中级托业考试阅读专题练习
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part 1
你也许会认为，如果说有一件事经济学家应该能告诉你如何去做，那就是在拍卖网站eBay上成功登记拍卖物品。毕竟，拍卖理论家在这行享有盛名;其中一位拍卖理论家苏珊o阿西(Susan Athey)在今年4月赢得了约翰o贝茨o克拉克(John Bates Clark)经济学奖章。(克拉克奖章获得者还有保罗o萨缪尔森(Paul Samuelson)、约瑟夫o斯蒂格利茨(Joseph Stiglitz)和史蒂文o莱维特(Steven Levitt)，比诺贝尔奖(Nobel)获奖者还要罕见。)
You might think that if there's one thing an economist should be able to tell you how to do, it's successfully list an item on the auction website eBay. Auction theorists are, after all, celebrated in the profession; one of them, Susan Athey, won the John Bates Clark medal in April. (Clark medallists, who include Paul Samuelson, Joseph Stiglitz and Steven Levitt, are scarcer than Nobel laureates.)
然而，尽管拍卖理论已经很发达，但其预测容易受到现实中一些波澜的影响。比如说，标准经济学假设人是理性的，这种假设通常是对的：在啤酒价格上涨时，多数人都会少喝一些啤酒。不过，拍卖要求有 "如果他认为她认为我认为他那么认为"的推理链条，而这种链条往往存在薄弱环节。如果任何出价方有任何理由怀疑其他出价方是不理性的，那么，这些环节就会轻易断裂。
Yet although the theory of auctions is well-developed, its predictions are sensitive to wrinkles in reality. For example, the standard economic assumption that people are rational is usually a good one: when the price of beer rises, most people drink less beer. But auctions require "if he thinks that she thinks that I think that he thinks" chains of reasoning that tend to have weak links. Those links can easily break if any bidder has any reason to suspect that any other bidder is irrational.
另一个理论难题是进入拍卖。多数拍卖理论家假定有固定人数的拍卖方存在，他们全都准备好了要出价。不过，虽然经济学家可以假设出价方存在，eBay的卖方却不得不去吸引这些人。
Another theoretical conundrum is entry to the auction. Most auction theorists assume a fixed number of bidders, all poised and ready to bid. But while economists can assume bidders into existence, eBay sellers have to go out and hook them.
这不是拍卖理论的一个微小疏忽。为移动电话运营商举行的大规模 "3G"拍卖背后的经济学家--保罗o克伦佩雷尔(Paul Klemperer)已经表明，一场拍卖中看似微不足道的特点可能会让出价方却步，造成巨大(和灾难性的)影响。出于这些和其它原因，明智的拍卖理论家在没有充分了解整个背景的情况下，会避免预测某个具体的拍卖计划会有什么效果。
This is no minor oversight of auction theory. Paul Klemperer, one of the economists behind the massive "3G" auctions for mobile phone operators, has shown that trivial-seeming features of an auction can have big (and disastrous) effects by repelling bidders. For these reasons and others, wise auction theorists would avoid predicting how a specific auction design will work without knowing much more about the context.
part 2
The number of US students going to graduate school for science and engineering hit an all-time high in 2005, offering a glimmer of hope to policymakers and business chiefs who have lamented that Americans are not interested in science.
美国国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation)的最新调查显示，入读科学与工程研究生课程的美国公民和永久性居民人数增长了2%，达到创纪录的33.955万人。
A new survey conducted by the National Science Foundation shows that enrolment of US citizens and permanent residents in science and engineering graduate programmes increased 2 per cent, to a record 339,550.
调查还显示，继前3年下降之后，今年外国学生的入学率首次增长4%。不过，就读这些学科的外国学生总数下降3%，为连续第二年下降。
The survey also showed a 4 per cent rise in first-time enrolments by foreign students, following three years of decline. However, total enrolment of foreign students in those subjects dropped 3 per cent - the second year in a row with a decline.
美国科学促进会(American Association for the Advancement of Science)研发预算及政策项目主管Kei Koizumi表示，此次调查的结果 "喜忧参半"。
Kei Koizumi, the director of the R &D budget and policy programme at the American Association for the Advancement of Science, called the survey's findings "mixed".
"多数决策者表示，好消息是，攻读科学与工程专业的美国人似乎越来越多，"他表示。"但外国学生数量下降，不管是因为实际存在或人们感觉中的签证问题，还是因为学生发现在其它国家读书更具吸引力，这都(令人沮丧)。"
"The good news, according to most policymakers, is that it appears Americans are going into science and engineering in greater numbers," he said. "But the drop in foreign students - whether it's because of real or perceived visa problems, or because students find it more attractive to study in other nations - is not as [encouraging]."
911恐怖袭击后，美国国务院对外国学生实施限制，此后，来自国际学生的申请数量有所下降。
Applications from international students fell after the State Department imposed restrictions on foreign students in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks.
软件公司甲骨文(Oracle)主管政府及公共事务的副总裁罗伯特o霍夫曼(Robert Hoffman)表示： "(美国的)大学院校能否招到全世界顶尖的人才，唯一最大的挑战在于我们的移民体系。"
"The single biggest challenge for colleges and universities being able to recruit top talent from around the world is our immigration system," said Robert Hoffman, the vice-president of government and public affairs at Oracle, the software company.
"该体系对招生工作来说是个障碍。它所表达的意思是：你或许能在美国大学里获得一流教育，但你毕业后可能无法在美国公司里找到一份好工作。"
"The system is working as a barrier to recruitment. It's saying: you might be able to get a top-flight education at a US university but you might not be able to get a top-flight job at a US company after you graduate."
调查发现，工程专业的入读学生总数下降2.5%，在很大程度上是因为外国学生数量的'减少，但入读数学和物理学专业的学生总数小幅上升。入读上述三门学科的美国公民人数有所上升，但每门学科的学生增幅不足1%。
Total engineering enrolments fell by 2.5 per cent, largely because of a decline in foreign students, but total enrolments in mathematics and the physical sciences rose slightly, according to the survey. Enrolment of US citizens increased in all three categories but by less than 1 per cent in each.
商业圆桌会议(Business Roundtable)的教育及就业政策主管苏珊o崔曼(Susan Traiman)表示，她感到担忧的是，随着英国和澳大利亚等其它国家纷纷提高自己在研究生教育方面的投资，并发起招募国内外优秀学生的攻势，美国研究生院正失去其在吸引外国最优秀人才方面的优势。
Susan Traiman, the director of education and workforce policy at the Business Roundtable, said she was concerned that US graduate schools were losing their edge in attracting the most talented foreign students, as other countries, such as the UK and Australia, boosted their investment in graduate education and embarked on campaigns to recruit top domestic and international students.
她表示： "这些数字似乎表明，目前顶尖人才有更多的选择。"
"What these numbers seem to be saying is that top talent has many more options now," she said.
"如果没有数量足够的美国学生进入这些领域，同时如果没有外国人才来填补这些空白，这将有损美国的创新能力--而这正是美国竞争力的根本所在。"
"If we don't have enough Americans going into these fields, and if we don't have the foreign talent to fill the gaps, it jeopardises US innovation - and that is the underpinning of American competitiveness."
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