CR解析：GMAT - Method of Reasoning 方法类题型

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　　Critical Reasoning (批判性推理)作为以逻辑能力为代表的典型题目，更是需要你时时刻刻保持清晰的思路。就CR而言，CR Bible逻辑圣经给我们提供了一套很实用的思考体系。今天yjbys网小编将带大家了解CR当中的一个重点题型：Method of Reasoning 演绎题。

　　Method of Reasoning的常见提问方式：

　　The method of the argument is to

　　The argument proceeds by

　　The argument drives its conclusion by

　　Which of the following describes the technique of reasoning used above?

　　Which of the following is an argumentative strategy employed in the argument?

　　The argument employed which one of the following reasoning techniques?

　　简而言之，Method题型里面，作者会问你问你原文作者用了什么样的论证手法(argumentative strategy, technique, method)

　　解这类型的题目，首先需要你去读懂原文的论证过程，所以建议你首先去分析哪句话是conclusion，哪些句话是premises。并且，有时候即使我们分析完了conclusion和premises，也不一定能立刻就选出选项。通常选项会用一些抽象词汇来替代原文的Premise和conclusion。而我们要做的，就是判断这些抽象词汇是否准确地形容了premise和conclusion的性质，如果原文的句子能够和答案的说法对号入座，那么答案就是正确的。

　　以下例题摘自Prep12 Question Pack

　　Case Study 1

　　Sonya: The government of Copeland is raising the cigarette tax. Copeland's cigarette prices will still be reasonably low, so cigarette consumption will probably not be affected much. Consequently, government revenue from the tax will increase.

　　Raoul: True, smoking is unlikely to decrease, because Copeland's cigarette prices will stil not be high. They will, however, no longer be the lowest in the region, so we might begin to see substantial illegal sales of smuggled cigarettes in Copeland.

　　Raoul responds to Sonya's argument by doing which of the following?

　　A. Questioning the support for Sonya's conclusion by distinguishing carefully between no change and no decrease

　　B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change

　　C. Arguing that Sonya's conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen

　　D. Showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect

　　E. Pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the effect that Sonya predicts it will have

　　解析

　　原题解构-逻辑释义

　　Sonya:

　　Premise: C地政府准备提高香烟税收，但是该地香烟价格会依然较低。

　　Premise: 香烟的消耗量不会怎么受影响。

　　Conclusion: 政府从香烟方面的税收也不会坚守。

　　Raoul:

　　Premise: 香烟的消耗的确不会减少。

　　Premise: 可是政府的香烟却不再是最低价，

　　Conclusion: 所以我们会看到C地出现很多非法运输香烟。

　　题目问Raoul(以下简称R)是如何反击Sonya(以下简称S)的，即Raoul的反击手法。R提到了提税之后，虽然香烟价格不会上升(这里是赞同了S的推理)，但是会出现更多非法运输烟(这是第S忽略考虑到的)。非法运输烟出现之后挤占政府的份额，从而政府的香烟税收会变少。

　　A. Questioning the support for Sonya's conclusion by distinguishing carefully between no change and no decrease

　　A. “通过区分no change和no decrease来质疑S的支持证据。” 也就是说R去质疑了S的premise。

　　逐项分析：实际上R是赞同了S提出的两个premise的基础上来weaken对方。所以选项内说questioning the support说法错误。

　　B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change

　　B. 通过提出这个改革的一个结果来质疑S的结论。

　　逐项分析：出现非法运输烟这是提税的一个结果，所以可以选B：by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change

　　C. Arguing that Sonya's conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen

　　C. 提到S如果为自己的预测区原因实例例的话，S的论证会更坚固。

　　逐项分析：R并未去建议S要引入新的例子。排除

　　D. Showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect

　　D. 提出S提到的原因并不是造成该种结果的唯一原因。

　　逐项分析：R提到了某个原因(提税)可能会有多个结果，而不是说一个结果会有多个原因。

　　E. Pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the effect that Sonya predicts it will have

　　E. 指出某个措施没有S预测的那么强力的效果。

　　逐项分析：其实S本身也预测提税的效果比较弱，不会影响香烟价格，所以在这方面，S和R两个人并没有什么冲突。

　　Case Study 2

　　Correctly measuring the productivity of service workers is complex. Consider, for example, postal workers: they are often said to be more productive if more letters are delivered per postal worker. But is this really true? What if more letters are lost or delayed per worker at the same time that more are delivered?

　　The objection implied above to the productivity measure described is based on doubts about the truth of which of the following statements?

　　(A) Postal workers are representative of service workers in general.

　　(B) The delivery of letters is the primary activity of the postal service.

　　(D) The quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.

　　(E) The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.

　　解析

　　原题解构-逻辑释义

　　第一句话似乎概括了原文的conclusion:衡量服务工作者的效率是很复杂了。接着举了一个例子：邮递员递送越多的信就会被认为越有效率。接着作者提出了一些质疑：如果递送的越多，相应的延误和丢失的情况越多怎么办呢?

　　先提了一个通常的观点，接着对这个观点进行反驳。提出了说：递送数量越高的邮递员“服务质量”不一定高(延误和丢件可能比较多)

　　简化一下这个提问：the objection is based on doubt on which of following. objection就是最后一句，问我们这个objection是基于对哪句话的质疑而提出的，也就是说这个Objection肯定和下面那句话是冲突的，我们只要找到冲突的那句话就好了。

　　A. Postal workers are representative of service workers in general.

　　A. 邮递员能够作为服务行业的代表。

　　逐项分析：Objection并未反对邮递员的代表性，Objection甚至还顺着邮递员这个思路举例子，说明Objection是赞同把邮递员作为服务业代表的这种看法的。

　　B. The delivery of letters is the primary activity of the postal service.

　　B. 递信是邮递员的主要工作。

　　逐项分析：同样的，Objection也承认了这个看法，以邮递工作的数量和质量来代表邮递员的productivity.

　　C. Productivity should be ascribed to categories of workers, not to individuals.

　　C. 生产效率应该衡量一个工种，而不是一个个人。

　　逐项分析：这是无关答案，这里的Objection并未谈到整个行业或者个人的效率。

　　D. The quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.

　　D. 在计算productivity的时候服务质量可以被忽略。

　　逐项分析：这句话和Objection冲突。Objection提到了了说信件延迟和丢件怎么办，是为了说明服务质量应该被考虑进productivity。

　　E. The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.

　　E. 递信的数量和邮递员的生产效率相关。

　　逐项分析：这是个迷惑答案，注意，Objection并未否认“递信数量和生产率的相关性", Objection是否认“只关注递信数量的行为”。也就是说Objection认为，衡量productivity的话，不仅要看邮递数量还要看邮递质量。

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