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引导定语从句的关系词用法

时间:2022-12-08 09:41:08 英语 我要投稿

引导定语从句的关系词用法汇总

  导语:引导定语从句的关系词用法都有哪些呢?这是英语学习中不可或缺的知识点之一。下面是小编帮大家整理的引导定语从句的关系词用法,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。

  引导定语从句的关系词用法

  一、关系代词引导的定语从句

  1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

  which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)

  who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

  whom 指人在从句中作宾语

  whose 指人或物在从句中作定语

  as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

  but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

  注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词

  2、as 的用法

  (1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as

  注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个

  the same…that 表示同一个

  (2)as与which的区别

  a、位置不同

  as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。

  b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。

  Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。

  注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,

  as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。

  c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。

  3、but用作关系代词,相当于who/that…not

  例:In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng.

  二、只用that不用which的情况

  1、先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时

  2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.

  3、 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

  4、 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

  5、当先行词是数词时

  6、 当先行词既指人又指物时。

  7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用 that。

  8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。

  9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that。

  10、先行词为what,关系代词用that。

  11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。

  三、只用which不用that的情况

  1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。

  2、 在非限制性定语从句中。

  3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。

  四、只用who不用that的情况

  1、当先行词是one, ones,anyone或those时。

  2、there be 结构中。

  3、当先行词是人,后面有较长修饰语时。

  4、为了避免重复或引起歧义。

  5、当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用于谚语中)。

  6、先行词是指成员的集体名词。

  7、who可以引导非限制性定语从句。

  8、先行词是拟人化的名词。

  9、先行词指特定的人时用who,不指特定的人用that。

  五、关系副词引导的定语从句

  1、when时间状语

  注意:It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that… 只能用that,that可以省略,从句用相应的完成时。

  2、where 地点状语

  注意:当先行词为模糊的地点时,如point. Situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词时用where.

  3、why 原因状语 先行词为reason。

  六、介词与关系代词

  1、介词如何确定

  (1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定

  (2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定

  (3)根据意思来确定

  (4)为了强调某一名词,不定式前加上关系词

  2、关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词的位置

  (1)whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。

  (2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。

  (3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。

  (4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。

  3、“名词/数词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有:名词/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比较级/the+最高级…+of+which/whom。

  七、定语从句中的主谓一致

  1、关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

  2、“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的动词通常用复数,但当one前有the,the only,the very等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。

  八、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况

  1、当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:that/in which/不填。

  注意:关系词在从句中必须作状语。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,按正常的定语从句分析。

  2、当先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。

  定语从句关系词that

  1.概念

  被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它需要放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句一般由关系代词来引导。关系代词必须放在定语从句之首。定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

  2.关系代词引导的定语从句

  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

  1)who, whom, that

  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

  他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

  他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

  that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作不及物动词+介词的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置

  2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

  3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略

  4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

  5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句

  6. when引导定语从句表示时间

  〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间time一词的`定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导

  By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

  I still remember the first time I met her.

  Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

  定语从句关系词用法

  一、定语从句关系词的用法与选择

  ■关系词的用法

  关系词分关系代词和关系副词,关系代词主要有 that,who,whom,whose,which,as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有when,where 和why,其中when表示时间,where表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语:

  A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞行的机器.(that指物,在从句中用作主语)

  I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school.我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了.(that指物,在从句中句作宾语)

  The man who lives in that house is my uncle.住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔.(who指人,在从句中作主语)

  The house whose windows are broken is empty.破了窗户的那座房子是空的.(whose指物,在从句中作定语)

  There are some students whose questions I can’t answer.有些学生提出的问题我回答不了.(whose指人,在从句中作定语)

  He is not such a fool as he looks.他并不像他看起来那么傻.(as指人,在从句作表语)

  ■关系词的选择

  选择关系词可考虑以下四点:

  (1)一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whom,指人时通常不用which等).

  (2)二看关系词的句能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why)

  (3)三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。

  (4)四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体。

  二、定语从句中关系副词的用法

  关系副词,顾名思义,是联系先行词和定语从句的词,属于副词。定语从句中的关系副词有三个:when, where和why,它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下:

  表时间的名词 + when + 定语从句

  when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。

  例句:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

  I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.

  表地点的名词 + where + 定语从句

  where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。

  例句:The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.

  This is the house where I lived two years ago.

  表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。)

  例句:That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略)

  上句也可以这样表示:

  That is the reason I did the job.

  又如: This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature.

  关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单,以下注意点不可忽视:

  1)“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分,比较下面的几组句子:

  I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore.

  I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School.

  This is the hospital where my mother works.

  This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday.

  The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill.

  This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office .

  2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词 + which”,介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如:

  Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which=when)

  This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where)

  Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why)

  有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系,尤其在非限制性定语从句中,常使用“介词 + which”结构,而不使用关系副词。例如:

  My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river.

  At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhouse.

  3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。

  例如:I will always remember the day when I first visited the Great Wall.

  He came to Shanghai in 1980, when he was only 12.

  I don’t know the exact spot where they will meet.

  Mr Wang will fly to Beijing, where he will stay for three months.

  有时关系副词“when”、“where”引导的限制性定语从句和先行词有间隔的现象,是为了平衡句子的语法需要。

  Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?

  The days are gone forever when the Chinese people used “foreign oil.”.

  4) “that”可活用为关系副词,相当于“when, where、why”和“介词 + which”结构,尤其在“the time when”等结构中的“when”常被“that”代替,而且“that”往往省略。

  I may leave here any time I want to.

  During the time I was there I visited him twice.

  This is my second time I have come to your country.

  5) “which”有时可用作关系形容词,这是“which”在非限制性定语从句中的特殊使用,如:

  The doctor advised him to give up smoking, which advice he did not follow.

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