They'll be from various areas.
B. They'll be from all income levels.
C. They'll be from all educational levels.
D. They'll be from all age groups.
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Older Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatones of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 percent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.
Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.
1.Why did older volcanic eruptions do more damage than more recent ones?
A. Because they killed off life more easily.
B. Because they were brighter.
C. Because they were larger.
D. Because they were hotter.
2.How did Wignall calculate the killing power of those older volcanic eruptions?
A. By estimating how long they lasted.
B. By counting the dinosaurs they killed.
C. By studying the chemical composition of lava.
D. By comparing the proportion of life wiped out with the volume of lava produced.
3.When did dinosaurs become extinct?
A. 300 million years ago.
B. 250 million years ago.
C. 60 million years ago.
D. 65 million years ago.
4. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 concerning dinosaurs?
A. They were killed off by an asteroid.
B. They died of drastic climate change.
C. They were wiped offby a volcanic eruption.
D. The cause of their extinction has remained a controversial issue.
5.What is the main thesis of the article?
A. Volcanic eruptions are not always deadly.
B. Older volcanic eruptions were more destructive.
C. Carbon dioxide emissions often give rise to global warming.
D. It is not easy to calculate the killing power of a volcanic eruption.
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Living Standards
The differences in living standards around the world are vast. In 1993, the average American had an income of about $25,000. In the same year, the average Mexican earned $7,000, and the average Nigerian earned $1,500. Not surprisingly, this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life. Changes in living standards over time are also large. In the United States, incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year (after adjusting for changes in the cost of living). At this rate, average income doubles every 35 years. In some countries, economic growth has been even more rapid. In Japan, for instance, average income has doubled in the past 20 years, and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10 years.
What explains these large differences in living standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly simple. Almost all variation in living standards is attributable to differences in countries' productivity-- that is, the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time. In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time, most people enjoy a high standard of living; in nations where workers are less productive, most people must endure a more meager existence. Similarly, the growth rate of a nation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income.
The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple, but its implications are far-reaching. If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards, other explanations must be of secondary importance. For example, people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage laws contributed to the rise in living standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity.
The relationship between productivity and .living standards also has great implications for public policy. When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards, the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services. To improve living standards,policymakers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated, have the tools needed to produce goods and services, and have access to the best available technology.
1.Which of the following countries has enjoyed the fastest economic growth in history?
A. Mexico.
B. The United States.
C. Japan.
D. South Korea.
2.The word "meager" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to__________.
A. modest
B. poor
C. meaningless
D. plentiful
3.What is the most important factor that leads to the rise in living standards of average people?
A. Labor unions.
B. Minimum-wage laws.
C. Rising productivity.
D. Favorable public policy.
4.The study of the relationship between productivity and living standards is significant in that__________.
A. it calls policymakers' attention to a qualified work force
B. it encourages workers to get better education
C. it helps improve the workers' ability to produce goods and services
D. it enables policymakers to access the latest technology
5.The passage mainly discusses__________.
A. the differences in average income among countries
B. the relationship between productivity and living standards
C. the causes of the rise in living standards
D. the importance of raising productivity
答案与解析
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1.c。细节题。题干：研究的目标是发现新的方法来__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第二段，提到了此项研究的goal，即aim，这便是learning new ways to treat or prevent illness。
2.D。细节题。题干：研究者收集了下列东西，除了__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第四段。第四项应该是“参加研究的妇女及其婴儿家中的空气与水等物质”，而不是“医院中的空气与水”。
3.A。细节题。题干：通过研究，国家的医疗费用期望可以__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的第六段，即预计从长远的角度讲，此项研究将有利于节约国家卫生保健费用的开支。
4.B。细节题。题干：参与者的婴儿会被跟踪调查__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到短文的倒数第三段，即这些婴儿将从出生前一直被跟踪到21岁。
5.D。细节题。题干：下列关于研究参与者的说法哪一项是不对的?利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。前三项在短文的最后一段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，因为研究对象都是怀孕的妇女，不可能是所有年龄段的人们。
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1.A。细节题。题干：为什么远古的火山爆发比近期的火山爆发破坏性更大?利用题干关键词可以定位到第一段：古代的火山更具破坏力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出的二氧化碳更能轻易地毁灭生命。
2.D。细节题。题干：Wignall是如何计算出远古火山爆发的杀伤力的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第二段。第二段有这样一句话：He calculated the“killing efficiency'’for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion oflife they killed offwith the volume oflava that they produced.(他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤力)。
3.D。细节题。题干：恐龙是什么时候灭绝的?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段。其中有这么一句话：He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago，because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact ofan asteroid.(他没有提及6500万年前恐龙的灭绝，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响)。
4.D。细节题。题干：从第三段还可以推导出有关恐龙的什么样的信息?在讨论第三题的答案时，我们已经注意到了，Wignall没有提6500万年前恐龙的灭绝是否跟火山爆发有关，因为许多科学家相信恐龙的灭绝是受一颗小行星的影响。这就说明，关于恐龙灭绝的原因在科学家之间是有争议的。
5.B。主旨题。问题问的是：文章的主要论点是什么?答案在文章的第一句：Volcanoes were more destructive in ancient history(古代火山更具破坏力)。
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1.D。细节题。题干：下列哪个国家有最快的经济发展速度?利用题干关键词可以定位到首段末尾：“At this rate，average income doubles every 35 years.In some countries….”文章先提到在美国，人均收入每35年翻一番，接着指出在一些国家，经济增长速度更快，可见经济增长速度与人均收入增长是成正比的，即人均收入增长越快，就说明经济增长速度越快。根据后面的例子，日本人均收入20年翻一番，而韩国则只需10年，由此可推知，韩国的经济增长速度最快。
2.B。词汇题。题干：“meager”的意思是 __________ 。方法一：可以通过查词典得知meager的意思是“贫乏的”。方法二：利用语境，该词出现在第二段“In nations where workers can produce…;in nations where workers…”。这里对两类国家进行了对比，首先在那些单位时间内能生产出大量的产品和服务(即生产力水平较高)的国家，大多数人的生活水平都较高;接着与之相对应，在那些生产力水平较低的国家，人们的生活水平肯定较低，因此可推出meager一词肯定跟“穷困”的意思接近，故答案只能为poor。modest意为“谦虚的，适度的”;meaningless意为“毫无意义的”;plentiful意为“许多的，丰富的”。
3.C。细节题。题干：普通人生活标准提高的最主要的因素是什么?利用题干关键词可以定位到第三段：“If productivity is the primary determinant of living standards，other explanations must be of secondary importance…”由上面的论述可知，生产力对人们的生活水平起决定作用，其他因素都是次要的。
4.A。细节题。题干：研究生产力和生活水平之间的关系很重要是因为__________。利用题干关键词可以定位到最后一段。本段主要论述研究生产力和生活水平之间的关系对公共政策的制定的重大意义。政策的制定者们必须考虑到生产力的提高也就意味着生活水平的提高。如何提高生产力从而提高人们的生活水平就是他们必须认真思考的。而提高生产力就必须依靠提高工人的受教育水平，拥有先进的生产和服务工具，以及能够接触到高科技。所以推断出研究生产力和生活水平之间的关系的意义在于引起政策制定者关注劳动力素质的提高。因此A选项为正确答案。
5.B。主旨题。题干：这篇文章主要论述了什么?从每段的首尾句可以看出整篇文章主要论述了生产力和人们的生活水平之间的关系。A、C选项都很片面，只是文章某一段落的主题;而D选项只提到提高生产力的重要性，没有提到人们的生活水平。
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