2016年英语四级仔细阅读模拟题汇总
下面是小编整理的2016年英语四级阅读理解仔细阅读模拟试题汇总，提高给大家参考。
2016年英语四级阅读理解仔细阅读模拟试题(一)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ),B., C.and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
People's tastes in recreation differ widely. At a recent festival of pop-music in the Isle of Wight, crowds of teenagers flocked to listen to their favorite singers and musicians. They went with single railway tickets and slept in the open, a very risky thing to do in the climate of Britain, even in August. They were packed together like sardines for four days. There were innumerable thieves, a gang of roughs tried several times to break things up, and police were everywhere. At the end of the festival many young fans found themselves broke, with no money left,and they had difficulty in getting back home. Most people would consider these conditions a nightmare of discomfort; the fans appeared to enjoy it all enormously.
Even in the overcrowded United Kingdom there are large tracts of open un-spoilt country, where people with more traditional tastes can go for quiet, and for the sense of freedom they derive from contact with nature. In the national parks especially, modern development of housing and industry is strictly controlled. Visitors may walk for miles through landscape of the greatest beauty and wildness, and often of considerable historic or scientific interest. Along the coasts of some of the maritime counties, public pathways have been created; these paths stretch for many miles along cliffs that look out on the Atlantic Ocean or the English Channel. Another path,lying inland, goes along the range of mountains in the north of England. It is called the Pennine Way. Here, the long-distance waller and the nature-lover can find much to enjoy, without feeling disturbed by large numbers of their fellows.
Yet few people make full use of the national parks established for everyone's benefit. The commonest thing nowadays is for family groups to motor out to a beautiful spot and park their cars in a lay-by ( 英国的路旁停车带 ). A picnic basket is produced, along with a folding table and chairs, a kettle and a portable stove. They then settle down to a picnic in the lay-by beside the car. Apparently their idea of enjoyment is to get into the fresh air and amongst the country sights and sounds without having to wall a yard. They seem almost to like to hear and to smell the traffic.
56. In Britain it is very risky to __________.
A.go with a single railway ticket
B.listen to pop-music at the festival
C. sleep in the open
D.pack together in crowds
57. At the end of the festival, many young fans__________.
A.were arrested by the police
B.had spent most of their money
C.were sleeping out
D.became quite penniless
58. Even in the overcrowded United Kingdom there are large__________.
A.tracks through the open country
B.areas of country without soil
C.areas of countryside not developed
D.expanses of land where nobody works
59. Public pathways are created for people to__________.
A.commute to work
B.enjoy long-distance walking
C. wall to maritime counties
D.visit the historic or scenic sites
60. Family groups nowadays like to__________.
A.have meals out of doors by the road-side
B.go for a walk away from home
C.drive out past the beautiful places
D.hear and smell the animals
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants, and his objective is to find it and buy it; the price is a secondary consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the salesman promptly produces it, and the business of trying it on proceeds at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone's satisfaction.
For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have eactly what he wants. In that case the salesman, as the name implies, tries to sell the customer something else--he offers the nearest he can to the article required. No good salesman brings out such a substitute bluntly; he does so with skill and polish. "I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It happens to be the color you mentioned. " Few men have patience with this treatment, and the usual response is: "This is the right color and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on. "
Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way.
Her shopping is not often based on need. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only"having a look around". She is always open to persuasion; indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, even by what companions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes. They are always on the look-out for the unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps,before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process, but apparently an enjoyable one. So most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.
61. When a man is buying clothes, __________.
A.he chooses things that others recormnend
B.he buys cheap things, regardless of quality
C.he buys good things, so long as they are not too expensive
D. he does not mind how much he has to pay for the right things
62. In commerce a good salesman is one who__________.
A.sells something a customer does not particularly want
B.always has in stock the thing the customer wants
C.can find out quickly the goods required
D.does not waste his time on difficult customers
63. What does a man do when he cannot get exactly what he wants?
A.He buys something that is similar enough to the ideal one.
B.He usually does not buy anything.
C.At least two of his reqnirements must be met before he buys.
D.So long as the style is right, he buys the thing.
64. According to this passage, when shopping for clothes, women__________.
A.often buy things without thinking
B.seldom buy cheap clothes
C.welcome suggestions from anyone
D.never take any advice
65. What is the most obvious difference between men and women shoppers'?
A.The fact that men do not try clothes on in a shop.
B.Women bargain for their clothes, but men do not.
C.Women stand up while shopping, but men sit down.
D. The time they take over buying clothes.
Passage One
【参考译文】
人们对于休闲娱乐的品位大相径庭。在英国怀特岛最近举办的一次流行音乐节上，青少年们成群结队地去听他们最喜爱的歌手和音乐家演唱。[56]他们只买得起去音乐节的单程火车票，甚至不惜露宿街头，在英国那种气候条件下，即便是在八月份，他们的这种行为也是非常危险的。他们像沙丁鱼一样在音乐节上挤了四天。音乐节现场有数不清的盗贼，一伙暴徒几次三番试图捣乱，而且到处都是警察。[57]音乐节结束后，许多年轻歌迷发现自己身无分文，想要回家都很困难。大多数人都会认为这种情形简直像噩梦一样叫人不爽，但是歌迷们似乎仍乐在其中。
[58]即便是在英国这样拥挤的国家，也有一大片一大片未遭破坏的乡村地区，在那里，有着更多传统品位的人们可以寻求安静以及他们在同大自然接触过程中产生的自由感。特别是在国家级公园所在的地区，房产和工业的现代发展受到严格限制。游客可以步行几英里，游览极度迷人而又十分原始的风景，以及大量历史和科学景点。[59]一些海滨县城修建了公路;这些公路沿着悬崖峭壁一直延伸，而这些峭壁则紧挨着大西洋或英吉利海峡。在内陆还有另一条公路，沿国北部的山脉修成，被称作奔宁公路。在这里，远途旅行者和热爱大自然的人能够收获不少乐趣一而不会有被大批其他游人打搅的感觉。
国家级公园是为造福公众而修建的，然而，很少有人能够充分利用这一资源。[60]现下最为常见的事情就是，全家人一起开车去一个美丽的景点，将车停在路边的停车带。他们全生野餐篮、折叠式桌椅、一把水壶和一台便携式火炉，然后在自己车的附近安顿下来，开始一顿野餐。显然，他们对娱乐的观点是呼吸新鲜空气，身处乡间，不用行走一步就能欣赏美景，听闻乡村之声。他们似乎很喜欢用耳朵和鼻子去感受乡问的车马交通。
56.C
定位：根据题干信息词risky可将答案定位到第一段第三句。
解析：该句提到：“他们(青少年们)只买得起去音乐节的单程火车票，甚至不惜露宿街头，在英国那种气候条件下，即便是在八月份，他们的这种行为也是非常危险的。”故选C。
57.D
定位：根据题干信息atthe end ofthefestival可将答案定位到第一段倒数第二句。
解析：该句提到：“音乐节结束后，许多年轻歌迷发现自己身无分文，想要回家都很困难。”故选D。became quite penniless即意为“身无分文”，是对broke和with no money left的同义转述。
58.C
定位：根据题干信息even in the overcrowded United Kingdom可将答案定位到第二段第一句。
解析：原文提到：“Even in the overcrowded United Kingdom there are large tracts of open Hrl—spoilt country…(即便是在英国这样拥挤的国家，也有一大片一大片未遭破坏的乡村地区……)”选项C中的not developed是原文中tin.spoilt的同义转述，故为正确答案。
59.B
定位：根据题干信息public pathways可将答案定位到第二段第四句。
解析：原文提到，一些海滨县城修建了公路，在内陆，沿英国北部的山脉也有一条公路。远途旅行者和热爱大自然的人能够收获不少乐趣，而且不会有被大批其他游人打搅的感觉。可见，开辟公路就是为了让人们能够享受远足，享受自然，故选B。
60.A
定位：根据题干信息family groups nowadays可将答案定位到第三段第二句。
解析：原文提到，现下最为常见的事情就是，全家人一起开车去一个美丽的景点，将车停在路边的停车带。然后他们就拿出准备好的各种工具和食物在自己的汽车旁野餐，故选A。
Passage Two
【参考译文】
买衣服对男人和女人来说是不同的经历。[61]男人去购物是因为他需要某些东西。他的目的是既定的，而且提前就做好了决定。他知道自己需要什么，而他的目的就是找到那个东西并买下来，价格倒在其次。[65]男人都是直接走进商店，询问店员自己想要买的东西。如果店里有货，销售员能及时找到，而且马上就能试穿或试用，这一切顺利的话，整个交易一般在五分钟之内就可以完成。虽然几乎没什么言语交谈，但是买卖双方各自都满意。
[62]对于男人来说，如果商店没有他想买的东西或者羞不完全符合他心里的条件，可能会引发一些小问题。在那种情况下，导购就要像自己的职业名称(导“购”)所暗示的那样，尝试卖给顾客别的东西：他把跟顾客要求最接近的东西推荐给他。优秀的导购都不会贸然向顾客推荐替代品，他会花一番心思和技巧。比如，他会说：“先生，我知道这件上衣不是您想要的样式，但您能否试一下，看看大小合不合适。它的颜色刚好符合您的要求。”[63]对于这种情况，男人很少会买账，他们一般都会说：“也许衣服的颜色和大小都合适，但要是让我试穿的话：既浪费了你的时间，也浪费了我的。”
现在来看一下女人买衣服的过程是怎样的呢?每个环节差不多都和男人相反。女人购物通常都不是因为有什么需求。她从来都没完全决定自己想要买什么，只是“四处看看”。[64]女人总是肯听他人的劝说，她重视女店员的话，甚至是同伴的话。她会什么都试窒一下。在她内心深处，她要找的衣服，是所查人都认为适合她的。与很多笑话里讲的不同，很多女人在买衣服的时候还是精打细算的。她们总是在寻找意外的超值商品。[65]面对一屋子衣服，她们也许很容易就花上一个小时，一排排浏览，来来回回乐此不疲;她们会不时地折返脚步，直到发现自己想试穿的衣服。这是个累人的过程，但是很显然，她们很享受这个过程。因此大部分服装店都为那些等待的丈夫提供座椅。
【答案解析】
61.D
定位：根据题干信息when a man is buying clothes可将答案定位到文章前两段。
解析：第一段中提到：“男人去购物是因为他需要某些东西。他的目的是既定的，而且提前就做好了决定。他知道自己需要什么，而他的目的就是找到那个东西并买下来，价格倒在其次。”可见，男士不怎么会考虑价格，故选D。
62.A
定位：根据题干信息agood salesman可将答案定位到第二段第二句。
解析：第二段开头提到：“对于男人来说，如果商店没有他想买的东西或者并不完全符合他心里的条件，可能会引发一些小问题。在那种情况下，导购就要像自己的职业名称(导‘购’)所暗示的那样，尝试卖给顾客别的东西：他把跟顾客要求最接近的东西推荐给他。”可见，一名优秀的导购是能成功将其他东西推销给顾客的，故选A。
63.B
定位：根据题干信息cannot get exactly what he wants可将答案定位到第二段第一句。
解析：第二段描述的是如果商店没有与男人想象的完全一样的商品时，会出现什么情况。题干的重点在于男人的反应，因此寻读到第二段结尾处，此处作者提到：“对于这种情况，男人很少会买账，他们一般都会说：‘也许衣服的颜色和大小都合适，但要是让我试穿的话，既浪费了你的时间，也浪费了我的。”’可见，在这种情况下，男人一般是什么都不会买的，故选B。
64.C
定位：根据题干信息when shopping for clothes，women可将答案定位到第三段。
解析：第三段中提到：“女人总是肯听他人的劝说，她重视女店员的话，甚至是同伴的话。她会什么都试穿一下。在她内心深处，她要找的衣服，是所有人都认为适合她的。”可见，女士很容易听取他人的建议.故C项为正确答案，
65.D
定位：根据题干信息the most obvious difference between men and women可知解答本题需通观全文，但由于涉及女性的购物特点，因此可到第三段寻找线索。
解析：在讲男人买衣服的情况时，作者提到：“如果店里有货，销售员能及时找到，而且马上就能试穿或试用.这一切顺利的话，整个交易一般在五分钟之内就可以完成。”在讲女人买衣服的情况时，作者提到：“面对一屋子衣服，她们也许很容易就花上一个小时，一排排浏览，来来回回乐此不疲;她们会不时地折返脚步，直到发现自己想试穿的衣服。”因此，男人与女人在买衣服问题上最主要的区别就很明显了，故本题应选D。
2016年英语四级阅读理解仔细阅读模拟试题(二)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A.,B., C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Fried foods have long been frowned upon. Nevertheless, the skillet (长柄平底煎锅) is about our handiest and most useful piece of kitchen equipment. Strong woodcutters and others engaged in active labor requiring 4,000calories per day or more will take approximately one-third of their rations prepared in this fashion. Meat, eggs, and French toast cooked in this way are served in millions of homes daily. Apparently the consumers are not beset with more signs of indigestion than afflicted by those who insist upon broiling, roasting, or boiling. Some years ago one of our most eminent physiologists investigated the digestibility of fried potatoes. He found that the pan variety was more easily broken down for assimilation than when deep fat was employed. The latter, however, dissolved within the alimentary tract ( 消化道 ) more readily than the boiled type. Furthermore, he learned, by watching the progress of the contents of the stomach by means of the fluoroscope (荧光检查仪), that fat actually accelerated the rate of digestion. Now all this is quite in contrast with "authority". Volumes have been written on nutrition, and everywhere the dictum ( 权威意见) has been accepted--no fried edibles of any sort for children. A few will go so tar as to forbid this style of cooking wholly. Now and then an expert will be bold enough to admit that he uses them himself, the absence of discomfort being explained on the ground that he possesses a powerful gastric ( 胃的 )apparatus. We can of course sizzle perfectly good articles to death so that they will be leathery and tough. But thorough heating, in the presence of shortening, is not the awful crime that it has been labeled. Such dishes stimulate rather than retard contractions of the gall bladder. Thus it is that bile ( 胆汁 ) mixes with the nutriment shortly after it leaves the stomach.
We don't need to allow our foodstuffs to become oil soaked, but other than that, there seems to be no basis for the widely heralded prohibition against this method. But notions become fixed. The first condemnation probably rose because an "oracle" ( 圣贤) suffered from dyspepsia (消化不良) which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu. The theory spread. Others agreed with him, and after a time the doctrine became incorporated in our textbooks. The belief is now tradition rather than proved fact. It should have been refuted long since, as experience has demonstrated its falsity.
56. This passage focuses on__________.
A. why the skillet is a handy piece of kitchen equipment
B. the digestibility of fried foods
C. how the experts can mislead the public in the area of food preparation
D. why fried foods have long been frowned upon
57. People engaged in active labor eat fried foods because __________.
A. they are healthful
B. they are much cheaper
C. they can be easily digested
D. they can provide the calories the workers need
58. The author implies that the public should__________.
A. prepare some foods by frying
B. avoid fried foods if possible
C. fry foods for adults but not for children
D. prepare all foods by frying
59. When the author says that "an 'oracle' suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu" he is being__________.
A. grateful
B. factual
C. sarcastic
D. humorous
60. The passage was probably taken from__________.
A. a medical journal
B. a publication addressed to the general public
C. a speech at a medical convention
D. an advertisement for cooking oil
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South ( 发展中国家) began to send students to the industrialized countries for further education. They urgently needed supplies of highly trained personnel to implement a concept of development based on modernization.
But many of these students decided to stay on in the developed countries when they had finished their training. At the same time, many professionals who did return home but no longer felt at ease there also decided to go back to the countries where they had studied.
In the 1960s, some Latin American countries tried to solve this problem by setting up special "return" programs to encourage their professionals to come back home. These programs received support from international bodies such as the International Organization for Migration, which in 1974 enabled over 1,600 qualified scientistsand technicians to return to Latin America.
In the 1980s and 1990s, "temporary return" programs were set up in order to make the best use of trained personnel occupying strategic positions in the developed countries. This gave rise to the United Nations Development Program's Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate ( 移居国外的 ) Nationals, which encourages technicians and scientists to work in their own countries for short periods. But the brain drain (人才流失) fromthese countries may well increase in response to the new laws of the international market in knowledge.
Recent studies forecast that the most developed countries are going to need more and more highly qualified professionals around twice as many as their educational systems will be able to produce, or so it is thought. As a result there is an urgent need for developing countries which send students abroad to give preference to fields where they need competent people to give muscle to their own institutions, instead of encouraging the training of people who may not come back because there are no professional outlets for them. And the countries of the South must not be content with institutional structures that simply take back professionals sent abroad, they must introduce flexible administrative procedures to encourage them to return. If they do not do this, the brain drain is bound to continue.
61. Which of the following is NOT correct according to the passage?
A. The developing countries believe that sending students to the industrialized countries is a good way to meet their own needs for modernization.
B. The South American countries have been sending students to developed countries since the 1920s.
C. Many people trained abroad remain in the developed countries instead of coming back to serve their home countries.
D. The International Organization for Migration successfully helped more than 1,600 professionals to return to their own countries in a single year.
62. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why the developing countries are losing their brain power?
A. Many professionals did not feel comfortable in their home countries after they returned home.
B. "Temporary return" programs encouraged professionals to work in their home countries for short periods.
C. The new laws of the international market encourage knowledge transfer.
D. The professionals from the developing countries have been trained in fields where they could not apply their knowledge to the best advantage in their home countries.
63. In the author's opinion, the developing countries should __________.
A. keep their present administrative procedures so as to ensure that their students return after graduation
B. cooperate more effectively with international organizations
C. set up more return programs under the guidance of the UN
D. send students abroad in the fields where their knowledge is more likely to be made full use of in their own countries
64. According to the passage, the problem of the developing countries will continue__________.
A. as long as the developed countries need more qualified professionals than they can educate domestically
B. as long as the developing countries are content with their present institutional structures
C. unless those countries stop sending large number of students to be trained abroad
D. if theh governments fail to make administrative adjustments concerning the return procedures of their professionals
65. The best title for the passage is__________.
A. The Brain Drain of the Developing Countries
B. Knowledge Transfer
C. The Talents from the Developing Countries
D. The Failure of Development Programs
【参考译文】
很长时间以来，人们都不喜欢油炸食品。然而，长柄平底煎锅基本上是我们厨房里最方便、最有用的厨具。
[57]健壮的伐木工人以及其他从事体力劳动的人员，每天需要4000卡路里或者更多的热量，他们吃的食物中的有三分之一是用这种煎锅来烹饪的。用煎锅烹制的肉、蛋和法式土司每天都会出现在千百万人家的餐桌上。很明显，困扰这些食用者的不是消化不良的迹象越来越多，而是那些坚持只用烘、烤、煮的方法烹饪的人对他们的折磨。数年前，一位非常著名的生理学家研究了油炸薯条的可消化性。他发现，用平底锅烹制食物时，不用油炸要比油炸的更容易被吸收。汪是，比起蒸煮过的食物，经过油炸的食物更容易在消化道里分解。并且，当通过荧光检查仪观察胃里食物的消化过程时他还发现，实际上脂肪可加快消化的速度。而现在这些发现都与“权威”说法相悖、营养方面的书籍汗牛充栋，其中油炸食品有害的权威说法随处可见——孩子绝对不能吃任何油炸食物。一些书籍甚至完全禁止使用煎炸这种烹饪方式。时不时还会有某位专家大胆地指出自己进行了亲身试验，但他吃了油炸食物身体却安然无恙的原因在于自己的胃功能强大。当然，我们可以重复阅读这些好文章.直到感觉味同嚼蜡、无聊透顶。但是(油炸)这种含有起酥油的彻底加热的方式，并不像之前人们所定义的那样糟糕。这样的食物不仅不会阻碍胆囊收缩，反而会刺激其收缩。这样，这些胆汁就能在营养物从胃里流出之后迅速与其混合。
[58]我们没有必要让我们的食品浸在油里，但与此相反：油炸食品这个方法被广泛禁止好像也没有什么依据。但是这一观念却根深蒂固。
[59]人们最初对油炸食品的非难，可能源自某位“圣贤”，这位前辈偶尔消化不良就认定是吃了菜单上某些油炸食品的结果。于是他的这种论调传播开来。不少人赞同他的观点，后来人们就把这种信条写入教科书了。现在，这种信条是一种传统的定义，而不是经过验证的事实，这种信条早就该被推翻了，因为实践已经证明了它的荒谬。
【答案解析】
56.B定位：根据题干信息this passage focuses on可知解答本题需通观全文。解析：整篇文章谈论的主题是油炸食品是否易于消化。第一段提到：人们一直不喜欢油炸食品，因为据说这种食品不好消化，但科学家却发现，经过油炸的食物更容易在消化道里分解。第二段提到：人们反对油炸食品，说其会引起消化不良，是因为这种说法已经成为传统，但它却并非被证明了的事实，而实践已经证明了它的荒谬。综上所述，这篇文章的主题就是me digestibility of tried foods。故选B。
57.D定位：根据题干信息people engaged in active labor可将答案定位到第一段第三句。解析：该句提到：“健壮的伐木工人以及其他从事体力劳动的人员，每天需要4000卡路里或者更多的热量，他们吃的食物中约有三分之一是用这种煎锅来烹饪的。”由此可知，从事体力劳动的人员需要吃油炸食物是因为这类食物能提供足够的热量。故选D。
58.A定位：根据题干信息implies that the public should可将答案定位到第二段第一句。解析：题干问作者对公众烹饪食品有何建议，作者在第一段提到，据实验证明，油炸食品非但不会导致消化不良，而且还比较容易消化。第二段开头处又提到：“我们没有必要让我们的食品浸在油里，但与此相反，油炸食品这个方法被广泛禁止好像也没有什么依据。”可见，作者的观点是人们是可以食用一些油炸食品的。故选A。
59.C定位：根据题干信息an“oracle”suffered from dyspepsia which he ascribed to some fried item on the menu可将答案定位到第二段第二句。解析：题干中的引文选自第二段中间处，作者提到：“人们最初对油炸食品的非难，可能源自某位。圣贤’，这位前辈偶尔消化不良就认定是吃了菜单上某些油炸食品的结果。于是他的这种论调传播开来”作者的讽刺语气跃然纸上。加之oracle本身就在引号里，更足以证明其讽刺性。故选C。
60.B定位：根据题于信息taken from可知解答本题需通观全文。解析：题干问这篇文章的出处。从文章内容和风格来看，应该是节选自一本大众科普读物，它既不像医学杂志、会议发言文章那样严谨，也不像广告那样以产品为核心。因此正确答案为B项。
2016年英语四级阅读理解仔细阅读模拟试题(三)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ),B., C. andD. . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Educators today are more and more often heard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary for college students. Many even argue that each incoming freshman should have permanent access to his or hcr own microcomputer. What advantages do computers offer the college students?
Any student who has used a word processor will know one compelling reason to use a computer: to write papers. Although not all students feel comfortable composing on a word processor, most find revising and editing much easier on it. One can alter, insert, or delete just by pressing a few keys, thus eliminating the need to rewrite or re-type. Furthermore, since the revision process is less burdensome, students are more likely to revise as often as is necessary to end up with the best paper possible. For these reasons, many freshman English courses require the use of a word processor.
Computers are also useful in the context of language courses, where they are used to drill students in basic skills. Software programs reinforce ESL(English as a Second Language ) instruction, as well as instruction in French, German, Spanish, and other languages. By using these programs on a regular basis, students can improve their proficiency in a language while proceeding at their own pace.
Science students take advantage of computers in many ways. Using computer graphic capabilities, for example, botany students can represent and analyze different plant growth patterns. Medical students can learn to interpret computerized images of internal body structures. Physics students can complete complex calculations far
more quickly than they could without the use of computer.
Similarly, business and accounting students find that computer spreadsheet programs are all but indispensable to many aspects of their work, while students pursuing careers in graphic arts. marketing, and public relations find that knowledge of computer graphic is important. Education majors learn to develop grading systems using computers, while social science students use computers for analyzing and graphically displacing their research results.
It is no wonder, then, that educators support the purchase and use of microcomputers by students. A versatile tool, the computer can help students learn. And that is, after all, the reason for going to college.
56. The word "literacy" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) means__________.
A. the ability to read and write
B. the ability to use
C. literature
D. the knowledge of language
57. The main purpose of this passage is to __________.
A. persuade the educators to increase computer use in their own classroom
B. analyze advantages and disadvantages of computer use among college students
C. identify some of the ways that computers benefit college students
D. describe how computers can be used to teach foreign languages
58. According to the author, a word processor can be used to __________.
A. revise papers
B. retype papers
C. reduce the psychological burden of writing papers
D. improve the writing skills of a student
59. In this passage, the writer's argument is developed primarily through the use of __________.
A. cause-effect analysis
B. comparison and contrast
C. induction
D. examples
60. According to the author, the reason for students to go to college is__________.
A. to learn something
B. to perfect themselves
C. to improve computer skills
D. to make the best use of computers
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Language is, and should be, a living thing, constantly enriched with new words and forms of expression. But there is a vital distinction between good developments, which add to the language, enabling us to say things we could not say before, and bad developments, which subtract from the language by rendering it less precise. A vivacious, colorful use of words is not to be confused with mere slovenliness. The kind of slovenliness in which some professionals deliberately indulge is perhaps akin to the cult (迷信) of the unfinished work, which has eroded most of the arts in our time. And the true answer to it is the same that art is enhanced, not hindered, by discipline. You cannot carve satisfactorily in butter.
The corruption of written English has been accompanied by an even sharper decline in the standard of spoken English. We speak very much less well than was common among educated Englishmen a generation or two ago.
The modem theatre has played a baneful (有害的) part in dimming our appreciation of language. Instead of the immensely articulate dialogue of, for example, Shaw (who was also very insistent on good pronunciation),audiences are now subjected to streams of barely literate trivia, often designed, only too well, to exhibit 'lack of communication', and larded (夹杂) with the obscenities (下流的话) and grammatical errors of the intellectually impoverished. Emily Post once advised her readers: "The theatre is the best possible place to hear correctly-enunciated speech. " Alas, no more. One young actress was recently reported to be taking lessons in how to speak badly, so that she should fit in better.
But the BBC is the worst traitor. After years of very successfully helping to raise the general standard of spoken English, it suddenly went into reverse. As the head of the Pronunciation Unit coyly (含蓄地) put it, "In the 1960s the BBC opened the field to a much wider range of speakers." To hear a BBC disc jockey talking to the latest ape-like pop idol is a truly shocking experience of verbal squalor. And the prospect seems to be of even worse to come. School teachers are actively encouraged to ignore little Johnny's incoherent grammar, atrocious spelling and haphazard punctuation, because worrying about such things might inhibit his creative genius.
61. The writer relates linguistic slovenliness to tendencies in the arts today in that they both __________.
A. occasionally aim at a certain fluidity
B. appear to shun perfection
C. from time to time show regard for the finishing touch
D. make use of economical short cuts
62. "Art is enhanced, not hindered, by discipline" (Lines 6～7, Paragraph 1 ) means __________.
A. an artist's work will be finer if he observes certain aesthetic standards
B. an unfinished work is bound to be comparatively inferior
C. the skill of certain artists conceals their slovenliness
D. artistic expression is inhibited by too many roles
63. Many modem plays, the author finds, frequently contain speech which__________.
A. is incoherent and linguistically objectionable
B. is far too ungrammatical for most people to follow
C. unintentionally shocks the audience
D. tries to hide the author's intellectual inadequacies
64. The author says that the standard of the spoken English of BBC__________.
A. is the worst among all broadcasting networks
B. has raised English-speaking up to a new level
C. has taken a turn for the worse since the 1960s
D. is terrible because of a few popular disc jockeys
65. Teachers are likely to overlook the linguistic lapses in their pupils since__________.
A. they find that children no longer respond to this kind of discipline nowadays
B. they fear the children may become less coherent
C. more importance is now attached to oral expression
D. the children may be discouraged from expressing their ideas
【参考译文】
[56]现在，越来越多的教育专家认为大学生一定要懂电脑。甚至还有许多人认为每个大学新生都应该随时能使用自己的电脑。那么，电脑能够给大学生带来什么好处呢?
任何一个使用过word程序的人都知道使用电脑的一个必要原因：写论文。[58]虽然并非所有学生都喜欢在word文档里写东西，但是大部分学生都发现在电脑上进行修改和编辑更加容易。只需按下几个键，你就可以修改、插入或者删除，无需重写或重新输入。此外，由于这种修改并不怎么烦累，学生更有可能经常修改，从而完成一篇质量最高的论文。因此，很多为大一新生开设的英文课程都要求学生使用word程序。
电脑对于语言课程也是非常有用的，它们能帮助学生训练基本的语言能力。软件程序为非母语英语课程，同时还有法语、德语、西班牙语以及其他语种的课程的教育带来了方便。通过定期使用这些程序，学生可以根据自己的进度提高语言水平。
理科类学生可以用电脑做很多事情。比如，利用电脑的绘图功能，生物专业的学生可以描述和分析不同植物的生长模式。医学专业的学生可以学会利用电脑合成的图片来了解人体的内部构造。运用电脑，物理专业的学生进行复杂的计算可以比在没有电脑时快得多。
同样，商务和会计专业的学生会发现，他们作业的很多方面都离不开电脑上的电子制表软件;而想从事平面造型艺术、市场营销和公关工作的学生会发现懂电脑绘图很重要。教育学专业的学生学习用电脑开发评分系统，而社会科学专业的学生使用电脑对研究结果进行分析，并将研究结果以图表的形式呈现。
综上所述，难怪教育专家会赞成学生购买和使用个人电脑。[60]作为一种多功能工具，电脑能堡帮助学生堂习。毕竟，这也就是读大学的原因。
【答案解析】
56.B
定位：根据题干信息可将答案直接定位到第一段第一句。
解析：literacy最基本的意思是tlle ability to read and write，但在本文中的literacy出现于第一段：
Educators today are more and more often heard to say that computer literacy is absolutely necessary for college students.因此，此处literacy引申为“使用的能力”。故选B。
57.C
定位：根据题干信息main purpose of this passage可知解答本题需要通观全文。
解析：在文章开头处作者提到：“现在，越来越多的教育专家认为大学生一定要懂电脑。甚至还有许多人认为每个大学新生都应该随时能使用电脑。那么，电脑能够给大学生带来什么好处呢?”显然，作者下面要讲的就是拥有电脑对大学生的多种好处。故C为正确选项。B项也比较有迷惑性，但文章并未提到disadvantages.故排除。
58.A
定位：根据题干信息wordprocessorcanbe usedto可将答案定位到第二段第二、三句。
解析：第二段提到：“虽然并非所有学生都喜欢在word文档里写东西，但是大部分学生都发现在电脑上进行修改和编辑更加容易。只需按下几个键，你就可以修改、插入或者删除，无需重写或重新输入。”可见，word程序能帮助学生编辑论文。故选A。
59.D
定位：根据题干信息the writer’s argument is developed primarily through可知解答本题需要通观全文。
解析：作者为了说明自己的论点，即“拥有电脑对大学生的多种好处”，举了很多例子：他首先指出电脑在写论文时的用途，接着说明电脑在语言学习中的用途，然后又说明了电脑对理科学生的重要性，最后还说明其对商务专业、会计专业、教育学以及社会科学等专业的学生有何帮助。故选D。因果分析、比较对比、归纳总结等写作方式不是本文的主要写作方式。
60.A
定位：根据题干信息the reason for students to go to college可将答案定位到文章最后一段。解析：文章在举例说明了电脑对各专业学生的帮助之后，再次回到首段中提到的观点，即教育专家为什么支持学生使用电脑。作者总结道：“作为一种多功能工具，电脑能够帮助学生学习。毕竟，这也就是读大学的原因。”可见上大学的终极目标也就是学习。故选A。
Passage Two
【参考译文】
语言是而且也应该是活的，不断有新的词汇和表达形式来使其丰富完善。但是发展有好有坏，两种发展有着很大区别。前者为语言注入新的东西，让我们能够表达出之前不能表达的东西，而后者就不一样了.它通过减弱语言的精准度而降低语言层次。对词汇灵活、生动的使用同对词汇邋遢、马虎的使用是不可混为一谈的。[61]有些语言工作者有意大量以邋遢、马虎的方式使用词汇，他们的这种做法同狂热地迷信艺术品不需要润饰的做法很相似，而艺术品不润饰的做法也逐渐毁掉了我们这个时代的艺术品。[62]对于这种见象。解决的方法同艺术创作是一样的：规则是对艺术的促进，而不是对艺术的阻碍。用黄油来雕刻永远也做不出令人满意的艺术品。
伴随着书面英语的惨淡现状，英语口语的水平更是大大降低了。我们现在说的口语要比一两代之前接受普通教育的英国人差很多。
我们对语言的欣赏水平越来越差，这一点，现代剧院难辞其咎。[63]相比以前吐字极为清晰的戏剧语言，倒如萧伯纳戏剧的语言(他本人说话时也坚持良好的发音),现代观众不得不接受的是勉强识字的人所袁述的信息，而且常常被拙劣地设计成“(现代人)沟通缺乏”的体现，很多时候还夹杂缺乏教养的下流言语和语法错误。埃米莉·波斯特曾建议她的读者：“剧院是你最有可能听得到清晰纯正发音的场所了。”唉，如今已然不是了。最近有报道称，为了在表演中更入戏，一名年轻女演员正在上专门教授低劣言辞的课。
但最糟糕的背叛者要数BBC了。[64]BBC曾多年如一日地帮助提升英语的口语标准。并且卓有成效'但是随后它就突然倒行逆施了。诚如英国发音部门负责人所含蓄表示的那样：“20世纪60年代。BBC亚丝向更广泛的讲话者人群开放。”听BBC音乐节目主持人与猿猴一般的最新流行偶像做访谈节目，绝对是一场震撼身心的言语悲剧。不仅如此，将来的情形似乎更糟。[65]现在学校都积极鼓励老师们不要苛责小孩子语法不连贯、拼写糟糕、发音蹩脚。因为他们担心那样做可能会扼杀孩子的创造天赋。
【答案解析】
61.B
定位：根据题干信息词slovenliness和arts可将答案定位到第一段第四句。
解析：该句提到：“有些语言工作者有意大量以邋遢、马虎的方式使用词汇，他们的这种做法同狂热地迷信艺术品不需要润饰的做法很相似。”可见二者的共同点在于都不追求完美。故选B。
62.A
定位：根据题干信息可直接将答案定位到第一段倒数第二句。
解析：第一段倒数第二句提到：And the true answer to it is the same that art is enhanced，not hindered，bydiscipline.从字面理解这句话，其意为：“……规则是对艺术的促进，而不是对艺术的阻碍。”即：没有规矩，不成方圆;遵守规范，才会有更好的艺术。紧接着的下一句“You cannot carve sailsfactorilvinbutter.(用黄油来雕刻永远也做不出令人满意的艺术品。)”将此意说得更明白透彻。故选A。
63.A
定位：根据题干信息modemplays可将答案定位到第三段第二句。
解析：本题是问现代戏剧语言具有怎样的特点。第三段第二句提到：“相比以前吐字极为清晰的戏剧语言，现代观众不得不接受的是勉强识字的人所表述的信息，而且常常被拙劣地设计成‘(现代人)沟通缺乏’的体现，很多时候还夹杂着缺乏教养的下流言语和语法错误。”故A为正确答案。incoherent和linguistically objectionable是对文中streams ofbarely fiterate trivia的同义转述。
64.C
定位：根据题干信息词BBC可将答案定位到最后一段前半部分。
解析：原文提到，BBC曾多年如一日地帮助提升英语的口语标准，并且卓有成效，但是随后它就突然倒行逆施了。自20世纪60年代起，BBC开始向更广泛的讲话者人群开放。听BBC音乐节目主持人与猿猴一般的最新流行偶像做访谈节目，绝对是一场震撼身心的言语悲剧。可见，BBC主持语言的水平从20世纪60年代起就急转直下，故选C。
65.D
定位：根据题干信息teachers和linguistic lapses in their pupils可将答案定位到文章最后一句。
解析：文章最后提到：“现在学校都积极鼓励老师们不要苛责小孩子语法不连贯、拼写糟糕、发音蹩脚，因为他们担心那样做可能会扼杀孩子的创造天赋。”也就是说，老师们害怕过多地纠正小学生的语言问题会使他们不再勇于表达自己的观点。故选D。
2016年英语四级阅读理解仔细阅读模拟试题(四)
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA.,B., C. andD.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services: for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbors. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.
It is this economic interdependency of the economic system which makes the power of trade unions (工会)such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries' economic blood supply.
This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labor force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States.
For historical reasons, Britain's unions have tended to develop along trade (行业) and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy in industry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.
There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes.
Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feelings between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies,unions can fight for their members' disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.
Trade unions have problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union. Some trade union officials have to be re-elected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed, for life. Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" (工厂工人代表) in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or work level.
56. Why is the trade union power crucial in Britain?
A. Because the economy is very interdependent.
B. Because the unions have been established a long time.
C. Because there are more unions in Britain than elsewhere.
D. Because there are many essential services offered by the unions.
57. Because of their out-of-date organization, some unions find it difficult to __________.
A. bargain for high enough wages
B. get new members to join
C. learn new technologies
D. change as industries change
58. Disagreements arise between unions because some of them__________.
A. try to win over members of other unions
B. ignore agreements
C. protect their own members at the expense of others
D. take over other unions' jobs
59. Why does the author compare the trade unions with managers in companies?
A. They are both influential in company affairs.
B. They both face problems of internal communication.
C. They both work with a system of "shop stewards".
D. They both work efficiently.
60. The title which best expresses the idea of the text would be __________.
A. British Trade Unions and Their Drawbacks
B. A Centralized and Concentrated Society
C. The Power of Trade Unions in Britain
D. The Structure of British Trade Unions
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, is now engaged in a serious debate about what a university should be, and whether it is measuring up (符合标准).
Like the Roman Catholic Church and other ancient institutions, it is asking--still in private rather than in public--whether its past assumptions about faculty, authority, admissions, courses of study, are really relevant to the problems of our society.
Should Harvard--or any other university--be an intellectual sanctuary, apart from the political and social revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimentation with these political and social revolutions; or even an engine of the revolution? This is what is being discussed privately in the big clapboard ( 楔形板) houses of faculty members around the Harvard Yard.
The issue was defined by Walter Lippmann, a distinguished Harvard graduate, many years ago.
"If the universities are to do their work," he said, "they must be independent and they must be disinterested... They are places to which men can turn for unbiased judgments. Obviously, the moment the universities fall under political control, or under the control of private interests, or the moment they themselves take a hand in politics and the leadership of government, their value as independent and disinterested sources of judgment is impaired..."
This is part of the argument that is going on at Harvard today. Another part is the argument of the militant and even many moderated students: that a university is the keeper of our ideals and morals, and should not be "disinterested" but activist in bringing the Nation's ideals and actions together.
Harvard's men of today seem more troubled and less sure about personal, political and academic purpose than they did at the beginning. They are not even clear about how they should debate and resolve their problems, but they are struggling with them privately, and how they come out is bound to influence American university and political life in the 21st century.
61. A "paradox"(Line 1, Paragraph 1 ) is__________.
A. an unusual situation
B. a parenthetical expression
C. a difficult puzzle
D. a self-contradiction
62. The word "sanctuary", in paragraph 3 refers to __________.
A. a holy place dedicated to a certain god
B. a temple or nnnnery of the middle age
C. a certain place you can hide in and avoid mishaps
D. an academy for intelligent people
63. The issues in the debate on Harvard's goals are whether the universities should remain independent of our society and its problems, and whether they should __________.
A. fight off militarism
B. exert greater influence upon the young generation
C. take an active part in solving the society's ills
D. reconsider the structure of institutes and departments
64. In regard to their goals and purposes in life, the author believes that Harward men are becoming __________.
A. more sure about them
B. less sure about them
C. more hopeful of reaching a satisfactory answer
D. less interested in them
65. In the author's judgment, the ferment going on at Harvard__________.
A. will influence the future of America
B. will soon be over, because times are bound to change
C. is of interest mostly to Harvard men and their friends
D. is a sad symbol of our general bewilderment
【参考译文】
一个工业社会对某些基本服务(比如电力供应、水、铁路和公路运输以及港口)有着很强的依赖性，特别是在英国这样集权而集中的国家更是如此。而今，依赖的领域已扩大到垃圾清运、医院和救护车服务，而且，随着经济的发展，中央计算机和信息服务也包含其中。一旦这些服务中的任何一项停止运作，整个经济体系就会处于危险之中、
[56]正是由于经济体系内各种经济因素相互依赖，才使得工会权力成为如此重要的问题。单是工会就能切断许多国家的经济命脉。相比其他国家，这种情况在英国更有可能发生，一部分原因是，英国的工人力量具有高度组织化的特征。在英国，约有55%的工人是工会的成员，而在美国，这一比例还不到25%。由于一些历史原因，英国的工会趋向于沿着行业和职业的方向发展，而不是各行业独立发展。这种情况导致薪金政策、行业民主以及薪金水平规定流程的改进很难实现。
[57]工会运动面临许多限制和压力，其中一些源于工会本身落后而低效的结构。由于产业调整，一些工会已经失去了很多成员。另外一些工会则面临一系列争论：新的行业中究竟由谁来代表工人?技术性行业的工会跟一般意义上的工会是分离的，这意味着，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常会在各工会之间引发摩擦，[58]传统的行业正逐渐被先进的技术所替代，在这些行业里，工会会为其成员渺无前景的工作努力抗争，使其他工会成员的工作也受到威胁或者破坏。美国和英国的报纸印刷经常会中断，因为印刷工要努力维护本行业的传统地位和高额薪酬。
[59]和公司中的经理们一样，工会内部也同样面临着交流问题。在那些大型工会或者聚集了不同行业工人的工会里，这些问题成倍增加。有些工会需要定期选举并更换主席;另一些工会则采取选举或指定一名终身主席一在很多工会里，干部必须在“工厂工人代表”的体制下工作。工厂工人代表由其他工人在整个工厂或者车间内选举产生，来代表其他工人的利益。
【答案解析】
56.A
定位：根据题干信息thetrade union power和crucial可将答案定位到第二段第一句。
解析：该句提到：“正是由于经济体系内各种经济因素相互依赖(this economic interdependency of the economic system)，才使得工会权力成为如此重要的问题。”选项A符合题意。
57.D
定位：根据题干信息out-of-date organization可将答案定位到第三段第一句。
解析：第三段开头处提到：“工会运动面临许多限制和压力，其中一些源于工会本身落后而低效的结构。由于产业调整，一些工会已经失去了很多成员。另外一些工会则面临一系列争论：新的行业中究竟由谁来代表工人?”可见由于其落后的结构，工会适应不了产业的变化和调整。故D为正确答案。
58.C
定位：根据题干信息disagreements arise between unions可将答案定位到第三段第四句。
解析：该句提到：“技术性行业的工会跟一般意义上的工会是分离的，这意味着，某些工作薪金水平的不同通常会在各工会之间引发摩擦。”可见differentlevels ofwagesfor certainjobs是引发矛盾的一大原因，但在四个选项中找不到意思相近的表述。我们继续向下寻读即可发现下一句中提到：“传统的行业正逐渐被先进的技术所替代，在这些行业里，工会会为其成员渺无前景的工作努力抗争，使其他工会成员的工作也受到威胁或者破坏。”也就是说，一些工会会为了保护自己成员的利益而牺牲其他工会成员的利益。故选项C为正确答案。
59.B
定位：根据题干信息managersin companies可将答案定位到最后一段第一句。
解析：该句提到：“和公司中的经理们一样，工会内部也同样面，临着交流问题二在那些大型工会或者聚集了不同行业工人的工会里，这些问题成倍增加。”可见，工会和经理们的共同点就是在其内部存在着沟通不畅的问题，故选B。
60.A
定位：根据题干信息词tire可知解答本题需通现全文。
解析：本题问选项中最适合做文章题目的是哪一项，考查的是全文的主旨。从全文的内容看，文章主要阐述了英国工会的状况及其存在的问题。故应选A。最具迷惑性的是D项The Structure ofBritishTrade Unions，但其只提到英国工会的结构，而没有概括其存在的问题，故不够全面。
【参考译文】
[61]美国现今最有趣的一个矛盾是，作为美国高等教育历史最悠久的大学，哈佛大学正在进行一场严峻的争论，争论围绕的中心问题是大学究竟应该是什么样的，而哈佛大学又是否符合条件。
哈佛大学和罗马天主教堂以及其他一些古老的机构一样正在提出疑问——这种提问尚在私下里进行，并没有公开——所提出的问题是：哈佛过去对于院系、权威、招生、课程设置的设想，是否真的跟现代社会所面临的问题相关。
[62][63]除了作为某一时代中政治和社会变革的避难所，哈佛大学(或者其他大学)是否应该也是知识分子的避难所;或者，它是否应该成为一个进行政治和社会变革实验的实验室;或者，它是否甚至应该成为改革的动力?这正是现在哈佛大学全体教职工在校园内部私下探讨的话题。
多年前，沃尔特·李普曼阐释了这个问题，他是一名杰出的哈佛大学毕业生。
“如果大学想要名副其实，”他说，“那就必须独立于社会，必须坚持公平……大学应该是能为人们提供公正评判的地方。显然，一旦大学为政治权力或私人利益所控制，或者说，一旦大学参与政治和政府的领导，那么，它们作为独立和公正评判之源的价值就大大减弱了。”
这只是现今哈佛大学正在讨论的部分问题。另一部分讨论来自崇尚武力的人，甚至还包括很多温和的学生。他们认为，大学应该成为我们理想和道德的捍卫者，因此不应该是“无为”的，而应该成为将国家的理想和行动结合起来的行动者。
[64]如今，哈佛人似乎今非昔比，他们面临更多困惑，对自身的定位、政治的和学术的目标也没有当初那么明确了。他们甚至都不清楚该如何探讨和解决自己的问题，但私下里他们正做着努力。[65]无论最终的结果怎样，都注定将影响21世纪美国的大学和政治生活。
【答案解析】
61.D
定位：根据题干信息词paradox可将答案定位到第一段第一句。
解析：paradox意为“person，thingor situationdisplaying contradictoryfeatures(有矛盾特点的人、事物或情况)”。文章第一段提到：“美国现今最有趣的一个——是，作为美国高等教育历史最悠久的大学，哈佛大学正在进行一场严峻的争论，争论围绕的中心问题是大学究竟应该是什么样的，而哈佛大学又是否符合条件。”作为大学却对自身的合理性、存在的意义产生了疑问，不能不说是一种自相矛盾。故答案选D。
62.C
定位：根据题干信息“sanctuary”in paragraph 3可将答案定位到第三段第一行。
解析：sanctuary本意是“圣殿”，在中世纪一般是指某些教堂或者修道院，可以充当躲避任何政府惩罚’和迫害的避难所。引申义即是：一个人们可以躲进去以避过灾祸的地方。文中使用的就是这个意思。
从该词后面的apartfromthepolitical and social revolution ofthe age我们也能得出一些线索。故选C。
63.C
定位：根据题干信息issuesinthedebateonHarvard’sgoals，andwhetllermeyshould可将答案定位到第三段。
解析：关于哈佛大学办学的宗旨，第三段提出了三种可能：“哈佛大学(或者其他大学)是否应该也是知识分子的避难所;或者，它是否应该成为一个进行政治和社会变革实验的实验室;或者，它是否甚至应该成为改革的动力?”三者在大学参与社会问题的程度问题上逐渐深入。其实，大学是应该独立于社会问题之外，保持其公平性，还是应该在解决社会问题中起积极作用才是文中人们探讨的核心问题，也是贯穿文章始终的主旨。故选C。
64.B
定位：根据题干信息goals and purposes in life，Harvard men are becoming可将答案定位到文章最后一段。
解析：文章最后提到：“如今，哈佛人似乎今非昔比，他们面临更多困惑，对自身的定位、政治的和学术的目标也没有当初那么明确了。”不难发现答案为B。
65.A
定位：根据题于信息me author’s judgment可将答案定位到文章最后一段。
解析：文章大部分都在转述他人的观点，作者只在最后对所探讨的问题表述了自己的观点：无论最终的结果怎样，都注定将影响21世纪美国的大学和政治生活。故选A。
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