2017年PETS5补全短文训练试题
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Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.
Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from(31) ___praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists，(32) ___research the relation(33) ___actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school.Cognitive researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain(34) ___rewards often destroy creativity(35) ___encouraging dependence(36) ___approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters，especially(37) ___educators.But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks(38) ___in grade-school children，suggesting(39) ___properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness，(40) ___to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy.
“If kids know they’re working for a(41) ___and can focus(42)——a relatively challenging task，they show the most creativity”，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But it’S easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for(43) ___performance or creating too (44) ___anticipation for re—wards.”
A teacher(45) ___continually draws attention to rewards or who hands(46) ___high grades for ordinary achievement ends up(47) ___ddiscouraged students，Eisenberger holds.(48) ___an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing(49) ___.In earlier grades，the use of so—called token economies，in(50) ___students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Dela—ware psychologist claims.
答案及解析
参考译文
对于像热情的赞扬及冰冷的现金等外部奖励怎样影响人的动力和创造力，心理学家们有不同的观点。研究行为和结果的.行为学家说奖励可以改善工作和学习的表现。而研究精神生活的认知研究者们则坚持奖励经常会助长人们依赖他人的认可和礼物而毁掉创造力。
后一种观点得到了很多支持者，尤其是教育者们。但是，谨慎地使用小额的金钱作为奖励会激起分级学校里孩子们的创造力，恰当的刺激物确实有助于增强创造力，这是根据《个性与社会心理》杂志的6月刊中的一项研究得出的结论。
“如果孩子知道他们会得到奖励并可以集中于一项相对有挑战性的任务，他们就会显示出最大的创造力来，”纽瓦克·特拉华大学的罗伯特·艾森伯格说，“但是，如果表现不好也有奖励或者是对奖励的期望过高，也会扼杀创造力。”
艾森伯格认为，不断强调奖励或给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生气馁。作为后一种观点的例子，他注意到著名大学加强评分标准，并恢复不及格的分数所带来的不断增强的影响力。
在低年级里使用所谓的货币经济，让学生解决有挑战性的问题，根据表现得分，并最后重视奖励，会提高其努力程度和创造力，这位特拉华的心理学家说。
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