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Java初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句

时间:2020-09-17 12:09:05 java语言 我要投稿

Java初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句

  Java是一种面向对象的跨平台编程语言,下面小编整理了Java初学者必看的基础SQL查询语句,希望对大家有帮助!

  1、创建表和数据插入SQL

  我们在开始创建数据表和向表中插入演示数据之前,我想给大家解释一下实时数据表的设计理念,这样也许能帮助大家能更好的理解SQL查询。

  在数据库设计中,有一条非常重要的规则就是要正确建立主键和外键的关系。

  现在我们来创建几个餐厅订单管理的数据表,一共用到3张数据表,Item Master表、Order Master表和Order Detail表。

  创建表:

  创建Item Master表:

  CREATE TABLE [dbo].[ItemMasters](

  [Item_Code] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [Item_Name] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,

  [Price] Int NOT NULL,

  [TAX1] Int NOT NULL,

  [Discount] Int NOT NULL,

  [Description] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,

  [IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,

  [IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,

  [UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  CONSTRAINT [PK_ItemMasters] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED

  (

  [Item_Code] ASC

  )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]

  ) ON [PRIMARY]

  向Item Master表插入数据:

  INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]

  ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Item001','Coke',55,1,0,'Coke which need to be cold',GETDATE(),'SHANU'

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]

  ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Item002','Coffee',40,0,2,'Coffe Might be Hot or Cold user choice',GETDATE(),'SHANU'

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]

  ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Item003','Chiken Burger',125,2,5,'Spicy',GETDATE(),'SHANU'

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [ItemMasters] ([Item_Code],[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]

  ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Item004','Potato Fry',15,0,0,'No Comments',GETDATE(),'SHANU'

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  创建Order Master表:

  CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderMasters](

  [Order_No] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [Table_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [Description] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,

  [IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,

  [IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,

  [UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderMasters] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED

  (

  [Order_No] ASC

  )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]

  ) ON [PRIMARY]

  向Order Master表插入数据:

  INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]

  ([Order_No],[Table_ID] ,[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Ord_001','T1','',GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]

  ([Order_No],[Table_ID] ,[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Ord_002','T2','',GETDATE(),'Mak' ,GETDATE(),'MAK')

  INSERT INTO [OrderMasters]

  ([Order_No],[Table_ID] ,[Description],[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('Ord_003','T3','',GETDATE(),'RAJ' ,GETDATE(),'RAJ')

  创建Order Detail表:

  CREATE TABLE [dbo].[OrderDetails](

  [Order_Detail_No] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [Order_No] [varchar](20) CONSTRAINT fk_OrderMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES OrderMasters(Order_No),

  [Item_Code] [varchar](20) CONSTRAINT fk_ItemMasters FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES ItemMasters(Item_Code),

  [Notes] [varchar](200) NOT NULL,

  [QTY] INT NOT NULL,

  [IN_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,

  [IN_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  [UP_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,

  [UP_USR_ID] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,

  CONSTRAINT [PK_OrderDetails] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED

  (

  [Order_Detail_No] ASC

  )WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]

  ) ON [PRIMARY]

  --Now let’s the 3 items for the above Order No 'Ord_001'.

  INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]

  ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]

  ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('OR_Dt_001','Ord_001','Item001','Need very Cold',3

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]

  ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]

  ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('OR_Dt_002','Ord_001','Item004','very Hot ',2

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]

  ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]

  ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('OR_Dt_003','Ord_001','Item003','Very Spicy',4

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  向Order Detail表插入数据:

  INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]

  ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]

  ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('OR_Dt_004','Ord_002','Item002','Need very Hot',2

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]

  ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]

  ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('OR_Dt_005','Ord_002','Item003','very Hot ',2

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  INSERT INTO [OrderDetails]

  ([Order_Detail_No],[Order_No],[Item_Code],[Notes],[QTY]

  ,[IN_DATE],[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE],[UP_USR_ID])

  VALUES

  ('OR_Dt_006','Ord_003','Item003','Very Spicy',4

  ,GETDATE(),'SHANU' ,GETDATE(),'SHANU')

  2、简单的Select查询语句

  Select查询语句是SQL中最基本也是最重要的DML语句之一。那么什么是DML?DML全称Data Manipulation Language(数据操纵语言命令),它可以使用户能够查询数据库以及操作已有数据库中的数据。

  下面我们在SQL Server中用select语句来查询我的姓名(Name):

  SELECT 'My Name Is SYED SHANU'

  -- With Column Name using 'AS'

  SELECT 'My Name Is SYED SHANU' as 'MY NAME'

  -- With more then the one Column

  SELECT 'My Name' as 'Column1', 'Is' as 'Column2', 'SYED SHANU' as 'Column3'

  在数据表中使用select查询:

  -- To Display all the columns from the table we use * operator in select Statement.

  Select * from ItemMasters

  -- If we need to select only few fields from a table we can use the Column Name in Select Statement.

  Select Item_Code

  ,Item_name as Item

  ,Price

  ,Description

  ,In_DATE

  FROM

  ItemMasters

  3、合计和标量函数

  合计函数和标量函数都是SQL Server的内置函数,我们可以在select查询语句中使用它们,比如Count(), Max(), Sum(), Upper(), lower(), Round()等等。下面我们用SQL代码来解释这些函数的用法:

  select * from ItemMasters

  -- Aggregate

  -- COUNT() -> returns the Total no of records from table , AVG() returns the Average Value from Colum,MAX() Returns MaX Value from Column

  -- ,MIN() returns Min Value from Column,SUM() sum of total from Column

  Select Count(*) TotalRows,AVG(Price) AVGPrice

  ,MAX(Price) MAXPrice,MIN(Price) MinPrice,Sum(price) PriceTotal

  FROM ItemMasters

  -- Scalar

  -- UCASE() -> Convert to Upper Case ,LCASE() -> Convert to Lower Case,

  -- SUBSTRING() ->Display selected char from column ->SUBSTRING(ColumnName,StartIndex,LenthofChartoDisplay)

  --,LEN() -> lenth of column date,

  -- ROUND() -> Which will round the value

  SELECT UPPER(Item_NAME) Uppers,LOWER(Item_NAME) Lowers,

  SUBSTRING(Item_NAME,2,3) MidValue,LEN(Item_NAME) Lenths

  ,SUBSTRING(Item_NAME,2,LEN(Item_NAME)) MidValuewithLenFunction,

  ROUND(Price,0) as Rounded

  FROM ItemMasters

  4、日期函数

  在我们的项目数据表中基本都会使用到日期列,因此日期函数在项目中扮演着非常重要的角色。有时候我们对日期函数要非常的小心,它随时可以给你带来巨大的麻烦。在项目中,我们要选择合适的日期函数和日期格式,下面是一些SQL日期函数的.例子:

  -- GETDATE() -> to Display the Current Date and Time

  -- Format() -> used to display our date in our requested format

  Select GETDATE() CurrentDateTime, FORMAT(GETDATE(),'yyyy-MM-dd') AS DateFormats,

  FORMAT(GETDATE(),'HH-mm-ss')TimeFormats,

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),GETDATE(),10) Converts1,

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),GETDATE(),113),

  CONVERT(NVARCHAR, getdate(), 106) Converts2 ,-- here we used Convert Function

  REPLACE(convert(NVARCHAR, getdate(), 106), ' ', '/') Formats-- Here we used replace and --convert functions.

  --first we convert the date to nvarchar and then we replace the '' with '/'

  select * from Itemmasters

  Select ITEM_NAME,IN_DATE CurrentDateTime, FORMAT(IN_DATE,'yyyy-MM-dd') AS DateFormats,

  FORMAT(IN_DATE,'HH-mm-ss')TimeFormats,

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(10),IN_DATE,10) Converts1,

  CONVERT(VARCHAR(24),IN_DATE,113),

  convert(NVARCHAR, IN_DATE, 106) Converts2 ,-- here we used Convert Function

  REPLACE(convert(NVARCHAR,IN_DATE, 106), ' ', '/') Formats

  FROM Itemmasters

  DatePart –> 该函数可以获取年、月、日的信息。

  DateADD –> 该函数可以对当前的日期进行加减。

  DateDiff –> 该函数可以比较2个日期。

  --Datepart DATEPART(dateparttype,yourDate)

  SELECT DATEPART(yyyy,getdate()) AS YEARs ,

  DATEPART(mm,getdate()) AS MONTHS,

  DATEPART(dd,getdate()) AS Days,

  DATEPART(week,getdate()) AS weeks,

  DATEPART(hour,getdate()) AS hours

  --Days Add to add or subdtract date from a selected date.

  SELECT GetDate()CurrentDate,DATEADD(day,12,getdate()) AS AddDays ,

  DATEADD(day,-4,getdate()) AS FourDaysBeforeDate

  -- DATEDIFF() -> to display the Days between 2 dates

  select DATEDIFF(year,'2003-08-05',getdate()) yearDifferance ,

  DATEDIFF(day,DATEADD(day,-24,getdate()),getdate()) daysDifferent,

  DATEDIFF(month,getdate(),DATEADD(Month,6,getdate())) MonthDifferance

  5、其他Select函数

  Top —— 结合select语句,Top函数可以查询头几条和末几条的数据记录。

  Order By —— 结合select语句,Order By可以让查询结果按某个字段正序和逆序输出数据记录。

  --Top to Select Top first and last records using Select Statement.

  Select * FROM ItemMasters

  --> First Display top 2 Records

  Select TOP 2 Item_Code

  ,Item_name as Item

  ,Price

  ,Description

  ,In_DATE

  FROM ItemMasters

  --> to Display the Last to Records we need to use the Order By Clause

  -- order By to display Records in assending or desending order by the columns

  Select TOP 2 Item_Code

  ,Item_name as Item

  ,Price

  ,Description

  ,In_DATE

  FROM ItemMasters

  ORDER BY Item_Code DESC

  Distinct —— distinct关键字可以过滤重复的数据记录。

  Select * FROM ItemMasters

  --Distinct -> To avoid the Duplicate records we use the distinct in select statement

  -- for example in this table we can see here we have the duplicate record 'Chiken Burger'

  -- but with different Item_Code when i use the below select statement see what happen

  Select Item_name as Item

  ,Price

  ,Description

  ,IN_USR_ID

  FROM ItemMasters

  -- here we can see the Row No 3 and 5 have the duplicate record to avoid this we use the distinct Keyword in select statement.

  select Distinct Item_name as Item

  ,Price

  ,Description

  ,IN_USR_ID

  FROM ItemMasters

  6、Where子句

  Where子句在SQL Select查询语句中非常重要,为什么要使用where子句?什么时候使用where子句?where子句是利用一些条件来过滤数据结果集。

  下面我们从10000条数据记录中查询Order_No为某个值或者某个区间的数据记录,另外还有其他的条件。

  Select * from ItemMasters

  Select * from OrderDetails

  --Where -> To display the data with certain conditions

  -- Now below example which will display all the records which has Item_Name='Coke'

  select * FROM ItemMasters WHERE ITEM_NAME='COKE'

  -- If we want display all the records Iten_Name which Starts with 'C' then we use Like in where clause.

  SELECT * FROM ItemMasters WHERE ITEM_NAME Like 'C%'

  --> here we display the ItemMasters where the price will be greater then or equal to 40.

  --> to use more then one condition we can Use And or Or operator.

  --If we want to check the data between to date range then we can use Between Operator in Where Clause.

  select Item_name as Item

  ,Price

  ,Description

  ,IN_USR_ID

  FROM ItemMasters

  WHERE

  ITEM_NAME Like 'C%'

  AND

  price >=40

  --> here we display the OrderDetails where the Qty will be greater 3

  Select * FROM OrderDetails WHERE qty>3

  Where – In 子句

  -- In clause -> used to display the data which is in the condition

  select *

  FROM ItemMasters

  WHERE

  Item_name IN ('Coffee','Chiken Burger')

  -- In clause with Order By - Here we display the in descending order.

  select *

  FROM ItemMasters

  WHERE

  Item_name IN ('Coffee','Chiken Burger')

  ORDER BY Item_Code Desc

  Where – Between子句

  -- between -> Now if we want to display the data between to date range then we use betweeen keyword

  select * FROM ItemMasters

  select * FROM ItemMasters

  WHERE

  In_Date BETWEEN '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853' AND '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853'

  select * FROM ItemMasters

  WHERE

  ITEM_NAME Like 'C%'

  AND

  In_Date BETWEEN '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853' AND '2014-09-22 15:59:02.853'

  查询某个条件区间的数据,我们常常使用between子句。

  7、Group By 子句

  Group By子句可以对查询的结果集按指定字段分组:

  --Group By -> To display the data with group result.Here we can see we display all the AQggregate result by Item Name

  Select ITEM_NAME,Count(*) TotalRows,AVG(Price) AVGPrice

  ,MAX(Price) MAXPrice,MIN(Price) MinPrice,Sum(price) PriceTotal

  FROM

  ItemMasters

  GROUP BY ITEM_NAME

  -- Here this group by will combine all the same Order_No result and make the total or each order_NO

  Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY

  FROM OrderDetails

  where qty>=2

  GROUP BY Order_NO

  -- Here the Total will be created by order_No and Item_Code

  Select Order_NO,Item_Code,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY

  FROM OrderDetails

  where qty>=2

  GROUP BY Order_NO,Item_Code

  Order By Order_NO Desc,Item_Code

  Group By & Having 子句

  --Group By Clause -- here this will display all the Order_no

  Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY

  FROM OrderDetails

  GROUP BY Order_NO

  -- Having Clause-- This will avoid the the sum(qty) less then 4

  Select Order_NO,Sum(QTy) as TotalQTY

  FROM OrderDetails

  GROUP BY Order_NO

  HAVING Sum(QTy) >4

  8、子查询

  子查询一般出现在where内连接查询和嵌套查询中,select、update和语句中均可以使用。

  --Sub Query -- Here we used the Sub query in where clause to get all the Item_Code where the price>40 now this sub

  --query reslut we used in our main query to filter all the records which Item_code from Subquery result

  SELECT * FROM ItemMasters

  WHERE Item_Code IN

  (SELECT Item_Code FROM ItemMasters WHERE price > 40)

  -- Sub Query with Insert Statement

  INSERT INTO ItemMasters ([Item_Code] ,[Item_Name],[Price],[TAX1],[Discount],[Description],[IN_DATE]

  ,[IN_USR_ID],[UP_DATE] ,[UP_USR_ID])

  Select 'Item006'

  ,Item_Name,Price+4,TAX1,Discount,Description

  ,GetDate(),'SHANU',GetDate(),'SHANU'

  from ItemMasters

  where Item_code='Item002'

  --After we can see the result as

  Select * from ItemMasters

  9、公用表表达式(CTE)----With语句

  CTE可以看作是一个临时的结果集,可以在接下来的一个SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,MERGE语句中被多次引用。使用公用表达式可以让语句更加清晰简练。

  declare @sDate datetime,

  @eDate datetime;

  select @sDate = getdate()-5,

  @eDate = getdate()+16;

  --select @sDate StartDate,@eDate EndDate

  ;with cte as

  (

  select @sDate StartDate,'W'+convert(var2),

  DATEPART( wk, @sDate))+'('+convert(var2),@sDate,106)+')' as 'SDT'

  union all

  select dateadd(DAY, 1, StartDate) ,

  'W'+convert(var2),DATEPART( wk, StartDate))+'('+convert(var2),

  dateadd(DAY, 1, StartDate),106)+')' as 'SDT'

  FROM cte

  WHERE dateadd(DAY, 1, StartDate)<= @eDate

  )

  select * from cte

  option (maxrecursion 0)

  10、视图

  很多人对视图View感到很沮丧,因为它看起来跟select语句没什么区别。在视图中我们同样可以使用select查询语句,但是视图对我们来说依然非常重要。

  假设我们要联合查询4张表中的20几个字段,那么这个select查询语句会非常复杂。但是这样的语句我们在很多地方都需要用到,如果将它编写成视图,那么使用起来会方便很多。利用视图查询有以下几个优点:

  一定程度上提高查询速度

  可以对一些字段根据不同的权限进行屏蔽,因此提高了安全性

  对多表的连接查询会非常方便

  下面是一个视图的代码例子:

  CREATE

  VIEW viewname

  AS

  Select ColumNames from yourTable

  Example :

  -- Here we create view for our Union ALL example

  Create

  VIEW myUnionVIEW

  AS

  SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,

  I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice

  FROM

  Ordermasters as M Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D

  ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I

  ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE I.Price <=44

  Union ALL

  SELECT M.order_NO,M.Table_ID,D.Order_detail_no,I.Item_Name,D.Notes,D.Qty,I.Price,

  I.Price*D.Qty as TotalPrice

  FROM

  Ordermasters as M Inner JOIN OrderDetails as D

  ON M.Order_NO=D.Order_NO INNER JOIN ItemMasters as I

  ON D.Item_Code=I.Item_Code WHERE I.Price>44

  -- View Select query

  Select * from myUnionVIEW

  -- We can also use the View to display with where condition and with selected fields

  Select order_Detail_NO,Table_ID,Item_Name,Price from myUnionVIEW where price >40


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