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考研英语常见10种长难句句型结构

时间:2020-08-15 16:35:52 研究生考试 我要投稿

2018考研英语常见10种长难句句型结构

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2018考研英语常见10种长难句句型结构

  1 省略句

  一、理论常识

  省略结构在考研英语中的考查主要体现在句子的理解层面,主要分为两类:一类是借助于其他词语的省略,如使用助动词代替前文出现过的动词,使用代词代替提到过的名词;另一类直接省略,如略去上下文的重合部分,通常是主语(和/或)谓语。

  省略结构的掌握要求是:

  1.快速识别句子省略的内容;

  2.补全句子省略的内容。常见的省略现象会出现在并列结构中、状语从句中、名词性从句中和定语从句中。

  (1)并列结构中的省略

  在并列句中,后面的分句往往省略和上文重合的部分。

  例:I think you’ll win the race; indeed we all think so.

  我认为你一定会赢得这场比赛,事实上我们都这样想。(so=you’ll win the race)

  (2)状语从句中的省略

  在when/while/if/as if/though(although)/as/until/whether等连词引导的状语从句中,若谓语是be,主语是it或与主句的主语相同时,则通常连同be动词一起被省略。

  例:If (it is) necessary, we can give you another chance.

  如果必要的话,我们可以再给你一次机会。

  (3)名词性从句中的省略

  常见的是使用不定式在主动表达中省略动词的施动者,在被动表达中省略助动词、情态动词等。

  例:She will go to Beijing, but I don’t know how (she will go to Beijing).

  她将去北京但我不知道她怎么去。

  (4)定语从句中的省略

  定语从句中也常使用不定式作为省略的手段;当用as引导非限制性定语从句时,常省略系动词。

  例1:All tests require a potential candidate with whom (the tests) to compare DNA.

  所有的测试都需要一个潜在的对象,从而可以将DNA与其比较。

  例2:He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.

  他给出的答案和以前一样。

  二、真题举例

  However , it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when exposed to it often enough . (05,完型)

  【重点词汇解析】insensitive,adj. 感觉迟钝的;expose,vt. 使曝光、揭露、显示

  【参考翻译】然而我们却发现,即使某些人开始时对某种气味不敏感,如果经常接触这种气味,也会对它敏感起来。

  2 否定句

  一、理论常识

  1. 部分否定

  Not both of them are my brothers .

  Both of them are not my brothers .

  All is not gold that glitters .

  2. 双重否定

  双重否定分为三种:

  肯定型:There are no roses without thorns .

  强调型:I just can’t do nothing .

  委婉型:I can’t hardly read your hand writing .

  3. 几乎否定

  She is barely right .

  I seldom got any sleep last night .

  Few people can understand why he did it .

  二、真题举例

  There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .

  【重点词汇解析】methodology,n. 方法论;refer to 参考、涉及、指的是; branch,n. 分支 v. 分支、出现分歧

  【参考翻译】所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念,还是指历史研究中各个具体领域使用的研究手段,人们对此意见不一。

  3 插入语

  一、理论常识

  插入结构表示说话人的态度和看法,解释或者说明整个句子,去掉之后句子仍然完整。插入结构的成分可以是副词、形容词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语或者主谓结构。在这就不一一论述了。但值得注意的是插入语的翻译,有些插入语,尤其是位于句首的插入语,可保持原文中的词序。然而,在许多情况下,需要对英语原文句子的顺序作必要的调整,使译文符合汉语习惯。

  二、真题举例

  But , for a small group of students , professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills , all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not .

  【参考翻译】但是,对一小部分学生来说,专业训练也是条可取的路径。因为在其他因素相同的情况下,技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。

  4 比较句

  一、理论常识

  比较结构

  1. no/not ... other than

  2. the 比较级……,the 比较级……

  3. rather ... than ...

  4. more than / no more than

  5. less than / no less than

  6. more A than B / no more A than B

  7. less A than B / no less A than B

  8. nothing else than

  10. as much as

  11. not as ... as ...

  12. not so much ... as ...

  二、真题举例

  They may teach very well , and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment . (2006,50)

  【重点词汇解析】reflection,n. 反射、沉思;involve,n. 涉及、包含

  【参考翻译】他们可能擅长教书,而且不仅仅专注于赚钱,但是这些人大部分对涉及人类道德判断的问题很少或没有进行独立的思考。

  5 强调句

  一、理论常识

  强调主要有两种形式:

  1. 强调谓语

  Eg1 : I love you . —> I do love you . —> I did love you .

  Eg2 : Cell phone / Internet / computer brings us convenience .

  —> Cell phone / Internet / computer does bring us convenience .

  2. 强调句式:It is / was + 被强调成分 +that / who + 句子其他成分。

  【步骤】

  a. 先写出正确的简单句、并列句或复合句,明确单句的各个成分。

  b. 在被强调成分(除谓语和补语外)两边添加it is / was 和that / who, 其他成分不变,必要时调整顺序。

  【强调句式特征】去掉it is / was ... that / who结构,整个句子无冗余或成分残缺。

  Eg1 : My mother always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study .

  —> It is my mother who / that always encourages me not to lose heart when I have difficulties in study .

  —> It is when I have difficulties in study that my mother always encourages me not to lose heart .

  二、真题举例

  Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .

  【重点词汇解析】couple with 与……相结合;maximize,v. 取……最大值、达到最大值

  【参考翻译】因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的`欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被用来制造它们。

  6 定语从句

  一、理论常识

  在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。

  结构:先行词+关系词(分为关系副词和关系代词)+从句

  关系代词(that , who , which , whose , as)

  关系副词(when , where , why , how)

  定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句,限定从直接放在先行词后,非限定从与先行词之间要加逗号。

  二、真题举例

  例句1:The Aswan Dam , for example , stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity .

  【重点词汇解析】deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物;silt,n. 淤泥 v. (使)淤塞

  【参考翻译】例如,阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水侵袭,但是也夺去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---这一切换来的却是一个巨大的病态的水库,这个水库积满了淤泥,以至于几乎不能发电了。

  例句2:The second , by Joshua Greenberge , takes a more empirical approach to universality , identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages , which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints . (2012,49)

  【重点词汇解析】empirical,adj. 经验主义的;result from 由……造成;cognitive,adj. 认知的