大学生英语四级听力训练材料

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大学生英语四级听力训练材料

　　part 1

　　The American space agency and private companies are developing vehicles to take humans into low Earth orbit and even farther into space.

　　A space vehicle system called Crew Space Transportation is a part of the effort. Boeing, the aircraft manufacturer, says its CST-100 Starliner will start flying human crews to the International Space Station by the end of next year.

　　The United States no longer uses its reusable space shuttle to send astronauts into space. The last shuttle flight took place in 2011. Since then, the U.S. space agency has depended on Russian spacecraft to launch crews to the International Space Station.

　　Boeing and another company, Space X, say they can fly astronauts to low orbits for about $20 million less than the current Russian spacecraft, Soyuz.

　　Astronauts are already training for commercial spacecraft missions in flight simulators. Vehicle designs and controls have changed since the early days of spaceflight. In the future, astronauts will fly with the help of computer screens that are sensitive to touch.

　　Eric Boe is an astronaut with NASA.

　　"You know, it is like learning how to drive a car, except for now you are learning how to drive a spaceship."

　　The space agency is using a number of flight simulators. The machinery was developed to help astronauts understand the design of a spacecraft's cockpit.

　　The agency, better known as NASA, is developing its new Orion spacecraft and a more powerful rocket, called Space Launch System.

　　In the future, NASA officials want to let private companies take the lead in low orbit flights. By doing so, they want the space agency to direct its attention on deep space flights, such as the first manned flight to Mars.

　　I'm Anne Ball.

　　George Putic produced this story for VOANews. Jim Dresbach adapted this story for Learning English. George Grow was the editor.

　　part 2

　　An art project in Turkey is bringing together people divided along ethnic and religious lines.

　　Twenty-four Kurdish and Turkish young adults have worked together to create documentaries and photographs about life in Turkish cities.

　　The results are now on display in the southern Turkish city of Diyarbakir. The art project is called BAK.

　　Latife Ulucinar is the coordinator.

　　"People, especially young people, living in different parts of Turkey don't know each other," she said. "Face-to-face [meeting] is important. We want to give some possibilities to these young people to experience the city."

　　One photo project focused on a Roma family. (Photo courtesy of the BAK project)

　　The project members chose the following issues: The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey; Roma people; and the tattoo culture.

　　Many works also featured the Kurds' years-long battle for minority rights.

　　"Zilan," a video documentary, recalls a massacre of thousands of Kurds and the exile of many more by the Turkish state in the 1930s.

　　"I found out that many killed were relatives of mine. The affected villages were very familiar," said co-director Derya Gumus.

　　"I met people who survived. [They were] the last witnesses. Even though I live there, I learned it very late as well, so I wanted to tell this."

　　Gumus admits that working with a partner from a different background was not always easy. Her partner was originally from the Black Sea region, but now studies in the western city of Izmir, which is one of the main hubs for refugees seeking to enter Europe.

　　That experience, Gumus says, helped to provide common ground.

　　Overcoming ethnic divides between partners became harder when fighting between the PKK Kurdish rebel group and the Turkish government resumed last July.

　　One photo project focused on the traditional and modern tattoo culture in Turkey. (Photo courtesy of the BAK project)

　　Diyarbakir, one of the BAK host cities, witnessed some of the worst fighting. The conflict affected some projects.

　　For example, "The Resort of the East: Hazar" aimed to show an aspect of Kurdish life rarely seen: normality. Photographer Murat Kartal said he and his partner wanted to show the holiday habits of the region. But, he said, the growing violence caused problems.

　　"I saw that our efforts could be in vain," he said. "The clashes started and I questioned this, ‘What am I doing here?' When we finish this project and exhibit these photographs, we see the preciousness of peace."

　　Many observers warn that the deepening ethnic conflict, especially among the young, presents Turkey with one of its greatest challenges.

　　But those who participated in BAK say they took a small step in bridging that ethnic divide.

　　I'm John Russell.

　　Dorian Jones wrote this story for VOANews. Jim Dresbach adapted his report for Learning English. Kelly Jean Kelly was the editor.

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