Washington D. C.
Washington, the capital of the United States, is in Washington D. C. and is situated on the Potomac River between the two states of Maryland and Virginia. The population of the city is about 800,000 and it covers an area of over 69 square miles ( including 8 square miles of water surface). The section was named the District of Co-lumbia after Christopher Columbus, who discovered the continent. The city itself was named Washington after George Washington, the first president of U. S. A.
The building of the city was accomplished in 1800 and since that year, it has served as the capital of the coun-try. Thomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated there. In the War of 1812, the Britain army seized the city, burning the White House and many other buildings.
Washington is the headquarters of all the branches of the American federal system: Congress, the Supreme Court and the Presidency.
Apart from the government buildings, there are also some other places of interest such as the Washington Mon-ument, the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, the Literary of the Congress and Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington.
New York City
New York
City, located in New York State, is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. The city of New York has. a popuiation of over 7 million ( 1970 ) and Metropolitan, 12 million.
The city with its good harbor was discovered as early as 1524, and it was established by Dutch who named the city New Amsterdam. In 1664, the city was taken by the English and it got the name New York as it bears now.During the American Revolution in 1776, George Washington had his head-quarters for a time in New York City.The Declaration of Independence was fn'st read there in July 4th, 1776. The city remained the nation' s capital until 1790.
New York became an important port early in the last century. A large portion of the national exports passed through New York Harbor. New York has become one of the world' s busiest ports and also the financial, manufac-turing, and travel center of the country. Some of the places of interest in the city are: the State of Liberty (152 me-ters high) which was given by the French people to the American people as a gift in 1877. It was erected on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor. Broadway, Wall Street and Fifth Avenue are a few of New York' s most famous streets. Wall Street, where many famous banks are centered, is the financial center of America and has be-come a symbol of the American monopoly capitalism. Fifth Avenue is the street with famous stores and shops. Time Square is in the center of New York City, at Broadway and 42nd Street. Greenwich Village is an art center. Many American artists and writers have lived and worked there. The group of the third largest city buildings of the United Nations stands along the East River at the end of the 42nd Street.
Chicago
Chicago, the second largest city in population in the United States, lies on the southwestern shore of the Lake Michigan at a point where the Chicago River enters the lake.
The city is now the largest industrial city in the country. Both heavy and light industries are highly developed,particularly the former. Black metallurgical industry and meat processing are assumed to be the head in the U. S.A.It is now considered the center of industry, transportation, commerce and finance in the mid-west area.
The working class in Chicago has a glorious revolutionary tradition. On May 1st, 1886, thousands upon thou-sands of workers in the city and the country went on strike for the eight-hour workday and succeeded. Since 1890,May 1 st has been observed every year as an International Labor Day.
On March 8th, 1909, women workers in Chicago held a big strike for freedom and equal fights with men and since 1910, March 8th has been celebrated each year as an International Working Women' s Day.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles is situated near the Pacific coast in California. It is an important center of shipping, indus-try and communication.
The city was first founded by a Spanish explorer in 1542 and turned over to the US in 1846.
The city leads the country in the manufacture of aircraft and spare parts and the area has become an aviation center. California is a leading state in the production of electronic products and the area of Los Angeles has grown into an important electronic center.
Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908, the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood, the base of the film industry in the city, is a world famous film producing center.
Section IV Writing
(40 minutes )
With the,widespread computers, there is an increase in the number of people making use of lnternet. Some peo-ple believe that Internet will bring great benefits to people while others think Internet may cause depression.
Write an article about it to clarify your own points of view towards this issue.
You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.
THE END OF THE TEST
参考答案：
Section ⅡUse of English(每小题1分，共计20分，权重10%)
参考译文
对于像热情的赞扬及冰冷的现金等外部奖励怎样影响人的动力和创造力，心理学家们有不同的观点。研究行为和结果的行为学家说奖励可以改善工作和学习的表现。而研究精神生活的认知研究者们则坚持奖励经常会助长人们依赖他人的认可和礼物而毁掉创造力。
后一种观点有很多支持者，尤其是教育者们。但是，谨慎地使用小额的金钱作为奖励会激起分级学校里孩子们的创造力，恰当的刺激物确实有助于增强创造力，这是根据《个性与社会心理》杂志的6月刊中的一项研究得出的结论。
“如果孩子知道他们会得到奖励并可以集中于一项相对有挑战性的任务，他们就会显示出最大的创造力来，”纽瓦克•特拉华大学的罗伯特•艾森伯格说，“但是，如果表现不好也有奖励或者是对奖励的期望过高，也会扼杀创造力。”
艾森伯格认为，不断强调奖励或给平常成绩的学生打高分的老师，最终会使学生气馁。作为后一种观点的例子，他注意到著名大学加强评分标准，并恢复不及格的分数所带来的不断增强的影响力。
在低年级里使用所谓的货币经济，让学生解决有挑战性的问题，根据表现得分，并最后重视奖励，会提高其努力程度和创造力，这位特拉华的心理学家说。
答案及解析
31.warm 【解析】由此句中的“contrastive views”可知，观点是相对的，此空所在短句意为“从…赞扬到冷酷的金钱奖励”，显然，应是“热烈的”。
32.who 【解析】此空后的句子显然为定语从句，修饰“Behaviorists”，所以应填一个who，引导修饰人的定语从句。
33.between 【解析】“…relation…actions and their consequences”意为“…行动和它们的结果…关系”，空处显然缺“之间”。
34.that 【解析】此空后的内容为maintain的内容，即此空后的句子为maintain的宾语，应填一个可引导宾语从句的词。
35.by 【解析】此空所在短句意为“报酬经常毁掉创造性，…鼓励依赖他人的认可和礼物。”显然，空处应填“通过”，在英语中介词by即可表达此意。
36.on 【解析】dependence on意为“依赖，依靠”，是固定短语。
37.among 【解析】此句意为“后—种观点得到了许多支持者，尤其…教育家。”显然，空处应填“在…中”，介词among即有此意。
38.creativity 【解析】本文是在讲述报酬、表扬与创造性的关系，此句意为“但是小心地使用小量的金钱报酬能激起分级学校孩子们的…”显然，空处应填“创造性”。
39.that 【解析】此空后面的句子为suggesting的内容，即应为其宾语从句，所以此空处应填引导宾语从句的词，即that。
40.according 【解析】此句意为“…一项《个性与社会心理学》杂志刊六月的研究。”显然，空处应填“根据”。
41.reward 【解析】通篇文章均是在讲报酬与创造性的关系，此句意为“如果孩子们知道他们在为…工作，…。”显然，此空处应填“报酬”。
42.on 【解析】focus on意为“集中于”，为固定短语。
43.poor 【解析】此句意为“但是很容易通过给…表现报酬或创造对报酬太…的期望而扼杀创造性。”显然，此空处应填“劣拙的，不好的”。
44.much 【解析】参见43题解析。显然，此空处应为“太多的”。
45.who 【解析】此空后的句子应为teacher的定语从句，故此空处应填who，引导修饰人的定语从句。
46.out 【解析】hand out意为“分发，施舍”，为固定短语。
47.with 【解析】end up with意为“以…结束，以…告终”，为固定短语。
48.As 【解析】此句意为“…后一种观点的例子，…”显然，空处应填“作为”。
49.grades 【解析】此句意为“…他指出在主要大学里控制评分标准及恢复不及格…的努力。”显然，此空处应填“分数”。
50.which 【解析】此空后的句子应为定语从句，修饰“token economies”，故此空应填一个可引导定语从句的词，而且前面可加介词in。
Section 1 Reading Comprehension(共计35分，权重35%)
Part A(每小题1分，共计l5分)
Text 1
短文赏析
本文提出了部分就业的观点。作者认为，现在居高不下的失业率迫使人们必须找到增加就业的方法。不仅应当增加职位，还应当鼓励人们自谋出路，而不是受雇于别人。作者还认为，现在已经到了改变工作模式的时候了。是工业革命剥夺了人们的土地，将人们驱赶进工厂，并形成了丈夫主外、妻子主内的家庭分工模式。由于就业，妇女、年轻人和老人处于不利的工作地位上，他们被排除在工作之外。因此作者认为，比起为所有人创造工作，更为紧迫的是帮助人们依靠非全职工作生活下去。
答案及解析
51.D【解析】由短文第一句“Opinion polls are now beginning to show that，whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on，high unemployment is probably here to stay.”可知。
52.C【解析】由短文第三段中“The industrial age may now be coming to an end，and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed.”可知。
53.B 【解析】由短文第四段第一句“…the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land….”可知。
54.D【解析】由短文第六段可知答案为D。
55.A【解析】由全文看，作者支持的一种观点是“为所有人创造工作机会是不可能的”。
