英语二级笔译试题
汉译英
第一篇节选自《胡xx在金砖国家的领导人第三次会晤时的讲话》(2011年4月15日) 原文：
和平稳定是发展的前提和基础。上个世纪，人类经历了两次世界大战，生灵涂炭，经济社会发展遭受严重挫折。第二次世界大战结束以来，世界经济能够快速增长，主要得益于相对和平稳定的国际环境。
我们应该恪守联合国宪法和章程宗旨和原则，充分发挥联合国及其安理会在维护和平、缔造和平、建设和平方面的核心作用。坚持通过对话和协商，以和平方式解决国际争端。
我们应该坚持国家不论大小、强弱、贫富都是国际社会平等一员，以民主、包容、合作、共赢的精神实现共同安全，做到一国内部的事情一国自主办、大家共同的事情大家商量办，坚定不移奉行多边主义和国际合作，推进国际关系民主化。
我们应该营造支持各国根据本国国情实现和平、稳定、繁荣的国际环境。应该本着求同存异的原则，尊重各国主权和选择发展道路和发展模式的权利，尊重文明多样性，在交流互鉴、取长补短中相得益彰、共同进步。
参考译文：
Peace and stability form the prerequisite and foundation for development. The two world wars in the last century caused mankind untold sufferings and world economic and social development severe setbacks. It is mainly due to the relatively peaceful and stable international environment that the world economy has been able to grow at a fast pace in the post-war era. The World Bank statistics show that none of the countries persistently under violent conflict has achieved the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To maintain world peace and stability so that the people can live a happy and prosperous life is the primary responsibility for governments and leaders of all countries.
We should abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and bring into full play the central role of the United Nations and its Security Council in peace keeping, peace making and peace building. We should seek peaceful settlement of international disputes through dialogue and consultation.
All countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. We should work for common security in a spirit of democracy, inclusiveness, cooperation and win-win progress. Internal affairs of a country should be handled independently by the country itself and international affairs should be managed collectively through consultation by all. We should be committed to multilateralism and international cooperation, and promote democracy in international relations.
We should foster an international environment that supports efforts of countries to achieve peace, stability and prosperity in the light of their national circumstances. We should respect the sovereignty of all countries and their right to choose their development paths and models in keeping with the principle of seeking common ground while shelving differences. And we should respect the diversity of civilizations and pursue common progress through mutual learning and drawing on each other's strength.
第二篇：
http://www.360docs.net/doc/info-a04efb91a32d7375a5178013.html /2009news/guonei/huanbao/2011-11/17/content_406281.htm 中国将逐步告别白炽灯时代
中国准备彻底淘汰有着130年使用历史的普通照明用白炽灯。11月1日国家发展改革委、商务部、海关总署、国家工商总局、国家质检总局联合印发《关于逐步禁止进口和销售普通照明白炽灯的公告》(以下简称《公告》)，决定从2012年10月1日起，按功率大小分阶段逐步禁止进口和销售普通照明白炽灯。
1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史(这句话为第二篇的第一句话)，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国，2010年中国白炽灯产量和销量分别为38.5亿只和10.7亿只。
目前中国准备将白炽灯淘汰，在全国普及节能灯。国家发改委资源节约和环境保护司副司长谢极介绍，淘汰白炽灯是为了节能减排。中国节能灯市场已经逐步形成，用节能灯替换白炽灯后中国将实现年节电480亿千瓦时、年减少二氧化碳排放4800万吨。
谢极说，今年是中国“十二五”规划开局之年，联合国气候变化德班会议开幕在即，中国发布逐步淘汰白炽灯的公告，再次表明政府深入开展绿色照明工程、大力推进节能减排、积极应对全球气候变化的坚强决心和采取的积极行动。
分五阶段进行
根据《公告》，中国逐步淘汰白炽灯分为五个阶段：2011年11月1日至2012年9月30日为过渡期;2012年10月1日起禁止进口和销售100瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯;2014年10月1日起禁止进口和销售60瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯;2015年10月1日至2016年9月30日为中期评估期;2016年10月1日起禁止进口和销售15瓦及以上普通照明白炽灯，或视中期评估结果进行调整。
谢极说，目前一些白炽灯生产企业已经着手转型工作，淘汰白炽灯的相关工作将稳步推进。发改委资料显示，2010年中国年产白炽灯1亿只以上的大型企业有10家，产量占全行业总产量的70%以上。
早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，并与联合国开发计划署、全球环境基金开展了三期绿色照明国际合作项目。
《公告》说，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的'整体提升，节能灯和白炽灯的产量比由1996年的1：34上升至2010年的1：1。中国节能灯生产企业不断扩大，2010年中国节能灯总产量约42.6亿只，约占全球总产量的80%，其中年产量5000万只以上规模企业约20家，占全行业总产量的82.2%。
谢极说，经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。此外，半导体照明等新兴高效照明技术发展迅速。“高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。”谢说。
国家电光源监督检验中心主任华树明介绍，合格的节能灯使用寿命在6000小时以上，是白炽灯的六倍。一只13瓦的节能灯光效相当于60瓦的白炽灯，使用6000小时电费比使用白炽灯要少128元。用节能灯替代白炽灯可节电60%至80%。
节能灯因节约电也得到了老百姓的认可。发改委的数据显示，中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。截止目前，全国已经累计推广节能灯5亿只以上。
“居民照明节电意识普遍增强，淘汰低效照明产品、选用高效照明产品已逐渐成为社会共识。”谢极说。
(汉英第二篇参考答案建议http://www.360docs.net/doc/info-a04efb91a32d7375a5178013.html /?p=17131 http://www.360docs.net/doc/info-a04efb91a32d7375a5178013.html /business/txt/2011-11/21/content_407037.htm ) 或
Goodbye Incandescents
China looks to energy-efficient bulbs as it gears up to heighten energy efficiency
After 130 years of using incandescent lamps, China is determined to abandon the energy-guzzling bulbs in favor of more energy-efficient ones.
On November 1, the Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and five other government departments jointly released a joint circular, vowing to gradually halt imports and sales of the traditional incandescent lamps.
Those lamps are widely used for both household and commercial lighting. Electricity is used to heat up the thin wire filament inside the bulb until it glows and produces light. Unfortunately, while incandescent bulbs are effective at illuminating even the darkest of spaces, they are not energy efficient. Much of the electricity is used to make heat, and light is only a by-product.
In 1882, China’s first incandescent lamp was used in Shanghai, providing a more reliable alternative to oil lamps and candles. In the past 130 years, China has become the world’s largest producer and consumer of incandescent bulbs. In 2010, the country’s output of such bulbs stood at 3.85 billion, with sales hitting 1.07 billion yuan ($168.47 million).
As China embarks on a greener path of development, it is aiming to phase out these less efficient bulbs.
“This move is part of the government’s vigorous efforts to push forward energy conservation and emission reduction,” said Xie Ji, Deputy Director of Resource Conservation and Environment Protection under the NDRC.
The effort to replace incandescent lamps with energy-efficient ones nationwide will help save 48 billion kwh of electricity and reduce 48 million tons of carbon dioxide emission annually, said Xie.
“This year marks the beginning of the 12th Five-year Plan (2011-15), which is focused on economic rebalancing. Meanwhile, the United Nations Climate Change Conference is about to convene in Durban, South Africa,” said Xie. “Against this background, China is taking swift action to propel green lighting and implementing effective measures in response to climate change.”
Xie said some manufacturers of incandescent lamps in the country have been transforming their businesses and reducing production. NDRC data showed that in 2010 there were 10 enterprises nationwide with annual output of more than 100 million incandescent lamps, accounting for at least 70 percent of the industry’s total output of such lamps.
China has been firmly committed to improving energy efficiency. In 1996, the Chinese Government launched a green lighting program, promoting wider use of energy-efficient lamps with heavy subsidies. Moreover, the country has joined hands with the United Nations Development Program and Global Environmental Facility to initiate a project aimed at lifting the quality and competitiveness of China’s energy-efficient lighting products.
The circular said those projects have significantly helped China’s lighting industry move up the value chain and improve product quality. In 1996, China’s output of energy-efficient lamps was barely 3 percent of that of incandescent bulbs, but the ratio jumped to 1:1 in 2010. Last year, the country’s output of energy-efficient lamps amounted to 4.26 billion, accounting for 80 percent of the world’s total. There were around 20 manufacturers with annual output surpassing 50 million, making up 82.2 percent of the industry’s overall output.
“Meanwhile, techniques of Chinese manufacturers have advanced to the world-leading level,” added Xie. “In addition, semi-conductor lighting technologies are also maturing quickly.”
Hua Shuming, Director of the National Lighting Test Center, said the service life of a qualified energy-efficient lamp is more than 6,000 hours, six times that of an incandescent bulb.
A 13-watt energy-efficient lamp can produce illumination comparable to that of a 60-watt incandescent lamp, and it is able to reduce electricity consumption by 60-80 percent.
Energy-efficient lighting products are being recognized by global consumers. Data from the NDRC showed that Chinese energy-efficient lamps controlled 85 percent of global markets, up from only 20 percent in 1996.
LED in full swing
China is sparing no effort to propel wider use of energy-efficient lamps, especially light-emitting diode (LED) lighting products. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent lights including lower energy consumption, longer lifetimes, smaller size and faster switching.
“But LEDs are less competitive due to higher prices, so it will still take some time before they are fully accepted by consumers,” said Xie.
He added that the NDRC and the Ministry of Finance (MOF) are mulling subsidies to accelerate the promotion of LEDs.
China’s LED industry is already taking shape. In October 2009, the NDRC announced a series of measures to support the emerging sector, including government purchases and favorable import tariffs. Many local governments also followed suit, handing out generous policy incentives. The past two years have witnessed the start of nearly 100 large LED projects across the nation, with total investments exceeding 30 billion yuan ($4.72 billion).
Xie expected the output value of China’s LED industry to double in the next five years. The sector is an important part of the energy conservation and environment protection industry, one of the seven major strategic emerging industries supported by the government.
Looming concerns
A recent research report from the Guoyuan Securities Co. Ltd. said China’s LED industry is getting into full swing, and LEDs are widely used in cell phones and liquid crystal television. But they are yet to be widely accepted as a general lighting source, it said.
“The biggest problem is high costs—its manufacturing cost is 50-60 times that of incandescent lamps,” said the report.
“Without government subsidies, it would be difficult to promote LEDs as general lighting, but elimination of incandescent lamps has provided a powerful catalyst for the promotion of LEDs,” it added.
In 2008, the NDRC and MOF launched a lighting program and distributed more than 400 million energy-efficient lamps to consumers. But the program encountered many problems, hindering further promotion of those lamps.
Energy-efficient lamps contain mercury, a neurotoxin that can pose a serious threat to environmental health. The amount is tiny—China, as well as the European Union, allows each fluorescent lamp to contain no more than 5 milligrams of mercury—but that is enough to cause acute environmental damage and has sparked worries over the disposal of those lamps.
Fluorescent lamps use electricity to stimulate mercury vapor. The mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.
Some people suggested manufacturers recycle the lamps, but that was less feasible given the high costs.
“Indeed, it is difficult to establish a nationwide recycling system in such a big country,” said Xie. “What we are doing is further improving technologies to decrease the mercury content of such lamps.”
Moreover, the high prices of energy-efficient lamps are also impeding the consumer acceptance.
In China, an LED lamp costs nearly 100 yuan ($15.75), compared with less than 10 yuan ($1.57) for an incandescent bulb. That is also why most Chinese LED manufacturers have focused on exports, instead of the home market.
Chinese LED firms still have a long way to go to sharpen their competitive edge. Chinese companies are good at assembly production, but one cause for concern is a lack of core chip technologies. U.S. and Japanese companies have dominated chip technologies, leaving Chinese firms in a weak position to compete.
Worse still, domestically made LED lamps suffer from the problem of a short battery life. As a result, it would be critical for domestic enterprises to strengthen efficiency and extend the service life of batteries so as to make their LED products more market competitive.
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