2017年职称英语考试技巧卫生类语法讲义
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用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+动词原形+…?”(干嘛不……?)是简略句，完全形式是：Why don't you +动词原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看?)/Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试?)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：记住几个结构：①sb./sth.+seem+(to be+)形容词+…;②sb./sth.+seem+like +…;③sb/sth+seem+to(do);④It seems that+从句。如：He seemed(to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.(被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心)/It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim.(除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：记住几个结构：①be afraid of sth;be afraid of(doing);②be afraid to(do);③be afraid that+从句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有点怕蛇)/Don't be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/I'm afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了，因为他犯了那么大的错误)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：记住几个结构：①be sorry for(sth);②be sorry for(doing sth);③be sorry to(do);④be sorry that+从句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(对不起，麻烦你了)/I am sorry(that) he isn't here at the moment.(恐怕他现在不在)
(5) be sure(确信)的用法：记住几个结构： ①be sure of(sth);②be sure to(do);③be sure that+从句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她给我讲过多次她一定会来的)/Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it's wrong.(你对你的答案有把握吗?也许是错的。)/I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的)
(6) make 与do的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用do，表示创造建构某事物用make. 如：I don't know what to do.(我不知道该干什么)/I'm not going to do any work.(我不准备做什么)/My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)
此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good/harm/business/one's best/a favour……
make a decision/an effort/a mistake/a noise/a phone call/money/war/the bed/sure，……被动语态：
(1)被动语态定义：被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事)，便叫主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做)，便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别，而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。
(2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表：
现在时态
一般现在时
现在进行时
一般将来时
现在完成时
谓语动词构成
am
is+p.p.
are
am
is+being+p.p.
are
will+be+p.p.
am
is+goingto+be+p.p.
are
have(has)+been+p.p.
过去时态
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去将来时
过去完成时
谓语动词构成
was+p.p.
were
was
+being+p.p.
were
would+be+p.p.
was+goingto+be+p.p.
were
had+been+p.p.
【注】p.p.表示过去分词。
(1)被动语态的用法：
① 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态，省略by短语。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)
②不说或者众所周知是谁做时，用被动语态，省略by短语。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)
③强调动作的.承受者，句尾加by短语。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)
(2) 注意点：
①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时，可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如：
His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→他得到老师一本字典)
也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语，但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典→一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)
②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时，动词原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)
③“动词+…+介词”改为被动时，介词一般在原位不动。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl's little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)
④“be+过去分词”未必表示被动语态，而可能是系表结构。如：
He is pleased/worried/tired /……(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳……)
He was hit/knocked down/told/shot/……(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中……)