2022年英语四级词类语法讲义

　　对于我们学生来说，就是要每一天每一刻都要做到：有目的有计划积极主动不放过任何一个学习机会，争分夺秒地学习，勤学好问，虚心学习，永不满足。以下是小编为大家整理的英语四级词类语法讲义，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。

2022年英语四级词类语法讲义

　　英语的词通常分为十大类：

　　1)名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。

　　2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。

　　3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。

　　4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。

　　5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。

　　6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。

　　7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。

　　8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。

　　9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。

　　10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。

　　[注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。

　　[注二]不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作;动词和名词)，fast(快;形容词和副词)，since(自从;连词和介词)等。

　　【相关阅读】

　　英语四级动词语法讲解

　　Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)

　　时态

　　1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的'事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　语态

　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

　　双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　宾补结构的被动语态:

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　短语动词

　　Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　Vi + prep (有被动语态)

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.

　　扩展资料：

　　英语四级高级语法讲义

　　一、定语从句的回顾

　　Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.

　　The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist.

　　iuThis is the right book that you are looking for.

　　二、关系词充当宾语的时候

　　三、关系词充当主语

　　(1)谓语结构为实词

　　(2)谓语结构为be + 名词

　　四、先行词为the way

　　定语从句省略

　　英语四级语法关于现在分词的完成式的讲义

　　现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。

　　【例如】

　　Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.

　　Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.

　　Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.

　　独立结构中也可以用现在分词的完成形式。

　　【例如】

　　His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.

　　The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.

　　英语四级语法讲义:不能变为被动结构的主动结构

　　1)某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。

　　【例如】

　　This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.

　　2)某些动词的主动形式表示被动意义，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.

　　【例如】

　　Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.

　　英语四级语法讲义:特殊的被动结构

　　1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。

　　【例如】

　　The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.

　　2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。

　　【例如】

　　The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.

　　3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补语”结构变为被动语态时，原句中的宾语补语成为主语补语。能用这种结构的动词有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。

　　【例如】

　　She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.

　　4)在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to.

　　【例如】

　　A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.

　　5)某些感官动词加形容词可以表示被动意义。

　　【例如】

　　The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.

　　6) It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句，或主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.

　　【例如】

　　It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.

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